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Stability analysis of a nonlinear malaria transmission epidemic model using an effective numerical scheme
No full textMalaria is a fever condition that results from Plasmodium parasites, which are transferred to humans
by the attacks of infected female Anopheles mosquitos. The deterministic compartmental model was
examined using stability theory of differential equations. The reproduction number was obtained to
be asymptotically stable conditions for the disease-free, and the endemic equilibria were determined.
More so, the qualitatively evaluated model incorporates time-dependent variable controls which was
aimed at reducing the proliferation of malaria disease. The reproduction number R (o) was determined
to be an asymptotically stable condition for disease free and endemic equilibria. In this paper, we
used various schemes such as Runge–Kutta order 4 (RK-4) and non-standard finite difference (NSFD).
All of the schemes produce different results, but the most appropriate scheme is NSFD. This is true
for all step sizes. Various criteria are used in the NSFD scheme to assess the local and global stability
of disease-free and endemic equilibrium points. The Routh–Hurwitz condition is used to validate the
local stability and Lyapunov stability theorem is used to prove the global asymptotic stability. Global
asymptotic stability is proven for the disease-free equilibrium when R0 ≤ 1. The endemic equilibrium
is investigated for stability when R0 ≥ 1. All of the aforementioned schemes and their effects are also
numerically demonstrated. The comparative analysis demonstrates that NSFD is superior in every way
for the analysis of deterministic epidemic models. The theoretical effects and numerical simulations
provided in this text may be used to predict the spread of infectious diseases
The effectiveness of COVID-19 surveillance applications in Uganda: assessment of a medical rapid response system
No full textDifferent Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) health-based innovations such as
cloud computing, web and mobile surveillance applications were used by proactive governments
to fight COVID-19. Contact tracing mobile applications were used by more than 100 countries.
However, the extent to which these surveillance applications have been used to track Covid-19 in
Uganda is not clear. This study aimed to establish the use of COVID-19 surveillance applications
in Uganda. This was a purely qualitative study. Health practitioners managing these surveillance
applications were interviewed from Kampala City, Mukono and Wakiso districts of Uganda. The
assessment of the COVID-19 surveillance applications underscores the relevance of health-based
ICTS. The surveillance applications provided accurate, authoritative and timely data. However,
there were false alerts as result of inaccurate data supplied by the applications. The study
recommends increased facilitation of the surveillance officers, continuous training of surveillance
teams and integration of the applications for the management of other non-communicable
diseases
Economic and health costs of poor drinking water, sanitation and hygiene on household livelihoods in Jinja city, Uganda
No full textxii, 115 p.The largest tropical freshwater lake in Africa, Lake Victoria, provides both food and drinking water to the people of Jinja City and the surrounding area. However, increasing industrial waste and urban wastewater discharges have affected her water quality. This research was majorly aimed at determining the financial and health impacts of insufficient drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on household livelihoods in Jinja City. The specific objectives were: to assess the WASH conditions in Jinja; to determine the relationship between water quality, the ease of access to water sources and household livelihoods in terms of disease prevalence rates and to assess the effect of existing and improved sewer treatment techniques on household livelihoods. Data from 18 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and 285 household surveys were collected utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods as part of the study's cross-sectional and descriptive research approach. The average WHO-acceptable water turbidity of 5 NTU (17 °C) was exceeded in every water sample test result, which is required for the survival and transmission of V. cholera. 66% respondents said that the incidence of water-related diseases had a significant influence on household livelihoods. The quality of water conditions was thus perfect for the spread of waterborne diseases including cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid, and others. Existing data shows that diarrhoea was a contributing factor in 3.4% of all fatalities between 2018–2019. Uganda spends about 1-2.5% of its GDP on WASH related diseases and an average household spends about shs 500,000 on water related diseases. Secondary data provided for Jinja from NWSC for Kirinya pond showed that some parameters like EC, BOD were not up to standard thus sewer treatment techniques are not so effective. There’s an urgent need to seek alternative but cheaper sewerage treatment techniques. Ugandan's livelihoods thus are significantly impacted by the economic and health implications of inadequate WASH. Health, water, and hygiene awareness campaigns should be carried out to make sure that those who frequent water sources adhere to the standard practices. Safe distances from water sources when digging pit latrines and proper wastewater disposal from industrial parks and factories
The relationship between man and nature in Lugbara proverbs : an ecocritical perspective
No full textviii, 112 p.This study examines the relationship between man and nature in Lugbara proverbs, focusing on conceptualizing and contextualizing the humanness of nature and in turn its impact on conservation of nature. Investigation of data collected revolved around; examining how nature has been personified, analyzing the harmful practices of man towards nature and exploring the relationship between man and nature in Lugbara proverbs. The qualitative method of data collection and analysis was used for an in-depth exegesis of the data collected. The theory of Ecocriticism and the Anthropocene theory which are both nature centered approaches to examining man and his environment in Literature were used. It was observed that in Lugbara proverbs, nature is personified with absolute clarity of what is human or not human about nature and the acceptable context of this humanness. The largely personified entity was fauna. These personified elements of nature function as conduits of known values or human attributes as a result of the linguistic, conceptual and contextual realization of the proverbs examined. As such, a cultural intersection emerges out of these with full force thus shaping man’s approach to conservation of nature. It was further observed that man being overly concerned with his subsistence, goes to the extreme of exploiting the available provisions of nature by poaching or reaping through trapping of weaker animals and birds. In attempt to deal with intrusion into the human space by nature, man takes to harmful practices which have the potential to influence negative attitudes towards specific elements of nature which are seen to be interfering with the peace and comfort of man. Such attitude fundamentally slows down the process of nature conservation in a situation where humans do not wish to coexist with the specific elements of nature regarded as intruders. Despite the negative attitudes and practices evidenced of man towards nature, there is also evidence of a harmonious existence with nature which repudiates the Anthropocene theory that man’s attitude towards nature is by and large destructive
Enhancing trainee competence for boat building designs at fisheries training institute Entebbe
No full textxii, 113 p. : ill. (col.) ;The study aimed at enhancing competence development among boat building trainees at Fisheries Training Institute in Entebbe. The study was based on three objectives: To identify challenges hindering competence development in boatbuilding and marine mechanics. To select strategies, lay procedures and incorporate the identified gap in teaching and learning processes of boat building and marine mechanics; and to evaluate the incorporated strategy in drawing plans of boats. The study embraced Participatory Action Research (PAR) design, and purposive sampling technique was used. The sample (respondents) comprised of three administrators, a head of ICT department, two lecturers of boat building, three assistant lecturers, one artisan, and fourteen boat building students Data were collected through use of; work process analysis, observations, interviews, future workshop, and focused group discussion methods. Findings revealed challenges such as a shortage of staff and teaching resources, difficulties in preserving traditional drawings, traditional hand tools making learners miss out modern skills relevant in industries, lack of computers and software required for boat plan construction. Interventions included recruiting knowledgeable staff, creating an ICT laboratory, training staff in modern drawing tools like AutoCAD, integrating AutoCAD into the curriculum, and providing ongoing support for staff and students, and a lack of familiarity with modern drawing technologies among boat building staff. Conclusively, active engagement of students in the new strategy is essential, especially by use of tutorials and online teachings. Recommendations included further staff recruitment and training, establishment of an ICT laboratory, integration of modern technologies into the curriculum, investment in learning resources, and implementation of evaluation mechanisms.
Key words: Competence development, Boat building trainees, Fisheries Training Institute, Tutorials, Online teachings
Participation in musical performances and practical skill development among upgrading music teachers in selected teacher training institutions in Buganda region, Uganda
No full textxv, 100p. : col.The study is titled; Participation in musical performances and skill development among upgrading teachers in selected Teacher Training Institutions in Buganda Region, Uganda. The purpose of the study was to examine the how participation in musical performances aids skill development among upgrading teachers. The study was qualitative and descriptive using purposive sampling techniques to select teacher educators (02) and teacher trainees (16) as participants. Interview, Focus group discussion and Recording were used. The study was carried out from July, 2023 to April, 2024. The objectives of the study were: To establish how much time is offered for music as a subject, how the time is used and what resources are available to aid the practical music engagements in Teacher Training Institutions, to find out the practical strategies that educators use in guiding practical sessions and to find out how educators and teachers strategize to identify and bridge the gap of challenges between theoretical and practical music learning and teaching. The findings revealed that there was no regular specific time scheduled for practical performances except that given once a year for examination or competition, resources were inadequate, the program was so congested in timetabling thus making it so hard for practical performances to be in these institutions. The study recommends creation of time, availability of required resources and designing a curriculum that caters for more practice than theory
“Walk to Work”: A New Wave of Nonviolent Activism Against the Militarization of Ugandan Politics
No full textThis chapter examines a new wave of non-violent activism against the militarization of the Ugandan political landscape. It critically looks at a government that came to power by the force of the gun, the National Resistance Movement (NRM), that even when in civil situations seems hell-bent on maintaining its foothold, through intimidation and violent crackdown of protestations. Although multiparty politics in Uganda was restored in 2005, an equal playing field for party actors hardly exists. Aside from police brutality meted on opposition party actors, several legal instruments have been maliciously enacted to stifle activism by government opponents. Nevertheless, opposition party actors have continued to use non-violent and peaceful means of protestation against the government’s injustices. This chapter utilizes secondary data analysis to examine the non-violent protest of opposition party actors such as Dr., Kizza Besigye of the Forum for Democratic Change Party in Uganda. It examines the weaknesses in their strategies while illuminating the lessons that can be learned and the prospects for the future
Implications of aerobic exercise on clinical outcomes of HIV positive clients in Uganda: a case of general military hospital-Bombo
No full textxv, 167 p. : ill. (some col.) ;Aerobic exercise may be a helpful treatment for a variety of ART side effects and symptoms, according to studies from both healthy individuals and those with various chronic illnesses. The use of aerobic exercise to address the symptoms, and undesirable side effects that lower the quality of life for people with chronic HIV infection is currently being investigated. This study's primary goal was to determine how aerobic exercise affected the clinical outcomes of HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. It further aimed at evaluating the effect of a 12 weeks aerobic exercise on immunological measures, functional work capacity and psychological markers of HIV positive clients on ART in Uganda. The study, conducted at the General Military Hospital in Uganda, employed a quasi-experimental design. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires and a sample of 135 people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy engaged in the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using t-tests, revealing significant reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms among participants. The participants were divided into two groups at random: Group 1, which received a moderately intense aerobic exercise program for twelve weeks, and Group 2, which received no treatment. Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) was used to screen both groups. Clinical outcomes, like: immunological measurements, were then evaluated using Clusters of Differentiation 4 (CD4), Functional work capacity using Rate of Perceived Extortion (RPE)/ Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) and psychological markers using a questionnaire. The aerobic exercise intervention was administered to the experimental group for twelve weeks. Members of the control group were called weekly to make a follow up on them during the 12 weeks and ensure that they did not feel left out of the survey. Following the completion of the 12-week post-test, the results showed that: (i) aerobic exercises significantly increased the CD4 count in experimental group with an average mean of 29.7% and a p=0.001; (ii) It had a statistically significant effect the functional work capacity of HIV positive clients on ART with p<0.001 which was less than initial p= 0.05, a decreased heart rate, significantly improved VO2 max from 25.13 ml/kg/min to 34.19 ml/kg/min and (iii) it also had significant effect on psychological markers indicating a decrease in paranoid ideation, depression, neuroticism, anxiety, and phobia in HIV positive clients on ART with p-value<0.001. Therefore, well-structured supervised 12 weeks moderate intensity aerobic exercises at a tempo of 120-150 beats per minute improved CD4 cell in the body of HIV positive clients on ART. It also improved the clinical outcomes of people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. It is recommended that aerobic exercise be used as an additional therapy in the care and treatment of HIV positive clients on ART in Uganda by adding it in the HIV care and treatment guidelines. There is also need to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on other clinical outcome like viral load, body composition and adherence to drugs
Quantitative assessment of non-revenue water prevalence in Nyarwodho GFS in Uganda
No full textxiii, 142 p. : ill. (col.) ;Studies that were conducted reported on impacts of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) on the sustainability of piped water supply systems. Millennium development goal No.7 (MDG 7) and sustainable development goal No. 6 (SDG 6) are among the many strategies adopted globally to ensure access to safe water by the global population and particularly developing countries including Africa. However, water utilities across nations have their efforts hampered by Non-Revenue Water prevalence. Narwodho GFS is a gravity flow system that abstract water from the river Namrwodho at the border between DRC and Nebbi District, and a convenctional treatment facility with 4000m3/day treatment capacity before transporting to the 9 supply zones in Nebbi and Pakwach Districts. The system is experiencing high NRW prevalence which affects service delivery. An investigation was conducted to assess and quantify NRW prevalence in the scheme in order to understand the causes of NRW hence develop mitigating strategies. Field surveys were conducted to evaluate the real situation hence develop strategies for mitigation. Billing data were obtained from the records of scheme operator while water production records were obtained from the treatment plant superintendent. Pipes were inspected to understand their characteristics including the pressure ratings and the trenching depths and their contribution to NRW prevalence in the scheme, Hydraulic modeling and analysis was conducted to understand the pipe flow behavior in contributing to NRW, and amongst the software’s used were; AutoCAD Civil 3, EpaCAD, and EPANET 2.2 for data manipulations and analysis. The employees of the scheme and water users were interviewed in order to understand the impacts of NRW on them. The findings revealed that the NRW trend in Nyarwodho GFS were; 2018 (93.36%), 2019 (80.25%), 2020 (77.79%) and 2021 (75.34%) contrary to the 39% reported by the scheme through Utility Performance Monitoring information system (UPMIS) portal, with an 18% NRW reduction was recorded in a period of four years. Pipe bursts on the transmission pipeline was observed to have contributed the most to NRW in the scheme, and this was particularly exuberated by; over supply at night, installation of low pressure rating uPVC pipes in some sections, and shallow trenching that has been made even shallower by soil erosion amongst others. Users reported intermittent supply where they spend days or weeks without water, while the scheme staffs have low remunerations due to low revenue collections. Mitigation measures were recommended to water utility providers which among others include but not limited to; regulating night supply, financial support to the utility, adopting preventive measures, good asset management, timely supply of repair materials, replacing pipes of low pressure ratings, staff capacity building, motivation of employees, rewards for reporting vandalism, regular user sensitization and engagements, involvement of local leadership and users in the affairs of water supply, and creating customer what sup group for reporting breakdowns
Funds management and operational performance in Universal Secondary Education schools in Mukono district, Uganda
No full textxii, 58 p.Remarkable operational performance in schools is crucial towards achieving excellent educational outcomes and ensuring overall school functioning. The study aimed to establish the influence of funds management on operational performance in Universal Secondary Education Schools in Mukono District, Uganda. It was guided by three objectives: To establish the relationship between budgeting, internal control systems, book-keeping and operational performance in USE schools. A total of 9 schools were selected and data was collected from them. The study adopted the quantitative approach and the correlational cross-sectional design was employed. Data was collected from Head Teachers, Directors of Studies, Bursars and Teachers comprising 132 participants using self-close-ended questionnaires. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and linear regression. The key findings indicate that two aspects of funds management namely; Budgeting (β = 0 .185, p = 0.046 0.05) had a positive but insignificant relationship with operational performance. The research concluded that budgeting was paramount in boosting operational performance, low internal control systems impeded operational performance and book-keeping was important in supporting operational performance in schools. Therefore, the study recommended that Head teachers should adhere to participatory budgeting by involving user departments to improve accountability, conform to funds allocation guidelines issued by the Ministry of Education to improve delivery of priority needs and ensure that proper records of cash flow are maintained to ascertain financial position at every point in time. The Ministry of Education should increase staffing in schools to support delineation of roles to improve check and balances in operations. The Ministry of Education should also deploy Procurement Officers in schools to support realization of value for money in procurement functions