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The Clinical Anatomy of the Vascular System | Ch 28
No full textThe aorta is the major outflow vessel of the left ventricle of the heart, originating from just distal to the aortic valve and continuing through the thorax and abdomen until its termination into the left and right common iliac arteries near the pelvic inlet. The aorta is divided into three sections depending on location: the ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, and the descending aorta. The descending aorta is further subdivided into thoracic and abdominal components. The ascending aorta is the initial portion arising distal to the aortic valve, ascending anterior to the trachea, and transitioning into the arch of the aorta at the junction with the brachiocephalic trunk, also known as the innominate artery. This junction between the ascending aorta and the arch of the aorta occurs approximately at the level of articulation between the body of the sternum and the manubrium or the sternal angle (Collins et al. 2014; Saliba et al. 2015a). The ascending aorta can be further subdivided into two sections: the aortic root and the tubular ascending aorta. The aortic root is the first portion arising from the ventricular outflow tract and extending to the sinotubular junction. The tubular ascending aorta is the portion from the sinotubular junction to the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk. The aortic arch curves to the left of the body in most individuals and gives off three main branches: the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery. The arch then begins its descent as the descending thoracic aorta at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebral body (Collins et al. 2014)
The Clinical Anatomy of the Vascular System | Ch 101
No full textDuring the fourth week of development, the upper limb forms from a mass of mesenchymal cells from lateral mesoderm, covered by ectoderm, which later differentiates into bone, cartilage, and blood vessels. Although there are alternative theories regarding the arterial development of the arm, the arterial supply likely initiates as a gradually developing capillary network via angiogenesis and in situ differentiation of mesoderm tissue into endothelial cells, which differentiates in a proximal to distal fashion to form axillary, brachial, and interosseous arteries. It has also been considered that the forearm arterial supply is derived from one single axis artery from the seventh segmental artery (Berezovsky and Bordoni 2021; Rodríguez-Niedenführ et al. 2001)
The Clinical Anatomy of the Vascular System | Ch 72
No full textDuring the third week of development, a primitive heart and vasculature form. The branches of the lower abdominal aorta begin to form at the 6 mm stage embryo (Qazi et al. 2022). In the fourth week of fetal development, the umbilical arteries anastomose with the fifth lumbar intersegmental artery branches to become the dominant placental-aortic connection (Qazi et al. 2022). The umbilical arteries arise as a branch off the dorsal aorta, but once they anastomose and communicate with the intersegmental artery, they disconnect from the dorsal aorta (Hegazy 2016). The fifth lumbar intersegmental artery gives rise to the external iliac artery, while the umbilical artery is attached to its distal end, which later forms the internal iliac artery (Greebe 1977). The proximal part of the internal iliac artery will persist as the distal end obliterates (Zaunbrecher and Samra 2022). The internal iliac artery bifurcates into an anterior and posterior division as development continues. Branches of the anterior division include the superior and inferior vesical arteries, middle rectal artery, uterine arteries, and vaginal artery. The first branch of the posterior division to develop is the iliolumbar artery. The lateral sacral and superior gluteal arteries also develop as branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery
The Clinical Anatomy of the Vascular System | Ch 85
No full textThe aortic arch and its branches are formed during the fourth to sixth weeks of development from six pairs of embryological aortic arches (Bordes et al. 2021). The aortic sac develops as the first portion of the aorta, superior to the truncus arteriosus. The aortic sac then advances into two horns, right and left. The right horn gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left horn forms the aortic arch proximal to the brachiocephalic trunk. The subclavian arteries are derived from the fourth aortic arch. As the aortic arches continue to develop asymmetrically, the origins of the right and left subclavian arteries differ (Rosen and Bordoni 2021). The right fourth aortic arch contributes to the right proximal subclavian artery, and the left gives rise to the medial segment of the arch of the aorta. The dorsal aorta gives rise to the intersegmental arteries. The cervical intersegmental arteries merge to form the vertebral arteries, except the left seventh intersegmental artery, which fuses with the aortic arch and exclusively forms the left subclavian artery. On the right side, the seventh intersegmental artery gives rise to the distal right subclavian artery (Rosen and Bordoni 2021). To summarize: the left subclavian artery is derived exclusively from the left seventh intersegmental artery, while the right subclavian artery is derived from the right horn of the aortic sac, the fourth aortic arch proximally and the right seventh intersegmental artery distally
Bitter Taste Sensitivity and Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) in Females Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
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