International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)
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Systematic literature review on cyber-attacks and cyber defense strategies in smart grids
Get PDFThe smart grid is an advanced evolution of the traditional electrical power grid, developed to meet the increasing energy demands and requirements of the 21st century by incorporating digital technologies and data management systems to improve efficiency and reliability. Unlike conventional grids, the smart grid relies on a network of interconnected digital devices, sensors, and computerized controls that enable real-time monitoring and management of electricity distribution across vast geographic areas. However, the growing dependence on digital technologies also brings heightened cyber security concerns, since their integration can expose the grid to an increased risk of malicious intrusions. This systematic literature review investigates the nature and scope of cyber-attacks and cyber defense strategies in smart grids, which are critical to modern energy infrastructure. Following established research guidelines, this review rigorously examines existing studies by focusing on peer-reviewed articles and conference papers to understand the range of cyber security threats and defense mechanisms that smart grids face. The review uses a structured methodology to identify, evaluate, and synthesize key findings, revealing trends and gaps in current knowledge about smart grid security. The outcomes of this analysis offer valuable clarity on the specific weaknesses and operational challenges that affect smart grid infrastructures, contributing to the ongoing efforts to enhance cyber security measures and guide future research in this vital field
Adaptive hybrid particle swarm optimization and fuzzy logic controller for a solar-wind hybrid power system
Get PDFThis paper presents the best modeling and control strategies for a grid-connected hybrid wind-solar power system to maximize energy production. For variable wind speeds, determine the optimal power point using fuzzy logic control, adopt an adaptive hill climb searching method, and compare it with an optimal torque control method for large inertia wind turbine (WT). The role of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is to adjust the hill climbing search (HCS) technique's step-size according to the operating point. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) control system has two subsystems: rotor-side and grid-side converters. The active and reactive power have been indirectly regulated by adjusting the current on the d-q axis. The rotor side converter (RSC) controllers are responsible for controlling the WTs rotational speed to achieve the maximum power output. The grid side converter (GSC) manages the voltage at the DC link and keeps a unity power factor between the grid and GSC. Optimal hybrid power point tracking technique for use with photovoltaic systems in both constant and variable shade circumstances, based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and perturb and observe (P&O). The optimal power point tracking (OPPT) approach is compared to three other methods: PSO, P&O, and hybrid P&O-PSO. The model has a total capacity of 2.249 MW, with wind capacity of 2 MW and solar capacity of 0.249 MW, and its efficiency is analyzed
Optimizing vehicle-to-grid scheduling and strategic placement for dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles
Get PDFDynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs) has become popular in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). However, both economic and smart city perspectives should be taken into account in the integration of wireless charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. Current research mainly focuses on power transfer (PT) or autonomous vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transfer. This paper presents a multilayered approach that combines optimal PT planning based on urban traffic and energy efficiency data with dynamic V2G planning. Simulation results show that the efficiency of PT placement and V2G scheduling increases and provides good results for smart city enterprises. This multilayered approach not only optimizes the efficiency of power transfer placement and V2G scheduling but also positions itself as a pivotal driver for the sustainable evolution of urban mobility. As dynamic wireless charging continues to shape the future of intelligent transportation systems, this research stands at the intersection of technological innovation, economic prudence, and urban planning, offering a blueprint for the seamless integration of EVs into the fabric of smart cities
Renewable energy usage for home energy management and its adverse impact due to the increasing trend of electric load addition in homes in the State of Kerala, India
Get PDFNowadays renewable energy generation techniques and their application for home energy management are becoming very common topics of discussion all across the globe. The increased user comfort, bill reduction, and government subsidy schemes make more consumers interested in installing these sustainable sources in their homes. Also, the utility company will be able to level its peak load and reduce its carbon footprint. Does installing renewable energy sources in homes with a conventional billing scheme help in reducing the carbon footprint of the utility company? Also, are there chances for an increased trend of electric load addition in homes installed with renewable energy plants having net metering schemes to lead to peak load management burden? This paper is an attempt to underline the benefits of using renewable energy sources at home but at the same time what are the precautions to be taken while using the same in the state of Kerala, India. The paper also proposes an economical portable solar-powered light tower that helps in leveling peak loads in homes with on-grid power plants which are billed under a conventional block rate pricing scheme through net metering
An effective transformer less 7 level inverter with optimized PID and buck boost controller for grid-connected PV systems
Get PDFThis research paper presents an effective transformer-less seven-level inverter with an optimized proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and buck-boost controller for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed model aims to achieve optimum power quality (PQ) in a hybrid power system integrating battery and PV. This is accomplished by utilizing a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC-PQ) with active and reactive power is developed, utilizing a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm named the honey badger algorithm (HBA) along with the equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA), referred to as the honey badger equilibrium optimization (HBEO) algorithm. The PID controller in the proposed model is optimized using the HBEO algorithm, resulting in a highly efficient hybrid renewable energy system. By incorporating a 7-level multilevel inverter model with minimal switch usage (only 5 switches instead of 12), the proposed model ensures minimal switching losses. The proposed model is implemented and verified through the MATLAB/Simulink platform
Enhancement LVRT capability of DFIG driven wind conversion system
Get PDFIn this paper we present two techniques for protecting the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) in the event of external disturbances on the electrical network, the crowbar circuit and series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) techniques. During voltage dips, the first technique is triggered and short-circuits the rotor side converter (RSC) so as to maintain the rotor current within the desired limits. As a result, the DFIG behaves as an asynchronous cage generator that absorbs the reactive power coming from the voltage dip on the network which does not meet the grid code's (GC) requirements. The second technique makes it possible to limit overcurrent’s at the level of the stator and rotor of the DFIG, it will enable the wind power system to continue operating normally once the fault has disappeared and to stay connected to the network throughout the voltage dip. This SDBR technique presents a good compromise between its performance, its simplicity, its efficiency, and its implementation’s cost
Potential as biogas energy and organic fertilizer: a mixture of rice husks and cow dung on full scale anaerobic digestion
Get PDFRice husk is a biomass that can potentially be converted into biogas energy. In this research, a study was carried out regarding the effect of alkaline pretreatment and then a study related to the potential for developing biogas from rice husks in Indonesia and a study related to the potential utilization of biogas by-products in the form of slurry as solid organic fertilizer. So, the main objective is to determine the effect of alkaline pretreatment of rice husks on the potential development of rice husks as raw material for biogas production on a full-scale anaerobic digestion (AD). Research related to the effect of alkaline pretreatment using 3% NaOH by immersion in the substrate for 24 hours was carried out on a lab scale. The variable TS is set at 27%, C/N ratio is 35, uses a 2-liter digester, and measurements are carried out every other day for 60 days. Furthermore, the up-scale was carried out with an AD fixed dome model with a volume of 6 m3. In this study, it was found that pre-treatment with 3% NaOH increased biogas productivity by 1.6 times higher. The potential for rice husk to be converted into biogas energy can reach 3.5 million liters of biogas by 2022. The by-product of biogas in the form of slurry also has the potential to be used as solid organic fertilizer directly. Parameter tests that have been carried out show that the slurry in biogas from rice husks that have gone through a 60-day AD fermentation process complies with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 7763:2018 concerning solid organic fertilizers
Investigation of DC-AC converter control techniques with enhanced MOSFET gate driver
Get PDFTo promote the use of photovoltaic (PV) systems and reduce costs, it is crucial to develop innovative approaches for grid integration, thereby contributing to global power generation. This article presents the development of an integrated power circuit using the TOSHIBA-TLP350 as a gate driver for the implementation of a single-phase H-bridge inverter, combined with inductor–capacitor–inductor (LCL) filters. This circuit was designed and controlled using a high-frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) signal generated by an ATmega328P microcontroller board, with a predefined program, to facilitate the filtration and reduction of both current and voltage harmonics present at the output of the filters. The study primarily focuses on a grid-connected mode of operation but also demonstrates adaptability to the islanded mode. The proposed application in this article can be adapted to other renewable energy conversion systems. The effectiveness of this achievement is demonstrated through detailed experimental results, highlighting the potential benefits for cost reduction and performance improvement of photovoltaic systems
Model predictive control based frequency regulation of microgrid with integration of distributed energy resources
Get PDFPower generation sector has become more prevalent in the use of renewable energy sources resulting in more complex and non-linear network. Microgrids are becoming the best alternative solution in remote areas where the distribution network is infeasible. However, the intermittent nature of distributed renewable energy resources can result in a generation and demand mismatch instigating frequency variation which is a crucial concern. Thus, modern power system requires increasing intelligence and flexibility to cope up with the generation-load mismatch. Efficient control techniques are of vital importance in maintaining the frequency near the nominal value, and the selection of the controller is crucial in maintaining the reliable, effective, and steady functioning of the power system. The present study demonstrates frequency control in islanded microgrid with disruptions in load demand using the model predictive control by efficiently managing the energy storage with integration of large-scale renewable energy sources. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model predictive controller (MPC) is presented by comparing its performance with proportional integral controller and proportional integral tuned with adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) through simulations in MATLAB environment
ANFIS and PI based performance analysis of three phase three wire distribution system for THD reduction
Get PDFDue to the rising usage of nonlinear loads and power electronic devices in businesses, one of the key power system concerns today is inadequacy of power quality (PQ). This article presents compensation of current harmonics in distribution system in source side by using adaptive neuro fuzzy inferences system (ANFIS) controller. DSTATCOM optimized proportional integral (PI) controller and ANFIS regulator are utilized for DC link voltage regulation. The ANFIS controller showed better performance compared to PI controller during compensating harmonics time. This paper compared two control schemes results PI and ANFIS. Three-phase three-wire inverter is used for DSTATCOM circuit. In the results compared DC capacitor voltage and total harmonic distortion (THD) values of source current. The THD with PI controller is 7.92% while by using ANFIS controller it is reduced to 2.76%. The concert of proposed method is analyzed with MATLAB/Simulink software