International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)
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A comparative analysis of ANFIS and fuzzy controllers for a dynamic hybrid model
Get PDFTransitioning from combustion engines to electric motors is essential to reduce CO₂ emissions and combat climate change. This study presents a dynamic hybrid model combining a fuel cell and battery for electric vehicles, emphasizing simplified parameter extraction from battery datasheets. The model integrates two energy storage systems: batteries for electrochemical storage and hydrogen for chemical storage, converted into electricity via a fuel cell stack. This dual approach enables flexible refueling options with electricity or hydrogen. An air compressor in the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack optimizes performance across varying driving conditions. The research aims to minimize fuel cell consumption and enhance energy storage efficiency using Sim Power Systems software. It employs traditional proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers and advanced optimization techniques, including fuzzy and ANFIS, to achieve optimal power distribution between the fuel cell system (FCS) and the energy secondary source (ESS) for specific road scenarios. The proposed ANFIS-based approach demonstrates superior control in balancing energy efficiency and driving dynamics, surpassing both PID and fuzzy logic controllers in key metrics. This innovative closed-loop control system offers a promising solution for hybrid electric vehicles, ensuring optimal performance and energy management
Energy storage participation for frequency regulation of microgrid in PV-dominated power system
Get PDFThe frequency stability of a power grid is effectively managed through the inertia and power reserves supplied by synchronous generators. Due to increasing concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming, renewable energy sources (or microgrids) are increasingly replacing traditional fossil fuel-based methods of electricity generation. As microgrid deployment proliferates, power systems' inherent complexity and non-linear dynamics have escalated, rendering conventional controllers inadequate across diverse operating conditions. Factors such as reduced energy inertia, heightened penetration of renewable energy sources, and significant power fluctuations within confined transmission systems have heightened the vulnerability of microgrid frequencies to instability. This paper elucidates the concept of microgrids, examines frequency fluctuations in the presence of solar and diesel generators alongside load variations, and presents simulation-based analyses. Moreover, it provides a succinct overview of frequency control methodologies. Validation outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller in maintaining system frequency amidst fluctuating load demands and renewable energy inputs
Innovation of control valve motorization method for regulating turbine rotation in micro hydro generators
Get PDFThe method of transferring the main load to the dummy load is still used in micro hydropower plants. Because the turbine and generator are constantly operating at maximum capacity, the load transfer system, also known as the electronic load control (ELC) system, is ineffective and inefficient. The researcher devised a method for controlling the pressure/flow rate on the branch pipe by using a control valve motorized (CVM). Control valve motorized (CVM) is responsible for the opening and closing of branch pipelines using an electric motor. The goal is to achieve voltage and frequency stability by using CVM to adjust the flow/pressure of water in the branch pipe. The method involves designing and testing the CVM system via a Pelton turbine module connected to the generator. The results of testing the Pelton turbine module with a pressure of 4 kg/cm2 on a 34-inch pipe show that the turbine rotates at 800 rpm. Brushless direct current (BLDC) generator with 12 poles and a Pelton turbine. The proportional integral derivative (PID) controller control parameters are calculated by the control system using the Nichols-Ziggler method, with tuning results of PB 130%, Ti 2.8 seconds, and Td 0.7 seconds. A frequency of 50 Hz and a voltage of 61 volts is produced by controlling the set point (SP) at 55% of the process variable (PV) and the manipulated variable (MV) to CVM at 38%, respectively. The conditions are implemented by varying the load on the system by connecting and disconnecting the load; the system remains stable for 5 seconds
Frequency response-based optimization of PID controllers for enhanced fluid control system performance
Get PDFTemperature and viscosity variations are known to affect the performance of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers in fluid systems. However, there exist gaps in research relative to the thermal effects on the performance of PID based fluid systems. PID controllers are also utilized for fluid control to maintain stability and improve performance. This study aims to explore the influence of temperature and viscosity variations through frequency response analysis for the first time in this regard. Utilizing a controlled experimental setup, gain and phase values were measured across different temperature points. Bode and Nyquist plots were generated to observe system behavior, stability, and response to changes in temperature and fluid viscosity. The results show a clear inverse relationship between temperature and gain, with a notable phase lag increase as temperature rises. At 25 °C, the gain was measured at 15.83 dB with a phase of -52.63°, which gradually reduced to a gain of 13 dB and a phase of -61.53° at 80 °C. The Nyquist analysis revealed stable operation within this temperature range, but the shift in response indicates increased system vulnerability as viscosity decreases with rising temperature. The derived linear equations effectively model the gain-phase relationship, with an R² of 0.9985, suggesting a highly accurate fit. Overall, the study concludes that temperature-induced viscosity changes significantly impact PID-controlled fluid systems, emphasizing the need for adaptive control strategies in fluctuating environments
Frequency control of hybrid power system with fractional order secondary controller using improved biogeography-based krill herd algorithm
Get PDFTo meet the demand of electrical power, structural changes of the power system from the generation side are necessary by integrating the renewable sources into the existing system. In the presence of renewables, the active power imbalances caused by both generation and demand are reduced with the classical units (like thermal) since the wind speed and irradiance (inputs of wind and solar plants) are volatile and nonlinear in nature. The frequency deviations triggered by such active power imbalances of the hybrid power system integrated with both conventional and renewable energy plants are minimized with better secondary control schemes. Therefore, this article suggests fractional order secondary controller (FOSC) for conventional units of the interconnected power system to strengthen the frequency stability of the system during the demand perturbations. The optimal gains of the FOSC are identified with an improved biogeography-based krill herd optimizer with the help of the performance indicator integral square error. To elevate the improvements of FOSC, comparisons are provided with classical controllers during the simple, random load perturbations with and without generation changes. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis on system parameters is performed to show the robustness of the FOSC over classical control strategies
Optimizing standalone dual PV systems with four-port converter technology
Get PDFThis paper analyses the four-port converter (FPC) based PV system. The discussed FPC is developed for hybrid energy sources (HES) with the merits of a single converting stage, fewer switches, and simple topology. By tapping two source ports from the midway of its two switching legs, the FPC presented in this work is developed from the basic full bridge converter (FBC). The pulses are produced using the phase angle control with pulse width modulation (PPAS) technique. Different modes of operation of the FPC are analyzed elaborately to give an insight into its topology. To efficiently manage power distribution among the ports and regulate their voltage, two key control variables have been utilized: duty ratio and phase angle. An in-depth presentation is provided on the design and modeling of a four-port converter. It provides autonomous management of power allocation among terminals and regulation of load voltage. Finally, simulated key waveforms of the FPC and simulation results to demonstrate the decoupled regulation of power sharing and load voltage of a PV system under varying input and output conditions are presented. The experimental prototype of the four-port converter results is discussed and presented in detail
An optimal energy management strategy for a stand-alone PV/wind/battery hybrid energy system
Get PDFThis paper presents an optimization study of a stand-alone hybrid energy system that includes a photovoltaic energy generator, a wind energy generator, and lithium-ion storage batteries. In the proposed system architecture, solar, and wind sources are utilized as the primary power generators, while batteries serve as a secondary storage to ensure system autonomy across varying weather conditions. The aim is to improve system performance through an optimal energy management strategy that addresses operational constraints and electrical load needs while managing energy flow between sources and controlling the storage system. To manage energy flow between sources and load, an intelligent approach using a hierarchical algorithm is proposed to configure the optimal operating mode based on the power from both sources, load power, and battery state of charge. Additionally, a controller is developed to manage battery operating modes, ensuring state of charge (SOC) limits and maintaining a constant direct current (DC) bus voltage. Under varying operating conditions, the simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed management strategy in maintaining the power balance between supply and demand, providing a stable and continuous power supply, and keeping the batteries SOC within its limits and the DC bus voltage at its reference value
DTC analysis of DCMLI driven PMSM-SVM drive
Get PDFThe paper focuses on a comparative analysis of direct torque control (DTC) space vector modulation (SVM) based permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive. This comparative analysis is based on a conventional inverter and a 3-level dual-cell modular multilevel inverter (DCMLI) using the SVM technique using MATLAB simulation. The present DTC-PMSM drive consists of flux and torque hysteresis comparators and has a problem of switching frequency and torque ripple. The problems are solved by using SVM to provide more inverter voltage and it compensates for torque and flux error in a DTC. A reference voltage space vector is calculated every time using the algorithm on the basic of torque error and stator flux angle. It was proposed to control torque, torque angle, and stator flux in DTC-PMSM. From the detailed comparison, the DTC-DCMLI PMSM drive has an exact solution of problem-solving of switching frequency and torque ripple due to less distorted output. Proposed drives can be applicable for hardware implementation in automotive applications
Design and analysis of two switch DC-DC converters for E-vehicle applications
Get PDFA non-isolated DC-DC converter topology is proposed in this paper, which is distinguished by its superior performance and reduced component count in comparison to conventional converter designs. The suggested architecture is especially appropriate for applications demanding a large voltage step-up since it achieves an improved voltage conversion ratio and excellent efficiency. The addition of a voltage-boosting element, which is an inductor combined in series with a switching device, to the source side of a conventional boost converter is a unique feature of the suggested converter. To confirm the converter's operating features, a thorough theoretical analysis has been carried out, including stability and steady-state evaluations. In addition, a hardware prototype with a 200 V output and 100 W power rating was created in order to test the converter's functionality. With a peak efficiency of 94.3%, the prototype showed good agreement with analytical forecasts. The suggested converter is a viable option for renewable energy applications because of its high voltage gain, small size, and efficiency. This is especially true for solar systems and other distributed energy sources, where low component counts and high step-up ratios are preferred
OFF-grid efficiency evaluation of an inverter dependent on solar PV generator in Iraq
Get PDFThe solar photovoltaic (PV) inverter weighted efficiency is more precise and favorable as it mainly deems the inverter output power properties when exposed to disparate solar PV irradiance. The European metrical efficiency (), presently, is the bulk broadly admissible in inverter efficiency calculation. This is due to, historically, the European countries have been the biggest exporters and spent of solar PV inverters everywhere in the world. The European efficiency () is a concluded metric relying on a standardized European irradiance profile. However, the rendition weightings embedded in this metric may not be fully representative or appropriate for photovoltaic inverters deployed in regions characterized by different climatic conditions, particularly in equatorial and subtropical environments. Accordingly, this study aims to validate the proposed assumption and develop a novel metrical efficiency equation for inverters operating in the Iraqi climate, specifically Baghdad city, relying on the IEC 61683:1999 criterion and the inverter load-duration curve. The proposed formula, validated with field data from an SMA-SB-4000-TL inverter, estimated the energy outcome of a 5.0 kW off-grid SPV system in Baghdad with a 2% deviation from measured values. These results validate the use of η_EURO tailored to Baghdad conditions as a reliable alternative to or . This enhances the accuracy of system energy yield estimation, investment return calculations, and payback period assessment for solar PV systems