International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTRACTION OPTIMIZATION, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CUCUMI SATIVUS AND CUCUMIS MELO
No full textBackground: Cucumis plants are being frequently used to treat metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, in traditional medicinal system. Objectives: The current study sought to assess the impact of several solvents with varying polarity for the extraction of polyphenolic, and flavonoid components. Further, this study also aims to determine antioxidant activity of fruits and peels of Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus. Methodology: Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane were chosen for optimal extraction. Extract yields were assessed to determine the optimal solvent solution for extraction. The TPC and TFC contents were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and AlCl3 method. The antioxidant potential was determined spectrophotometrically using DPPH scavenging and iron chelation assays. The fatty acid contents of methanol extract were determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID). The instrument utilized for this purpose was a Shimadzu GC-14A with a flame ionizer (FID) and a packed glass column, DEXIL-300. The column oven\u27s temperature was kept at 180ºC for 5 minutes and programmed to 250 ºC at the rate of 5ºC/mint. The injection and detector temperature was 250ºC and 230ºC respectively. Results: The results showed that the methanol extract of C. sativus peels exhibited the highest extraction yield, TPC, and TFC 12.72 ± 0.34 mg/mL, 130.13 ± 1.23 mg/mL, and 86.56 ± 0.67 mg/mL, respectively for C. Sativus peels and for C. melo the results were as 8.32. ± 0.34 mg/mL, 68.23.13 ± 1.23 mg/mL and 48.23 ± 0.67 mg/mL, respectively. The C. Sativus peel extract also showed the highest DPPH inhibition and iron chelation activities with IC50 values of 33.34 ± 0.12 µg/mL and 30.34 ± 0.23 µg/mL. The methanol extracts also showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. The seven fatty acids contents were found from C12 to C20 in peel extract with arachidic acid and linoleic acid in relatively greater amounts. Conclusion: The current study has shown that the methanol extract of C. sativus peel has rich total phenolic, flavonoid content, and has reasonable antioxidant activity in all of the tested methods
MANAGEMENT OF MILD-CHRONIC PSORIASIS WITH THE DEVELOPED CURCUMIN WHEAT OIL-BASED NANOEMULGEL – A CASE STUDY
No full textBackground: Curcumin and wheat oil are used to reduce psoriasis symptoms by inhibiting inflammation. Objectives: The Case-1 study involved a 41-year-old male who had been grappling with severe psoriatic lesions for several years, while Case-2 centred on a 45-year-old female experiencing mild plaque psoriasis. The objective was to evaluate the therapeutic impact of our curcumin wheat oil-based nanoemulgel (CWOE) in both cases. Methodology: Patients with psoriasis were given a topical curcumin wheat oil-based nanoemulgel twice daily on the affected area. Results: Following the two-month treatment period, notable improvements were observed in the patient\u27s psoriatic lesions, accompanied by a substantial decrease in inflammation. Conclusions: Psoriasis can be effectively treated by applying a wheat oil-based nanoemulgel based on curcumin, which has been shown to be therapeutic in both mild and severe instances. These results imply that CWOE might be an effective treatment for psoriasis symptoms. Additional research could confirm its long-term efficacy and safety
CHARACTERIZATION AND PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION OF DAUCUS CAROTA PECTIN AS A SUSPENDING AGENT IN ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
No full textBackground: Suspensions are equilibrated two-phased thermodynamically unstable systems increasingly used in the stability and bioavailability enhancement of a myriad of drug substances. Biodegradable, biocompatible and cost-effective biopolymers such as pectin are becoming popular alternative suspending agents to decrease sedimentation and ensure uniformity and accuracy in drug dosing. Nevertheless, limited commercial pectin sources with ideal gelling properties necessitate the search for novel sources such as carrots, a versatile vegetable. Objectives: The study therefore centred on the characterization and pharmaceutical evaluation of the suspending qualities of Daucus carota (carrot) pectin acquired from the conventional acid extraction procedure. Methodology: Fresh carrots were acquired, authenticated and processed before pectin extraction. The pectin extracted was characterized and evaluated for phytochemical properties such as proximate composition and degree of esterification. Different concentrations (1% and 2%) of carrot pectin and acacia gum (as a standard) were utilized in formulating paracetamol suspensions as suspending agents. Results: The pectin yield was 11.6% and contained glycosides, tannins, saponins, and phenols. FTIR analysis identified all the essential pectin functional groups while other characterization parameters showed quality high methoxyl pectin. Carrot pectin suspensions demonstrated significantly (P < 0.01) lower re-dispersibility and sedimentation rate when compared to acacia. The flow rate and sedimentation volumes were however non-significantly different. Conclusion: The characterization and suspending properties of carrot pectin have been successfully evaluated. Ultimately, acacia gum can be substituted with carrot pectin as a suspending agent
THE ROLE OF VASPIN IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS
No full textBackground: Adipo(cyto)kines are substances derived from adipose tissue that influence central processes in the body like inflammation, in addition to their effect on metabolism. Adipocytokines are implicated in inflammatory pathways that affect different types of cells in autoimmune disorders. Many rheumatic disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, are classified as autoimmune diseases. A chronic inflammatory environment develops as a result of autoimmune reactions, affecting the entire body, notably adipose tissue. Vaspin, an adipocytokine, is a visceral serpin protease inhibitor produced by subcutaneous adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, skin and stomach. Objectives: The present review summarizes the structure, mechanism of action and role of vaspin in the pathophysiology and development of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Methodology: The data was collected through the electronic search of several scientific sources including, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google scholar. Results: Because of changes in systemic vaspin levels, its potential role as a biomarker in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases has been suggested. Furthermore, vaspin induction by adipose tissue may produce a compensatory response to obesity and its inflammatory consequences. Recent studies have shown that vaspin levels are lower in osteoarthritis and higher in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis compared to healthy control. Moreover, vaspin elevation may assist in predicting who is at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion: Vaspin inhibitors can attenuate the pathological processes of rheumatoid arthritis and improve the outcome of treatment when used in combination with other inflammatory mediator inhibitors
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES REGARDING PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS B, C & HIV AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS RELATED TO HOSPITAL WASTE DISPOSAL OF LAHORE GENERAL HOSPITAL
No full textBackground: Waste produced in healthcare may contain infectious material such as hepatitis B, C, and HIV. It carries a risk to healthcare workers if it is managed poorly. Objectives: Our study aims to assess the knowledge and practices regarding the prevention of hepatitis B, C, and HIV among healthcare workers related to hospital waste disposal. Methodology: It is a cross-sectional descriptive study, with a sample size of 100, conducted among healthcare workers related to hospital waste disposal at Lahore General Hospital. Results: 91% knew about hepatitis B and C. 70% knew it is transmitted via body fluids/blood. 81% knew vaccines prevent it. 71% knew proper disposal of syringes is required for prevention. 58% knew avoiding multiple partners is a method of prevention. 64% had received vaccination for hepatitis B. Regarding AIDS, 78% knew about it. 41% knew that it was a viral disease. 57% knew it is transmitted from unsterilized equipment, and 63% knew it is transmitted from blood/body fluids. 25% had a test for HIV. 88% knew about the color-coding system. 90% wear a head cap, gown, and gloves while handling waste. Conclusions: According to our research, we concluded that those waste management workers who have knowledge about Hepatitis B, C, and HIV and the spread of diseases through hospital waste are cautious about direct contact with the waste, are using protective clothing (masks, gown, gloves, and caps) and are vaccinated
SOLUBILITY OPTIMIZATION OF TERBINAFINE HYDROCHLORIDE SOLID DISPERSION BY BINARY AND TERNARY METHOD
No full textBackground: In the process of drug development, the most challenging factor is poor solubility. To formulate an oral dosage form, poor solubility and bioavailability are the main challenges. Objective: The objective of this research was to increase the solubility of terbinafine hydrochloride (TBF) by formulating binary and ternary solid dispersion (SD) by different techniques. Terbinafine hydrochloride is a BCS class II drug having low solubility, poor absorption and low bioavailability. Methodology: Physical mixture (PMSD), solvent evaporation (SESD), and kneading method (KMSD) were used to improve the solubility of TBF and prepare PMSD, SESD, KMSD and ternary solid dispersion (TSD) using PVPK30 and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as hydrophilic polymer and surfactant. Nine formulations were designed to formulate binary SD by varying the ratios of TBF, PVPK30 and SLS (1:1, 1:3 and 1:5). Three formulations were prepared to form TSD with varying percentage of TBF with best formulation from binary SD (5%, 10% and 15%). Entire formulations were test for solubility studies, and a formulation that exhibit maximum increased solubility was selected to prepare binary and ternary SD of TBF. Every developed formulation was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe chemical interactions, crystallinity and morphological changes, respectively. Results: The results show that binary SD and TSD has increased solubility in comparison with a pure drug. Although, TSD prepared using kneading method displayed the highest drug solubility (14.48 times) as compared to pure drug. Conclusion: The research determined that the solubility of TBF increased due to increased wettability, hydrophilicity of the carrier and reduced crystallinity
A REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICINE AND CLINICAL SCIENCES
No full textBackground: AI has established itself as a cutting-edge technology with the potential to transform a variety of industries, including healthcare. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical and medical sciences has produced astounding advancements, offering ground-breaking solutions to challenging problems and completely revolutionizing how we identify, treat, and prevent illnesses. Objective: The purpose of this review paper is to offer a thorough overview of the existing landscape and prospective future advances in the integration of AI in medical and clinical sciences. Methodology: Various databases were searched to find the relevant information. Results: The application of AI in diagnostics, personalized medicine, drug research, patient care, and healthcare management is extensively covered in this review article. It critically analyses the advantages, disadvantages, and ethical concerns associated with the integration of AI in these many fields, as well as the next prospects and challenges. AI breakthroughs hold enormous promise for supplementing medical practitioners\u27 capacities, improving diagnosis accuracy, improving patient care, and revolutionizing the field of medicine. Conclusion: To fully realize the benefits of AI in healthcare, however, it is critical to overcome issues such as data quality, algorithm biases, physician acceptability, and ethical considerations. Through detailed research, this study provides important insights into how AI may significantly enhance medical practices
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND DRUG THERAPIES OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE
No full textBackground: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of blood stem cells, which is typically characterized by the presence of a Philadelphia chromosome. Even though there have been several studies on the molecular genetics, pharmacogenomics, pharmacological treatments for CML, and its mechanism is still not fully understood. Objectives: This study is designed to provide new updates and better insights into CML molecular biology and drug therapy, along with their benefits and drawbacks. Methodology: For this review, the recent literature was searched from January 2019 to 2023 through various electronic databases. Results: Review findings further suggested that imatinib mesylate was the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) licensed as first-line therapy for affected people with CML in the chronic, blast, and rapid phases. Dasatinib is another second-generation multi-target kinase inhibitor, for imatinib-resistant CML treatment in all stages, which is 325 times more effective than imatinib and 16-fold more effective than nilotinib. Nilotinib received approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for handling imatinib-resistant patients. Bosutinib and ponatinib are other renowned TKIs taken orally. European Medicine Agency (EMA) and FDA-approved asciminib in moderate to severe, rapid, and blast-phase CML patients intolerant to previous therapies. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study indicated the need to include advanced computational tools in addition to the large sample size of cohort studies, which may result in a better understanding of pathophysiology and better clinical outcomes
IMMINENT CONTESTS AND SCENARIOS OF ROTAVIRUS VACCINATION IN PAKISTAN
No full textBackground: Rotavirus is one of the significant causes of gastroenteritis in children under the age of five years. Thousands of fatalities have occurred in low socioeconomic, underdeveloped countries. It is also an essential contributor to child death in Pakistan and a critical economic burden due to hospitalization. Objectives: The Extended Program on Immunization (EPI) in Pakistan planned to include a vaccine for rotavirus in a routine immunization program for children in two doses from October 2016. Methodology: The literature was searched using databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed. Results: Reports on vaccination coverage have revealed a number of problems associated with inadequate vaccination coverage, such as medical malpractice, neglect, illiteracy, community issues, and denials from parents on account of their child\u27s illness, among other things. It is also impossible to keep the appropriate vaccination program going due to a lack of personnel needed for the precise delivery of the rotavirus vaccine. Conclusion: Including this vaccine will save the lives of approximately 29,000 children every year. However, the proper administration of the rotavirus vaccine to all children who are eligible for vaccination will be a real challenge to the government and health agencies in Pakistan
SCREENING, ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF MACRONUTRIENTS & THEIR COMPONENTS INTAKE AMONG CARDIAC PATIENTS AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF LAHORE
No full textBackground: A staggering 31% of mortality worldwide can be primarily due to cardiovascular diseases. Nearly 85% of these deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes. A combination of risk factors such as an unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, hyperlipidemia, stress, and hereditary factors contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out the intake of macronutrients and their components in cardiac patients. Another aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of malnutrition among the studied population. Methodology: The data has been gathered through screening tool MNA-SF and assessment tool SGA. 24 hour dietary recall is used to collect the information regarding food intake in the past 24 hours. The cronometer tool is used to find out the consumption of nutrients such as macronutrients and their components. IBM SPSS statistics 25 was used to perform statistical analysis (frequencies, Chi-Square, T-test). Results: Among (n = 15) obese subjects, the mean intake with the standard deviation of fats was 82.10±33.78 (p<0.05), monounsaturated fats 39.84±25.36 (p<0.05), polyunsaturated fats 22.28±8.66 (p<0.05), omega – 3 fatty acids 4.36±2.14 (p<0.05), omega – 6 fatty acids 16.24±5.09 (p<0.05), saturated fats 15.02±0.91 (p>0.05), trans fats 0.72±0.18 (p>0.05) and cholesterol 361.20±185.26 (p>0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of underweight, and overweight was higher in the subjects in comparison to obese individuals, indicating the higher risk of malnourishment either undernourished or over nourished