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Twelve Weeks Aerobic Exercise Improves Anxiety and Depression in HIV Positive Clients on Art in Uganda
No full textAim: The study aimed at bridging the gap by assessing the impact of a 12-week aerobic exercise program on anxiety and depression for HIV-positive clients.
Methods: The study, conducted at the General Military Hospital in Uganda, employed a quasi-experimental design. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires and a sample of 135 people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy engaged in the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using t-tests, revealing significant reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms among participants.
Results: The findings demonstrated a 58.5% reduction in depression symptoms and a 72% decrease in anxiety symptoms among participants engaged in aerobic exercises. Both groups exhibited improvements, with the experimental group showing greater reductions. The results further revealed that depression and anxiety are two to four times more common in individuals living with HIV than in those without the virus, and depression is also more common in those on HAART than in those without the virus.
Conclusion: The results support the potential of aerobic exercise as a valuable adjunct therapy for people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. Well-structured and supervised aerobic exercise was found to be essential for improving the clinical outcomes of PLHIV on ART
Covid – 19 pandemic on the utilisation of maternal and child health services at Entebbe municipality, Uganda
No full textxvi, 148 p. ;All ages of people have been negatively impacted by the global Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, but pregnant women are particularly at risk. Maternity services changed their protocols and procedures to lessen the COVID-19 risk transmission to women, their babies, and healthcare workers. This study aimed at finding the effects of COVID – 19 pandemic on the utilisation of maternal health and child health services at Entebbe municipality from three health facilities of various levels (health centres III, IV and a hospital). A facility-based cross-sectional design with both quantitative and qualitative approaches was used to collect information at the health facilities. A total of 306 women participated in the quantitative study while 28 women participated in the qualitative study. Pre – tested structured questionnaires, interview guides were used to collect information from the women who consented to take part voluntarily in the study while document review was used to collect women’s information on trends of antenatal utilisation. The findings of the study showed that there was a decline in the initiation of Antenatal Care (ANC) and a reduction in the number of antenatal visits. More than a half 72.2% were satisfied with antenatal care services provided during the pandemic of which 53.9% would recommend the facility to a relative or friend. Women who were older (=> 40 years) (aOR =25.2, 95%CI 1.6 – 389.1) and women who were more educated (aOR = 5.1, 95%CI 1.5 – 17.3) were satisfied with the service provided during the pandemic. Fear of contracting COVID-19 at health facilities, transportation difficulties, shortage of manpower, long waiting times, and harassment by security agents were the major factors that hindered the access and utilisation of Maternal Health and Child Health (MHCH) services during the pandemic. In conclusion the COVID-19 pandemic caused the interruption of health services on a global scale, including MHCH services. Effective preventive and clinical strategies to control future pandemic infection among women are necessary. It is necessary and important to replicate the study using mothers from various private hospitals
Climate variability a dominant driver of vegetation health dynamics in Kapchorwa district, Uganda
No full textxii, 77 p. : ill. (col) ;Economic development, particularly in third world nations heavily reliant on agriculture, is under threat from climate change as a global phenomenon. While there have been some studies on its impact on vegetation productivity in other regions, there is a lack of research in African countries, specifically in Uganda's agricultural districts. This study aimed to evaluate the role of climate variability as a dominant factor in vegetation health in Kapchorwa district. To explore the relationships within the study, correlational research design with an integration of quantitative methods was employed. Secondary and primary climate data sets were used to determine the trends and variations in rainfall and temperature from 1989 to 2019. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Relative Abundance, and relative abundance were employed as indicators of vegetation health, and their correlations with rainfall and temperature were examined. The results showed an increasing trend (p>0.05) in both maximum and minimum temperatures in Kapchorwa district over the 30-year period, with minimal variation. Rainfall also exhibited an upward trend (p>0.05) with high variability and relatively even distribution patterns. NDVI significantly increased from 1989 to 2019, with sporadic periods of drought in the earlier years. The district's vegetation diversity was moderate (0.47), with Poaceae (grass) being the most abundant vegetation type (57%), and Actinidiaceae (shrubs) the least abundant (46%). The strong correlation (72%) and regression coefficients (52%) indicated a significant impact of temperature on the diversity and abundance of vegetation, which are essential indicators of vegetation health. These findings emphasize that while Kapchorwa's vegetation health has generally benefited from the positive climatic trends, the diversity and distribution of vegetation types are essential considerations for sustainable management and conservation. The efforts of local governments and districts should focus on preserving the dominant species of grasses, trees, and shrubs, as they are essential for maintaining ecosystem stability. The preservation of native plant species and sustainable harvesting should be prioritized in local community conservation efforts to support and improve the current trend of healthy vegetation in the face of climate variability
Effects of an aerobic dance programme on percent body fat in stage one hypertensive adults aged 30-59
No full textP. (1-7) ;Hypertension stands out as a significant concern affecting roughly 1.5 billion individuals globally and is responsible for around 10.8 million premature deaths annually. High percent body fat in humans can contribute to the development of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension in Uganda is high and it is a major mortality hazard factor for Ugandans. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week aerobic dance programme on percent body fat in stage one hypertensive adults aged 30-59 in Uganda. This study employed pre-post-test experimental research design. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group, where a 12-week moderate intensity aerobic dance programme was administered thrice a week for 45 minutes per session, or control group, where no intervention was administered and participants maintained their regular routines. The measurements of percent body fat were done using a Tanita body composition monitor at baseline and post the programme. A paired sample t-test was used to compare mean differences between the two groups. The results for the experimental group indicated that aerobic dance did not lead to a statistically significant reduction in percent body fat (p=0.472). Similarly, the control group showed no statistically significant reduction (p=0.520). In conclusion, the aerobic dance programme did not lead to a significant reduction in body fat for this population. However, high body fat remains a risk factor for hypertension. Future studies should explore additional factors, such as dietary influences, to better assess their effects on body composition and hypertension risk
Assessing the radiological hazards due to radionuclides in sediments and tailings around Kilembe copper mines, Western Uganda
No full textCopper mining in Kilembe Valley, Western Uganda, between 1956 and 1982 resulted in multiple tailing sites, raising concerns about potential increases in the natural background radiation. In this study, the radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in 31 sediments and tailing samples from the Kilembe copper mines area were determined using HPGe-based gamma spectrometry. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in sediment samples were 38.6 ± 8.9, 37.4 ± 7.8, and 708.0 ± 147.3 Bq kg−1, respectively. While in tailing samples, the mean values were 171.3 ± 31.7, 34.8 ± 14.9, and 792.4 ± 208.2 Bq kg−1, respectively. These values exceeded global averages of 35, 30, and 400 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, respectively. To assess the radiological hazards due to radionuclides in sediments and tailings, several parameters such as the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (Hin), gamma representative index (Iγ), absorbed dose rate (D), total annual effective dose (Etot), and total excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCRtot) were determined. In sediments, most of these hazard parameters were above the world’s average values, except Raeq, Iγ, Hex, and Hin. While in tailings, all the hazard parameters surpassed the global average values except Raeq and Hex. Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that 226Ra was the main contributor to the assessed radiological hazards. The study suggests potential radiological risks linked to natural radioactivity from sediments and mine tailings, especially when used as building materials
Didactic infrastructure management and curriculum implementation in public universities in Northern Uganda
No full textThis study investigated the levels of curriculum implementation and didactic
infrastructure management in public universities in Northern Uganda. It
evaluated the influence of didactic infrastructure management on curriculum
implementation in public universities in Northern Uganda. It was hypothesised
that didactic infrastructure management has no significant relationship with
curriculum implementation in public universities in Northern Uganda. The study
was guided by a pragmatic worldview and embraced a concurrent mixed-
methods research design. The study used a questionnaire to collect quantitative
data from 123 respondents. Qualitative data was collected from 26 participants
through interviews. Furthermore, eight focus group discussions were conducted.
The quantitative data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics,
correlation coefficient analysis and multiple linear regression techniques, while
thematic analysis techniques were used to analyse qualitative data. The study
revealed that, generally, the levels of curriculum implementation were low and
didactic infrastructure management was moderate. The study results showed that
didactic infrastructure management had a significant influence on curriculum
implementation in public universities in Northern Uganda. The null hypothesis
that didactic infrastructure management has no significant relationship with
curriculum implementation in public universities in Northern Uganda was
rejected. The study concluded that didactic infrastructure management is
significant for curriculum implementation. Therefore, it was recommended that
public universities in Northern Uganda improve the management of their
didactic infrastructure, such as libraries, sports facilities, and halls, to further
enhance curriculum implementation, especially in areas of preparation for
teaching, content delivery, and assessment of learning
Psychological capital, positive work environment and successful ageing at workplace in local government organisations : a case of Kira municipal council, Wakiso district
No full textxiii, 97 p.The study investigated the relationship between psychological capital, positive work environment, and successful ageing in workplace. Using a correlational design, data was collected by help of a structured questionnaire from a stratified random sample of 258 employees of Kira municipal council. Data analysis techniques included descriptive and inferential statistics. A significant and inverse relationship (r =-.38, P0.01) was found between a positive work environment and successful ageing, and psychological capital was positively and significantly correlated with positive work environment at the workplace (r =39, P0.01). Psychological capital and positive work environment explained 38.7 % of the variation in successful ageing at workplace and a positive work environment significantly mediated (a*b = -.43, p≤0.01), the linkages amidst psychological capital and successful ageing. Therefore, to age successfully at the work place, employees need to have good psychological capital and positive work environment. In addition, Good psychological capital develops positivity in employees that motivates them to expand their personal energies and effectively utilise the available organisational resources to do their job tasks well. When employees feel more productive, they perceive their work environment as supportive which increases successful ageing. To sustain the role of psychological capital in successful ageing, local government organisations need to ensure that work environment supports psychological capital by enabling more autonomy, self-efficacy, creativity and innovation
Musical apprenticeship and learning of Entongooli (bowl lyre) music in communities of Wakiso district, central Uganda
No full textxii, 97 p. : col.This study aimed at exploring how entongooli (bowl lyre) music is learnt through apprenticeship in communities. Skilled players are ageing before passing on skills to the young generation. The study therefore generates literature on pedagogies that can support communities and education institutions to acquire entongooli music culture and proficiency in playing indigenous instruments. Specific objectives to the study included establishing how performers of entongooli music learn to play entongooli using apprenticeship, finding out the processes an apprentice can follow to acquire entongooli playing skills, as well as establishing how entongooli learning processes contribute to school music education theory and practice. The scope of the study was Wakiso district located in the central part of Buganda region in Uganda. The study employed a qualitative research design with a case study ethnography that embeds phenomenological methods which lean on individual narration of lived experiences. The study population comprised of experienced players and entongooli learners who were selected using purposive and snowball sampling procedures. Through participant observation, researcher collaborated with community members in understanding how they work. Data was collected using interview guide, observation, focus group discussion, photographs, audio and audio-visual recordings alongside documentary analysis. Findings revealed that performers basically learnt playing entongooli through omu-kw’omu, self-teaching, interactions, collaborations and engagement with ensembles. Other factors included family background, learners’ discipline, environment and quality of experts. It was also revealed that entongooli learning practices contributed to school music education since they involve approaches like emulation, observation, socialization and participation with experienced players. Recommendations included need for education institutions to incorporate apprenticeship ways of teaching and learning in their pedagogies
School resources and effective implementation of e-Learning in secondary schools in Kasese Municipality, Uganda
No full textThis study examined the influence of school resources on the effective implementation of e-learning in secondary schools in Kasese Municipality, Uganda. Specifically, the study investigated the impact of tangible resources, intangible resources, and school capabilities on e-learning in these schools. Using quantitative research approach, the study employed a correlational research design and collected data from 170 teachers using a self-administered questionnaire. The data were then analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results of the SEM analysis revealed that school resources, namely tangible resources (? = 0.266, t = 3.612, p = 0.000<0.05), intangible resources (? = 0.234, t = 2.351, p = 0.019<0.05) and capabilities (? = 0.456, t = 5.129, p = 0.000<0.05), had a significant positive influence on e-learning. Based on these findings, the study concluded that tangible and intangible resources and school capabilities are necessary for the effective implementation of e-learning in secondary schools. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education, school directors, and head teachers ensure that schools have sufficient tangible resources for e-learning. Additionally, directors and head teachers should also ensure that schools possess adequate intangible resources and capabilities to support the effective implementation of e-learning. The practical significance of this study lies in its demonstration of how existing resources in schools can be utilised to implement e-learning in secondary schools effectively
Antimicrobial screening and characterisation of phytochemical compounds from the stem bark of Butyrospermum paradoxum
No full textxii, 70 p. ;There is a growing risk in bacterial and fungal infections as a result of increased resistance of the disease causing bacteria and fungi to the existing medicines. A lot of scientific research has therefore been directed to finding reliable alternatives to the synthetic antimicrobial agents and this has led to studies on natural products.
In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the stem bark crude extracts and the pure compounds of Butyrospermum paradoxum was investigated. Extraction from the air dried powdered plant material was done sequentially using n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol respectively to obtain four crude extracts.
The crude extracts obtained were subjected to silica gel column chromatography and further purification of different fractions was done using sephadex LH-20 to obtain pure compounds. Using various NMR techniques like 1HNMR, 13CNMR, COSY, HSQC and HMBC, the isolated bioactive compounds were characterized i.e. α-amyrin cinnamate (48), butyrospermol cinnamate (49), lupeol acetate (50) and lupeol cinnamate (51).
The antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus was determined using the agar well diffusion assay procedure while the MIC and MBC was determined by using the broth dilution method.
All the four crude extracts were found to be active against most of the selected microbial organisms. The hexane extract was most active against C. albicans with average diameter of zone of inhibition of 14.3 mm and least active against P. aeruginosa giving a diameter of zone of inhibition of 11 mm. The DCM extract was most active against S. aureus with average diameter of zone of inhibition of 16.3 mm and was also least active against P. aeruginosa giving a diameter of zone of inhibition of 13.7 mm. . Meanwhile the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were most active against S. typhi with average diameter of zone of inhibition of 18.0 mm and 22.0 mm respectively. The MIC and MBC values of all the crude extracts ranged between 12.5 and 50 mg/mL. The methanol extract gave the least antibacterial activity with an average diameter of zone of inhibition of 9.7 mm against K. pneumoniae.
The antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds 48 and 51 against S. typhi, E. coli, C. albicans, and S. aureus was also investigated. Compound 51 gave the highest activity against C. albicans with average diameter of zone of inhibition of 22 mm and with MIC and MBC values of 0.125 and 0.50 mg/ mL respectively. Meanwhile the least activity was noted on compound 48 against S. aureus with an average diameter of zone of inhibition of 17.0 mm and with similar MIC and MBC values of 0.25 and 0.50 mg/ mL respectively.
The study showed that both crude extracts and isolated pure compounds from the stem bark of B. paradoxum have significant antimicrobial activity and therefore may be used as alternative antimicrobial agents in place of the synthetic agents