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Job requirements and challenges of LIS graduates in public libraries: a literature review
Get PDFPeer-reviewed article published in Library Philosophy and Practice electronic journal of the University of Nebraska - Lincoln, licenced under Creative Commons, 2019.Public libraries require an expanding set of discipline specific, as well as generic
knowledge, skills and attitudes from Library and Information Science (LIS) graduates,
for their services in this evolving and constantly changing knowledge society. Guided
by the core competency theory of Selznick (1957), this paper reviews literature on the
competencies required of LIS graduates and the challenges they face in public
libraries. Knowledge of cataloguing, collection development, interpersonal
relationship, communication, technology, and customer services skills are noted
significant in the public library context. Also noted are skills gap: lack of training
programmes; drastic changes in the LIS market, which eventually demand curricula
revision and re-orientation; and several challenges facing LIS professionals and the
public libraries themselves. Identified challenges include: lack of funding, lack of
trained/skilled staff, and ICT resources. The reviewed literature is significant for
providing theoretical background for the development of research in the following
domains: public libraries, LIS curriculum, LIS educators and LIS
graduates/professionals
Synthesis and application of a grafted flocculant produced from a chemical combination of a bioflocculant TKT and acrylamide (AM)
Get PDFA dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science and Agriculture, of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Microbiology in the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology at the University of Zululand, 2019.An increase in pollution from mining, industries and agriculture has decreased the quality of fresh water in South Africa. Contaminated water is unsafe for animals to drink and for plants to absorb. Synthetic flocculants are extensively used in water and wastewater treatment due to their effectiveness and low cost. These flocculants consist of a flexible chain of high molecular weight to create a bigger surface area for biochemical reactions to take place and are documented to flocculate well in small amounts. However, these flocculants are known to be carcinogenic, neurotoxic and hazardous to the environment. Moreover, natural polymers (bioflocculants) are not toxic and are biodegradable. Nevertheless, these flocculants need to be suitably controlled because biodegradability reduces their shelf-life. Through grafting synthetic polymers onto a backbone of natural polymers, the best properties of synthetic and natural flocculants are merged. When grafted copolymers are successful, the dangling grafted chains have easy access to contaminants in wastewater. In literature it has been reported that grafted polysaccharides provide efficient, shear stable and biodegradable flocculants. This study aimed at synthesizing and applying a grafted bioflocculant produced from marine Alcaligenes faecalis HCB2 to wastewater.
Extraction and purification of the bioflocculant was obtained through using the solvent extraction method. Chains of polyacrylamide (PAM) were grafted onto the backbone of bioflocculant TKT extracted from Alcaligenes faecalis HCB2 using a microwave initiated method. Various grades of TKT-g-PAM were synthesized and the one with the highest percentage grafting was used throughout this study. Physicochemical analyses of the grafted bioflocculant (TKT-g-PAM) were attained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Zetasizer Nano, Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometry. A diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the biosafety of the grafted bioflocculant. The effect of dosage size on flocculating activity was evaluated. The pH and thermal stability of TKT-g-PAM were assessed spectrophotometrically. The removal efficiencies of TKT-g-PAM on chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen and sulfur on wastewater from Tendele Coal Mine were performed using different test kits.
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The bioflocculant yield obtained after extraction and purification was 4.0 g/l. TKT-g-PAM6 was the preferred grade with the highest percentage of 62% and a weight of 0.8 g. The images provided by SEM revealed changes in bioflocculant structure from a blocky to a granular structure after grafting. This confirmed that the grafting of PAM chains was successful on the TKT backbone. The zeta potential of grafted bioflocculant (-12.6±0.1) and bioflocculant (-17.1±0.65) had a negative charge. IR observations indicated hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine groups. TKT-g-PAM6 showed less cytotoxic effect on HEK293 cells (retained 82% of cell viability after it was treated in high concentration) while CaCO2 cells (retained 64% of cell viability after it was treated in high concentration). TKT-g-PAM6 was cation and pH dependent and optimally flocculated kaolin clay suspension at a dosage of 0.2 mg/ml with 74% of flocculating activity in the presence of Ba2+. TKT-g-PAM6 was more stable at acidic pH 3-5 with the highest flocculating activity (93%) observed at pH 3. TKT-g-PAM6 was thermostable and retained more than 90% of its flocculating activity after being heated at 100 °C for 1 hour. The pyrolysis properties of the grafted bioflocculant confirmed their thermal stabilities, the IDT has been found to 215 °C (29% weight loss) and FDT to be 571 °C (36% weight loss). Flocculating efficiencies were: 87% on COD, 92% BOD, 91% N and 93% S, respectively. TKT-g-PAM6 was effective and has the potential to be used in wastewater treatment
An analysis of the dynamics and effects of interdepartmental policy discord on post-apartheid South Africa’s border control and border security
No full textA dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Commerce in the department of Public Administration, Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law at the University of Zululand, 2020.Borders have a primary responsibility of separating political entities (states) and the creation of national identities within states. In the African context, borders were created through colonial fiat, and have remained intact, except in the two cases: that of South Sudan and Eritrea. This study investigated inadequate policy harmonisation amongst the various departments or agencies responsible for border control in South Africa. In South Africa, there are seven departments responsible for border control, and they operate without a binding policy or legislation. This study investigated how this policy fragmentation from various agencies have affected border control and border security. Using qualitative approach with key informants from primary departments responsible for border control and analysing policy documents from primary departments, this study found that inadequate policy harmonisation amongst border control agencies does compromise border control and border security. It leads to ineffective practices in that work is duplicated, accountability is compromised and it leads to competition amongst agencies, and further leads to conflicts between agencies. Furthermore, inadequate policy harmonisation seemingly impedes the objectives of regional integration. The study also shows that South Africa has been observed to take a restrictive stance concerning immigration in that it puts the sovereignty of its interests above those of the region. Lastly, there have been calls to have an integrated approach towards border control which led to the introduction of Border Management Authority Bill (BMA). The BMA has been passed in the National Assembly, although it has been opposed by the opposition political parties owing to a number of concerns that emerged. The challenge of policy fragmentation has persisted as the political will to pursue the BMA softened due to changes in the political administration of the country, as it was initially developed during Jacob Zuma’s presidency, therefore, the change from Jacob Zuma to Cyril Ramaphosa changed the political actors who pushed for the BMA. The study then recommends that South Africa needs to harmonise its border policies and embrace regional integration
Financial contagion in emerging markets evidence from BRICS countries
Get PDFA thesis submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Commerec in the Department of Economics in the Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law, University of Zululand, 2020.The present study examines the pure form of contagions in the BRICS countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The pure form of contagion refers to the propagations of shocks due to reasons that are not related macroeconomic fundamentals, and are solely the result of irrational phenomena, such as panics, herd behaviour, loss of confidence and risk aversion. The choice of BRICS was motivated by the fact that these emerging countries have stronger partnerships through the BRICS association. Additionally, these countries come from various continents across the world. This allowed the study to have a worldwide overview of how contagions are transmitted, not only in one region but across regions.
The main objective of this study was to examine co-movement and volatility spillover in BRICS countries from ‘source’ markets of the U.S. and Eurozone region. Specifically, the study sought to accomplish the following objectives: (i) To examine the salient characteristics of equity markets in BRICS countries, (ii) To investigate the nature of stock market returns’ volatility for BRICS countries during periods of financial turmoil, (iii)To examine the presence of time-varying conditional correlations in BRICS’ equity market returns, in the wake of the financial crises that took place in the U.S. and Eurozone countries, and (iv) To investigate the presence of time-frequency correlations in BRICS stock markets, following the financial crises that took place in the U.S. and Eurozone countries.
The following four econometric models were formulated and utilised by the study: (i) GARCH (1, 1) and its extensions; (ii) the diagonal VECH GARCH (1, 1); (iii) the Dynamic Conditional Correlation GARCH; (iv) and Wavelet analysis. The study found that stock markets within BRICS countries are heterogeneous as they differ in their structural characteristics, economic policies, and geopolitical importance. The Chinese and Russian markets are still in the maturing process as they only reopened recently after decades of communist regimes that prohibited security markets. The Brazilian, Russian and South African stock markets are dominated by natural resource-based stocks, and they are well known commodity exporters. Among the BRICS stock markets, China’s market has experienced the most rapid growth in the past 20 years. The results of Univariate GARCH modelling revealed the persistence of volatility in the BRICS returns, with China (SSE) having the highest volatility persistence, followed by India (SENSEX) and Russia (RTSI). Using GARCH (1,1) variants, the study also found evidence of leverage effect in all BRICS stock markets except China.
Bivariate GARCH models were used to examine the dynamic cross-correlation between individual BRICS stock markets as target markets and the U.S. and Eurozone as ground zero (source) markets. The study showed that the cross-conditional volatility coefficient is high in magnitude during periods of financial upheaval compared to a tranquil period, hence the conclusion that there was financial contagion in BRICS stock markets (with the exception of the Chinese stock market) during the U.S. sub-prime and the Eurozone sovereign debt crises. The wavelet cross-correlations analysis showed evidence of positive cross-correlation between the U.S. and individual BRICS stock markets, and the cross-correlation was identified in both short and coarse scales, with the U.S. leading BRICS countries. The cross-correlation between the U.S. and Chinese equity market could not be established.
Regarding the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis, the wavelet cross-correlation analysis shows evidence of co-movement and volatility spillover in the short scales, with the DAX leading the BRICS market indices. Evidence of financial contagion emanating from Eurozone stock markets could only be identified in the South African and Russian stock markets. For the Brazilian, Indian, and Chinese markets, no correlation was identified in the short scale period, hence the conclusion that no financial contagion took place in these three stock markets following the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis. The study recommends that since volatility spillover between individual BRICS equity markets and the U.S. market is unidirectional policymakers, investors and regulatory authorities should focus more on monitoring the volatility of the U.S. equity market, as efforts by authorities in BRICS countries to stabilise BRICS stock markets is futile as shocks are exogenous.
The current study also recommends that regulatory authorities should come up with initiatives that enable investors to reduce significant risk exposure by formulating sound risk management policies and macroprudential regulations. Given the fact that the current study could not identify financial contagion in Brazilian, Chinese and Indian stock markets emanating from Eurozone countries, the study recommends that policymakers policy makers need to pay due attention to idiosyncratic shock channels in responding to volatility spillover.South African Reserve Ban
The intellectual project is a precondition for societal redemption
Get PDFPeer reviewed article published under Inkanyiso journal, Volume 11 Number 1, p.93 - 96, November 2019South Africa is a country of two nations. One of these nations is white,relatively
prosperous, regardless of gender or geographic dispersal. It has ready access to a
developed economic, physical, educational, communication and other infrastructure.
This enables it to argue that, except for the persistence of gender discrimination
against women, all members of this nation have the possibility to exercise their right
to equal opportunity, the development opportunities to which the Constitution of ‘93
committed our country. The second and larger nation of South Africa is black and
poor, with the worst affected being women in the rural areas, the black rural
population in general,and the disabled. This nation lives under conditions of a
grossly underdeveloped economic, physical, educational, communication and other
infrastructure. It has virtually no possibility to exercise what in reality amounts to a
theoretical right to equal opportunity, with that right being equal within this black
nation only to the extent that it is equally incapable of realisation.
Groundwater geochemical characteristics and its suitability for drinking and irrigation in Ventersdrop, North West Province, South Africa
Get PDFA dissertation submitted to the Department of Hydrology in fulfilment of the requirements of Master of Science Degree in the Faculty of Science and Agriculture at the University of Zululand, 2019.Groundwater is major source of freshwater in regions devoid of surface water resources. The dependence on groundwater is increasing worldwide. South Africa is no exception. Groundwater resource has been identified as the main and reliable water resource for human consumption and agricultural practice in the Ventersdorp area, South Africa. Assessment of groundwater quality is necessary for safe usage for drinking and for irrigation purposes so as to boost the socio-economic wellbeing of the region. One such study was taken in Ventersdorp area, Schoonspruit Catchment, South Africa. The groundwater samples were collected from forty boreholes in 2015 as well as seventy boreholes in 2017 and was analysed for major ions and nitrate. The physical and chemical parameters of groundwater namely EC, pH, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-and NO3- during 2015 and 2017 were analysed. The concentration of major ions chemistry in groundwater was within the permissible limits of South African National Guidelines and World Health Organisation and for drinking use. The overall pH values for both sample periods represent slightly acidic to alkaline in the study area. Based on DWAF (1996) approved limit of drinking (EC Na>Mg>K and HCO3>Cl> SO4>NO3. Several correlation diagrams between the major ion and other plots like the Gibbs, Chadha, Piper, Durov’s were prepared to ascertain the sources of ions in the study area. Gibbs plots have revealed that groundwater in the study area for both year 2015 and 2017 is of rock water interaction dominance. Similar inferences were obtained from Chadha plot. High correlation between calcium and bicarbonate, chloride with sodium, nitrate and sulphate and nitrate and potassium. Further, in order to ascertain the irrigation water quality, Kelly’s ratio, Sodium percent, residual sodium carbonate, sodium absorption ratio and permeability index were calculated for the groundwater samples in the study area. The IWQI as well as DWQI was calculated to get a snap shot of the region and it confirmed that most of groundwater samples in the study region fall between the range of suitable for both drinking and irrigation purposes in 2015 and 2017. The impact of heavy metal pollution index (HPI) in groundwater was ascertained. The coefficient variation of Zn was found to be higher than that
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of Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb in groundwater of the study area. The results suggest that Zn concentration has a high probability of being influence by human activities.
Apart from this groundwater quality, rainfall data and groundwater level data from 1974 to 2014 was collected from National Department of Water and Sanitation of South Africa. The analysis of the data revealed that shallow aquifers are easily affected by local climate changes while deep aquifers are dependent only on regional changes. Thus, shallow aquifers are more vulnerable to climate variability. The recharge of shallow aquifer is brief as compared to recharge of deep aquifer. In the study area, shallow wells are more likely to be affected by irrigation flow compared to deep wells and inferred from high correlation between Ca and HCO3. Cl was correlated with K and Na. NO3 and Cl are highly correlated. Variables correlating with Cl, SO4 and NO3 are partly derived from agricultural activities. Nitrate concentration in the study area shows strong positive relationship with five major ion and EC for last three decades from 1994 to 2014.
In general, the quality of groundwater is suitable for both drinking and irrigation needs. This study helped to comprehend the present state of groundwater chemical composition in Ventersdorp and to assess its fitness for irrigation and drinking uses
Reading-akin-to writing model for reflective thinking: a case for teaching and learning of Efal grade 11 learners in Amajuba district
No full textA thesis submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Educational Psychology & Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Zululand, 2019.The study aimed to formulate a strategy to design a reading-akin-towriting model for reflective thinking to support the teaching and learning of English First Additional Language (EFAL)in grade 11 learners in selected high schools in the Amajuba District. The expectation was also that the reading-akin-to writing model would augment the reflective thinking of learners across the curriculum to prepare them for higher education.
A number of objectives were devised to direct the study, The main objective was understanding the need for a reading-akin-to writing model. The other objectives were exploring strategies to support the teachers in designing such a model, determing the conditions that were required to ensure that a working model could be implemented, identifying the threats that could arise to hinder the development of such a model, designing risk management strategies, and formulating the indicators that could be used to measure the success of the implementation of such a model
Bricolage was identified by the researcher as a theoretical framework that could support the achievement of the stated objectives of the study. Bricolage is a theoretical approach that integrates the cognitive aspects and social effects in learning.Hence, The researcher proposed the adoption of bricolage as the perspective that would best address the challenges. The researcher argued for a multi-layered and multi-perspectival research approach, conducted by a team of researchers in collaboration with suitable participants who emerged during the research process. This qualitative research approach incorporates the best aspects of the eight moments in qualitative research, from the traditional phase , modernist phase, blurred genres, a crisis of representation, postmodern period, post-experimental inquiry, present time, and the current fractured futures period. Using data collected by our research team, The researcher showed how we had operationalised bricolage to formulate a strategy for the design of the reading-akinto-writing model for reflective thinking in support of teaching and learning of EFAL grade 11 learners. Participatory action research (PAR) was used as it addressed
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the participation, emancipation and working with real challenges to bring about change in the community. As per the principles of PAR, the researcher worked with the participants collaboratively to find solutions to the challenges teachers encountered as they taught EFAL in grade 11. Data generated through the use of PAR was analysed using Critical Discourse analysis (CDA). The empirical analysis, interpretation of data, discussion and determining the findings resulting from interventions were made with CDA.
In the first part of the study, reflections weremade through the use of PAR, looking at the challenges faced by teaches as the result of the absence of a dedicated team with a common vision. The second part of the study identified the components of the solutions as strategies to be used to curb challenges under the supervision of a dedicated team with the vision to design a reading-akin-to writing model for reflective thinking on EFAL in grade 11. The solutions predicted by the participants to curtail the challenges were discussed. Numerous findings concerning the challenges were compared with the results of the previous research studies reported in the literature review.
This research project is distinctive, in understanding the strategy to be implemented successfully by a dedicated team to create a collaborative learning environment for the teaching and learning of EFAL. In conclusion, the study argues that teaching EFAL can never be done by an individual but only by working as a team having a collaborative relationship, where all stakeholders are engaged and able to partake in the decision and are involved collectively. The study offers a strategy that can respond to challenges faced by EFAL teachers on designing a reading –akin- to writing model for reflective thinking
Challenges that heads of departments face in managing teaching of Tshivenda home language in rural primary schools of Dzindi circuit Vhembe district
Get PDFSubmitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Masters in Education in the Department of Educational Planning and Administration in the Faculty of education at the University of Zululand, 2019.The 1994 democratic government of South Africa brought greater responsibility and growth of school-based management in schools which impacted on the role and workload of school leaders. Principals of public foundation phase school teachers delegated greater responsibility to Heads of Departments who had to ensure that teachers are professionally developed. The assumption was that teachers should be supported and developed professionally to do their best work with learners, and, to be retained. Despite the belief that school-based Teacher Professional Development may have a positive impact, little is known about the challenges Heads of Departments’ of Tshivenda Language in a rural context face in managing teachers for them to promote quality teaching and learning. The aim of this study was to investigate the challenges that heads of departments face in managing the teaching of Tshivenda home language in rural primary schools of Dzindi circuit in Vhembe District. This study was positivist in nature following the quantitative research methodology. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 107 respondents from the 200 who were sampled through simple random sampling procedure. Several challenges that face the HODs were identified. These include the need to supervise teachers in the process of teaching to improve learning in schools. The study points to a strong need for workshops to fully capacitate HODs of Tshivenda in rural primary schools of Dzindi Circuit. However, the various management challenges that have emerged should be considered. Mentoring of Tshivenda Home Language teachers by HODs remains very crucial for the promotion of teaching and learning in rural primary schools of Dzindi Circuit. The study recommends a need for HODs to motivate teachers in their management process.National Research Foundation of South Afric
A Comparative Study of Offenders’ Rights to Rehabilitation in South African and the Democratic Republic of Congo Prison Systems
Get PDFA dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Laws in the Department of Laws in the Faculty of Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law, University of Zululand, 2019This study analyses the protection and enforcement of offenders’ rights to rehabilitation in South African and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) prison systems. These two jurisdictions signed and ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) as the first legally binding instrument imposing states members to brand their prisons as reformatories and social rehabilitation institutes.
The analysis first, is worrisome to incarcerate offenders in the South African and DRC prison systems because they will destroy them instead of being rehabilitated. Second, the two countries are plagued by the rate of recidivism while rehabilitation is the right of offenders. The objective of this study is to investigate the extent to which the two countries respect, protect, and fulfil the right to rehabilitation as required by their international, regional norms and standards, and provide decision-makers with tools to improve the rehabilitation in the two jurisdictions.
For this study, the legal elements of offenders’ right to rehabilitation comprised the right to self-determination, religion, education, work, cultural activity, vocational and training programmes, pre-release programmes, psychiatric programmes, psychological programmes, social work programmes, teacher, dignity, equality, discrimination, freedom from torture, freedom from being treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading way, healthcare, food and water, and the right to clothing and bedding. To remedy the problem, the study was desktop research that used primary and secondary sources of data for contextual insight and critical commentary. Among the findings, the study found that the right to rehabilitation in the two jurisdictions is violated to the extent that offenders could be ill-treated and overcrowding is still unavoidable. Unlike the DRC government, which abandoned its prisons since the wrong process of Zairianization or Nationalisation, in other words, the South African government, however, respects, protects and fulfils the extent that courts can intervene in favour of offenders.
DRC NGOs also assist offenders with what they can to rehabilitated offenders if they consider offenders as equal without discrimination to comply with international obligations. There still is non-compliance in xi fulfilling the right to rehabilitation from the DRC government’s side. Recommendations from the study are that both countries should abide by their obligations as clarified in the international and regional treaties regarding the right to rehabilitation. Regarding overcrowding, South African courts must consider the private interest of the applicant requesting his or her achievement while incarcerated to be considered as “highly meritorious” services and be granted a special remission of sentence. The victim or his or her relative, however, should also be implicated in this process. The DRC government, in turn, has two options: it either privatises its prisons or remedies the challenge of arbitrary arrest.
Furthermore, South Africa should learn lessons from the DRC regarding the matter of nationalisation, and the DRC should learn lessons from South Africa in putting the right to rehabilitation at the centre within its prison systems while amending its OrdinanceLaw No 344 of 17 September 1965 governing the prison systems to make it clear concerning matters of rehabilitation, as per the South African Correctional Act 111 of 1998 and the 2005 South African White Paper on Correctional Services and align it with international treaties
In vitro evaluation of nutritional content and anthelmintic values of Kigelia africana fruit to domesticated ruminants
Get PDFDissertation in fullment of Masters of Science in Agriculture: Animal Science in the Faculty of Science and Agriculture at the University of Zululand, 2019.Food security is at risk due to the ever growing world population. More effort should be put on improving agricultural production since farming provides the primary source of food for humans. Livestock farming; be it commercial or small scale, plays a major role in supplementing the protein component of human food especially with the expensive nature of plant proteins. In northern KwaZulu-Natal, both large (cow) and small (goat and sheep) ruminant farming plays a vital role in the rural communities as they do not only provide proteins, but are used for traditional ceremonies, bride price, prestige and clothing. These ruminants require adequate and constant nutrient availability to meet their best production standards but forage availability and quality declines, especially in winter, which results in poor animal performance. Besides forage limitation, water scarcity is also a major problem in this area with the recent drought that hit in 2015. Therefore, alternative indigenous forages with feed potential and high moisture should be investigated, as water from feed can assist in improving animal production in this area. Kigelia africana plant has been reported to produce fruits (sausage fruit) that are suspected to have high moisture, be rich in secondary compounds and persist throughout the dry season but are not used by animals as feed. Rather, it has been used by humans as flavour, to ferment traditional beers, treat worms and even as an aphrodisiac. Hence, the aim of the study was to explore Kigelia africana fruit (sausage fruit) as a potential feed supplement and its anthelmintic value in domesticated ruminants.
Five feed portions were made from the sausage fruits; 1. Exocarp (Ex), 2. Endocarp (En), 3. Endocarp plus seeds (En+SS), 4. Seeds (SS) and 5. Whole fruit (Wf). The nutritional value of feed portions was determined by measuring their chemical composition and the force required to break-open the fruit (shear force). For chemical composition, dry matter (DM), moisture content (MC), crude protein (CP), condensed tannins (CT), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose and hemi-cellulose were measured. Fibre components were analysed using the ANKOM filter bag method while proteins were analysed using the Kjeldhal method. Acid butanol Assay and the Warner-Blatzer shear device were used to analyse condensed tannins. Shear force was measured using the Warner Blatzer shearing device where maximum force required the feed (F Max), distance covered
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by the blade at breakage (dL at break), and force during break (F at break) were measured. For in vitro digestibility the Daisy incubator from ANKOM Technology was used with inocula from rumen fluid and 1 g sample, incubated at 38ºC in an anaerobic chamber for 72h. Apparent (APD) and True degradability (TD) and microbial yields (MY) were measured. For anthelmintic activity, the Helminth motility test was conducted with extracts of phenolic compounds from Ex, En, En+SS and SS at five levels (control 0g, 5g, 10g, 15g and 20g) using Baerman’s technique and L3 larva survival was counted at 10x magnification.
The results revealed that En+SS (21%) had the lowest (p<0.05) DM, followed by En, Wf, Ex and SS (49.65%). This implies that En+SS (79%) showed the highest (p<0.05) MC, followed by En, Wf, Ex and SS (50.3%). In terms of fibre composition, SS and Ex had the highest cellulose content (32% and 42% respectively). Ex had the highest (P˂0.05) NDF, ADF and ADL (70.67%, 59.18% and 17.69% respectively) compared to other feed portions. The highest protein content was observed in SS (12.55%), followed by Wf (3.9%) and En+SS (3.8%) while the lowest was seen in Ex (2.9%). There were higher contents of lignin and cellulose on the Ex than on the En, which was associated with plant mechanisms to protect themselves against herbivory. Ex required the highest FMax (1060.1N) to break the feed while En had the lowest shear force of 540N, which were all lower than the maximum force that can be generated by most ruminant’s jaws. For digestibility studies, En and En+S had the highest (p<0.05) TD of 554.46 g/kg and 539.32 g/kg respectively while Wf, Ex and En were not statistically different but Wf was relatively higher than both. For its anthelmintic potential, it was found that Kigelia africana fruit treatments had an overall of 96% larva mortality percentage when compared to the control. There were no significant differences between L3 larva survival and mortality at different treatment levels of all Kigelia africana extracts but for the control. The result from the chemical composition of the different feed portions and whole fruit, shows that Kigelia africana has feed potential as its constituents are comparable to most types of hay especially with a crude protein of above 8%. Its high moisture content could be of potential benefit especially in winter where water sources are scarce. The force required to break the Ex was a major limitation to gain access to En and SS that were relatively easier to break. Hence the removal of the hard exocarp can reduce Kigelia africana fruit’s shearing force and make it accessible for chewing. Both APD and TD showed
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digestible values higher than most hays, hence, it has feed potential for ruminants. Strong anthelmintic properties were also demonstrated in all extracts with high mortality of larva. Further in vivo experimentation is required to establish the anthelminthic activity prior to rural farmer’s application