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Child development through Ndebele taboos: Motivation to blend the indigenous and the exotic
Get PDFPeer reviewed article published under Inkanyiso, Volume 12 Number 1, Aug 2020, p. 36 - 55In the context of this paper, child development is upbringing, incorporating the care,
education and protection of children. The traditional Ndebele way of child
upbringing ensures that the child develops responsibly and especially out of
danger. This paper thus seeks to identify the gap between modernity and Ndebele
taboos and suggests possible solutions to address the gap and apply taboos in
modern societies such as urban settlements. The social, physical and
environmental regulatory institutions of the Ndebele people have always relied on
the supernatural for enforcement. This study seeks to demonstrate, using
interviews and focus group discussions, how traditional Ndebele taboos need to be
blended into the modern culture if they are to be relevant. The research is an
interpretivist descriptive survey of Nkayi rural and Nkayi urban centre (in
Zimbabwe) with the aim of getting parents and secondary school children’s views
on Ndebele taboos and child development. The study established that there are
some traditional concepts used in some Ndebele taboos which are no longer
popular and children do not know them. It also established that there are some
Ndebele taboos that have been overtaken by human rights discourses, while some
are no longer compatible with modern institutions such as formal schooling and
science. There are new taboos built to counter ills of modern society. The modern
environment has modern dangers and problems that require a re-visiting of
Ndebele taboos so that more modern taboos can be developed. The study
demonstrates that blending the indigenous and the exotic (cultures) in taboo
formulation and application ensures that today’s children benefit from taboos. The
blending of indigenous and exotic cultures has already occurred in society and
there is a need to align the modern culture to taboo tenets so that the taboos can
be fully utilised for child development. The blending involves changing some
metaphoric vehicles in some traditional Ndebele taboos to include concepts from
modern culture, and in some cases there is a need to ‘de-taboo’ for child
development. Conclusions of the study are important for policy makers in domains
of child development and care such as pedagogy, social work, children’s rights and
the family. The findings also imply connections between taboos and legal theories
on rights and these can be explored furtherhttps://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijhss/article/view/19951
Structural Determination of the novel Universal Stress Protein G4LZI3 from Shistosoma mansoni using X-ray Crystallography
No full textA thesis submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, University of Zululand, 2020.Structural determination of the novel Universal Stress Protein G4LZI3 from Schistosoma mansoni using X-ray Crystallography
Priscilla Masamba
PhD (Biochemistry) thesis, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand
Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic multicellular helminth of the Schistosomatidae family and is
one of the three main causative agents responsible for the multifactorial disease schistosomiasis,
a debilitating and chronic vascular infection of paramount socio-economic importance and
international public health concern. Recent estimates approximate the disease to account for the
loss of 70 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) thus acknowledging schistosomiasis a
more debilitating infection than malaria and a huge competitor with HIV/AIDS and TB.
Mortality rates result in nothing less than 250 000 deaths per annum in sub-Saharan Africa alone
where more than 90% of all schistosome infections stem from. Treatment for the disease has now
become an issue of gross concern worldwide without the development of a vaccine as well as
growing evidence of drug resistant strains against Praziquantel, which has been the backbone of
treatment for all schistosome strains for over three decades. Furthermore, the elusiveness
surrounding the mechanism of action of Praziquantel (PZQ), its lack of success in killing larval
schistosomes 2-4 weeks post-infection as well as its failure to disrupt the transmission cycle of
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the worm, has thereby caused wide interest in the design and development of alternative
treatment against schistosomiasis.
It has been proposed that the cascade of events encompassing the transition of the worm
throughout its developmental cycle, leading to the various changes in its morphological and
chemical composition allowing the worm evade the various defense mechanism of humans, as
well as its tolerance to sudden environmental changes and conditions of stress, is to a large
extend due the over-expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and universal stress proteins
(USPs). This current study therefore focuses on the G4LZI3 USP whose over-expression has
been displayed throughout all developmental forms of the parasite during conditions of stress
and has therefore been identified as a ‘lead’ molecule in the design of alternative treatment
against schistosomiasis. However, the mechanism of action of USPs is not well understood.
Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the structure and infer biological function
of this important druggable protein.
Before the structure was solved, a wide range of polyphenols, which have been proposed as
potential inhibitors were docked onto the homology model of the protein and subjected to
molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Results revealed strong interaction between two
polyphenols namely curcumin and catechin, suggesting the inhibitory potential of these
polyphenols. The ability of polyphenols to scavenge oxidative stress associates these compounds
with the prevention of diseases or infections that are linked to ROS production, which is one of
the features of schistosomiasis. Hence, investigating polyphenols as potential nutraceuticals for
schistosomiasis may be an interesting venture towards alternative treatment.
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The structure of the G4LZI3 protein was thereafter solved using X-ray crystallography; the
protein consists of 4 parallel β-sheets and 3 α-helices with the presence of a short 310 helix
positioned close to the C-terminal of the protein. A generated Ramachandran plot showed that
though there is still room for improvement, the solved structure is a relatively good model with
92% of the residues present in the favored and allowed regions. Inferred function points towards
the protein binding ATP for regulation or even acting as an ATPase.
Finally, another set of molecular dynamic simulations were conducted on small molecule
inhibitors docked onto the solved structure of the G4LZI3 protein using a pharmacophore
generated from curcumin. Two of the molecules identified exhibited inhibitory activity against
the protein by demonstrating future studies would therefore consider synthesizing these
compounds for both in vivo and in vitro studies towards alternative anti-schistosomidals
Visio-spatial intelligence (vsi) between premier league, first division rugby players and non-athletes in the development of a sportspecific visio-spatial intelligence test battery
No full textA thesis submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Human Movement and Biokinetic Sports Science in the Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, University of Zululand, 2020.Competitive rugby is a popular sport in South Africa, that not only serves as a major commercial platform viewed by millions of spectators weekly, but also hosts a large number of players that participate in the sport. Athletes in any sport can spend hours training in order to improve their strength, speed and the endurance of their muscles. However, if their visual processing capabilities are inadequate, their physical training may not be optimised and thus their performance will suffer. Despite this, sport vision has only received attention in relation to research in recent years. The reliance and importance of the visual system necessitates the need to determine the factors that affect an athlete’s ability to obtain and respond to appropriate visual stimuli. To date, research has focused on individual factors that affect vision and visiospatial intelligence (VSI). However, a combination of factors could warrant a more holistic approach. This study summarised and compiled an overview of the factors affecting vision and VSI in athletes, covering those factors previously connected with sport, as well as those hitherto not yet associated with athletic activities, but that could also play a part in sporting performance. In this study, fourteen factors affecting vision and VSI in athletes were identified, and this compilation provides a starting point for further study. This study reveals that many factors can affect vision and VSI, and could add significantly to the processes relating to visual testing of athletes and assessments of their decision-making skills. This study further indicates that while current research still tends to focus on single factors affecting vision and VSI, a large number of these factors have been identified and empirically researched. This offers new opportunities for researchers to investigate the effects of a combination of factors, and for coaches to explore further possibilities for competitive advantage.
Research suggests that athletes have enhanced visio-spatial expertise in comparison to non-athletes. However, conflicting research suggests that this is not always the case as non-athletes possess similar visio-spatial expertise in certain visual skills. In this regard, the present study has compared the visual expertise of first-division rugby players to non-athletes. Participants underwent an optometric assessment after which the following six VSI components were measured, namely; accommodation facility, saccadic eye movement, speed of recognition, peripheral awareness, visual memory and hand-eye coordination using the following tests: hart near far rock, saccadic eye movement, evasion, accumulator, flash memory and ball wall toss tests. Results indicated that first-division rugby players performed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better in five of the six tests, with the exception of visual memory (p = 0.893). While this study substantiates the notion that athletes, in this case first-division rugby players, perform significantly better in most VSI components, this is not the case for all aspects of vision.
Further, this study attempted to discern whether Premier League rugby players have superior VSI in comparison to non-athletes when comparing six visual skills namely; accommodation facility, saccadic eye movement, speed of recognition, peripheral awareness, visual memory and hand-eye coordination. As with first-division rugby players, a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference existed between Premier League rugby players and non-athletes for five out of the six tests. Conversely, no real evidence is shown that visual memory differs between Premier League rugby players and non- athletes (p = 0.599).
While novices in sport possesses similar visual skills to that of experts playing at a higher level, there may be major differences in performance in these VSI skills. In addition, expert athletes may only demonstrate superiority in specific vision skills and not all aspects of vision. Thus, the present study compared the performance of Premier League rugby players (n = 40) and first-division rugby players (n = 40) on six specific components of vision, namely; accommodation facility, saccadic eye movement, speed of recognition, peripheral awareness, visual memory, and hand-eye coordination. Premier League rugby players performed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better than the first-division rugby players in five of the six tests, but were found to be similar in visual memory performance (p = 0.810).
The findings of the present study indicate that first-division and Premier League rugby players have superior VSI when compared to non-athletes. What is particularly noteworthy is that non-athletes are not worse than either first-division or Premier League rugby players with regards to visual memory. Further, while this study substantiates the proposal that expert athletes, and specifically rugby players, have superior visual expertise to novice athletes, it also found that this is not the case with all vision skills. Again, no difference was found in visual memory between novice (first-division) and expert (Premier League) rugby players. These findings suggest that sport-specific vision testing batteries may be required to distinguish high performers from low performers in the same vein as physical tests are utilised in the selection and recruitment of athletes. In this regard, the present study proposes a rugby-specific test battery in an attempt to distinguish high VSI performers from low VSI performers
The influence of xenophobia on the social and psychological wellbeing of black non-South Africans in South Africa.
No full textA thesis submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Zululand, 2020.Background: The violent incidents continued to occur throughout South Africa, with traumatic attacks reported in six other provinces in 2008. The South African Red Cross Society (SARCS) mobilized hundreds of volunteers and staff from 35 local branches throughout the country in order to provide relief to those affected by the violence. In a briefing of the diplomatic community by the Minister of Safety and Security in Pretoria in 2008, it was stated that there over 4,661 incidents and that 519 people had been arrested. The study sample comprised 69 research participants who
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were targeted at the University of Zululand, and foreigners who were found in rural and urban areas which were hardest hit by xenophobia in the past two to three years. It comprised of 22 males and 47 females. Aims: The study investigated the influences of xenophobia on social and psychological wellbeing of black non-South Africans in South Africa. The aim of the study was to determine the influences of xenophobia on the psychological wellbeing of black non-South Africans. Method: In this study, the researcher used qualitative and descriptive survey research to explore and describe the experiences of people who have experienced xenophobic attacks in South Africa. Data was collected through an interview schedule. Responses from the research participants were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) (Version 25). Results: Findings of this study revealed that black non-South Africans remained with mental disorders such as depression, or anxiety due to xenophobic attacks. Most research participants also indicated that anxiety, as a psychological disorder, was one of the lasting effects of xenophobic violence. There is a persistent fear that a re-occurrence of xenophobic violence will shatter the tenuous calm. Many black non South Africans have packed their few remaining belongings and left volatile areas. Conclusion: Information obtained from research participants was considered to be sufficiently substantial to warrant analysis. The research methods employed provided answers to the most basic questions posed in the study, and assisted the researcher in his analysis of information obtained from participants
BIANCHI-ICOSMOLOGICALMODEL IN f(R,T) GRAVITY
No full textA dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Masters of Science in the department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, at the University of Zululand, 2020.Cosmology today is often described as being a ‘precision’ science, which reflects that cosmology had not always been seen as such. The enormous theoretical and experimental data from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), large scale structure (LSS), gravitational lensing, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO), and PLANCK, has drastically ameliorated cosmology; thus, providing a deeper understanding of the universe. These observations suggest that the universe is currently undergoing an accelerated expansion, where two thirds of its critical energy densityisreservedintheformofanenergycalleddarkenergy(DE).Thisenergyisusually associated with a cosmological constant, and the resulting standard cosmological model is called the ΛCDM model. This humongous episode confronted the fundamental theories of cosmology and astrophysics. Due to some shortcomings of the ΛCDM model, various alternatives have been proposed, which include modifications of general relativity itself, by imposing extra terms in the Einstein-Hilbert action (EH), or by considering dynamical candidates. These modified theories of gravity include GaussBonnet, f(G),higherderivative(HD)theories, f(R) theories, f(T) and f(R,T) gravity theories, while dynamical candidates include the cosmological constant, quintessence, phantom, quintom, k-essence, tachyon and Chaplygin gas, among others.
Thoughthepresentuniverseishomogenousandisotropic,theoreticalstudiesandobservationaldatasupporttheexistenceofananisotropicphaseatearlyevolution,leading to the consideration of anisotropic- background models of the universe. Many authors have explored the features of modified theories of gravity in anisotropic background to studytheearlyuniverse. Amongstthevariousfamiliesofhomogeneous,butanisotropic geometries, the most well-known are the Bianchi type I -IX space-time line elements. However,earlierstudiesonthepossibleeffectsofanisotropicuniversemaketheBianchi type-I model a prime alternative. In particular, a locally-rotationally-symmetric (LRS)
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or a plane symmetric spacetime is the simplest version of Bianchi-I models.
Most studies on standard gravity, as well as on modified gravity, assume the cosmic fluid to be prefect, i.e. non-viscous. From a hydrodynamicist’s point of view, this is somewhat visionary, since there are several mechanisms in fluid mechanics, even in homogeneous space without boundaries, it is where bulk viscous fluid come into play. Dissipativeeffects, includingbothbulkandshearviscosity, aresupposedtoplayavery important role in the early evolution of the universe. The bulk viscous pressure term in the matter energy-momentum tensor may lead to an accelerating universe.
This dissertation primarily investigates exact solutions of LRS Bianchi-I cosmological model with and without viscous matter in f(R,T) theory of gravity, where f(R,T) is an arbitrary function of the Ricci scalar R and the trace T of the energy-momentum tensor. In particular, we have studied f(R,T) = R+2f(T), where f(T) = λT with λ being an arbitrary constant. The function f(R,T) = R+2f(T) is used with two noninteracting fluids: one the perfect fluid, and the other from modified f(R,T) gravity. The characteristic of the dynamical evolution of each cosmological model has been performed. A number of viability criteria, such as the existence of exact real solutions and physical viability, have been taken care of from each cosmological model.
This is a four-chapter dissertation comprising the first introductory chapter; chapters two and three, being the actual research work, carried out by the authors; and the concluding chapter.National Research Foundation (NRF
Ukusetshenziswa kwesu elingajwayelekile lokubhala emanovelini ka-N.G. Sibiya azihloko ezithi ‘Bengithi lizokuna’ nethi ‘Kuxolelwa abanjani’
No full textLwethulwa ukufeza izidingo zeziqu ze- Master of Arts Emnyangweni Wezilimi Zomdabu Namasiko Enyuvesi yaseZululand, 2019.
A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of African Languages in the Faculty of Arts, University of Zululand, 2019.Lolu cwaningo lucubungula isu lokubhala (style) elingajwayelekile emanovelini amabili kaSibiya aqokiwe. Kulolu cwaningo sigxile kakhulu ezinsikeni ezine zokubhala uSibiya azisebenzisile. Sikhethe uSibiya ngoba kuqapheleka ukuthi uvamise ukubhala ngezindikimba ezintsha, okungakabhalwa ngazo kakhulu. Lo msebenzi wehlukaniswe izahluko eziyisithupha.
ISAHLUKO SOKUQALA: Lesi sahluko sethula ucwaningo okuthinta lokho okuzocutshungulwa kulolu cwaningo, ubumqoka kanye nemiklamo yalo. Kugxilwe kabanzi nasemlandweni ngempilo kaSibiya.
ISAHLUKO SESIBILI: Lesi sahluko sicubungula imibono yongoti asebeke babhala kabanzi ngokuhlobene nale ngqikithi yocwaningo, okuyisu lokubhala. Lesi sahluko sihlukaniseke izingxenye ezimbili. Ingxenye yokuqala igxile emibonweni yongoti eyahlukene ngesu lokubhala. Ingxenye yesibili sizobheka imibono yongoti ehlukene ngezinsika ezine zesu lokubhala.
ISAHLUKO SESITHATHU: Kulesi sahluko ucwaningo lugxile ohlakeni lwezinsizakuhlaziya nezindlela zokwenza ucwaningo.
ISAHLUKO SESINE: Lesi sahluko siphendula imibuzongqangi umcwaningi akholwa ukuthi yikho okuzoba yinkombangqangi yokuthi ucwaningo luyasondela yini noma luyaqhela kulokho obeluzibekele ukukuphendula ngokufaka izinsika ezine zesu lokubhala. Imibuzongqangi yalolu cwaningo ilena: Imaphi amaphuzu agqamile esu lokubhala likaSibiya, futhi kungani ewaveza ngendlela awaveza ngayo? USibiya ulihlanganisa kanjani isu (nezinsika zalo) emanovelini akhe?
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Uyaphumelela yini uSibiya ngokusebenzisa isu lakhe lokubhala (nezinsika zalo)?
ISAHLUKO SESIHLANU: Kulesi sahluko uwaningo lugxile kakhulu ezinsikeni ezimbili eyokuxoxa nokunxenxa. Luphinde lubheke ukuthi uSibiya uzisebenzise kanjani lezi zinsika zokubhala.
ISAHLUKO SESITHUPHA: Lesi sahluko sehlulela mayelana nalokho okuzuzwe ucwaningo. Ikakhulu lesi sahluko siphendula umbuzo omayelana nokuthi: ‘Uyaphumelela yini uSibiya ekusebenziseni isu lakhe lokubhala nezinsika zalo?’ Lesi sahluko siqala ngokuhlela nokubheka okuzuzwe ucwaningo, siphinde sithinte iziphakamiso zocwaningo nesiphetho
Managing the teaching and assessment complexities of “the qualified to be progressed” learners in South Africa for quality teaching and learning.
No full textA thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Planning & Administration, Faculty of Education, at the University of Zululand, 2020.This study is premised on the fact that in South Africa, the learners’ performances and their achievements are constantly under the microscope. It argues that teachers who teach in the Further Education and Training (FET) phase, especially those who teach Grade 12 are expected to produce good results at National Senior Certificate (NSC) level. This is in spite of the fact that some of the learners at that level have been progressed without meeting the promotional requirements. In this regard, this study investigated the management of teaching and assessment complexities of the “qualified to be progressed” learners (QP) for quality learning and teaching. It employed the mixed methods approach. Simple random sampling was used to select teachers who formed part of this study’s sample. The School Management Team (SMT) members were purposefully selected, and these complemented the study sample. Information from the former was obtained through questionnaires while the latter were interviewed. There is a dichotomy between how teachers manage the teaching and assessment of the qualified to be progressed learners and what they actually do to manage the teaching and assessment in a mixed class of promoted and progressed learners. This study found out that there are no clearly developed strategies to help manage the teaching and assessment of the QP learners. In the absence of clear policies on the management of teaching and assessment of the QP learners, teachers find it difficult to close the achievement gap between the promoted and progressed learners. The study recommends that the DBE, through its curriculum section, should assist the SMTs in the development of strategies to help manage the teaching and assessment of the QP learners if we are to have quality teaching and learning.National Research Foundatio
Tourists’ perceptions of KwaZulu-Natal brand image and brand loyalty
No full textA thesis submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Recreation and Tourism in the Faculty of Arts, University of Zululand, 2019.This research explored tourists’ perceptions of KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) destination brand image and brand loyalty. The researcher consulted literature (secondary data) in order to understand tourists’ brand perception issues in a tourism destination. From the literature findings, the study aim and objectives were formulated. The researcher made use of quantitative research method (questionnaire survey) to collect usable primary data from 411 domestic and international tourists in KwaZulu-Natal. The target population for this study were tourists visiting major tourist attractions in KwaZulu-Natal (King Shaka International Airport, Richards Bay Airport, Pietermaritzburg Airport, Hluhluwe Game Reserve, uShaka Marine World, Durban and Richards Bay beach). Data analyses were done using IBM’s SPSS Statistics, employing descriptive analysis (Frequency, Mean, Standard Deviation), bivariate analysis (Spearman’s Correlation test, Mann Whitney U test), and Multivariate analysis (Reliability test using Cronbach’s Alpha). The results show that most tourists were satisfied with their visit to KwaZulu-Natal, attached to the destination, and will likely to return to the destination. They are willing to recommend KwaZulu-Natal as a preferred tourism destination to their family and friends. Tourists have a very positive image of the KwaZulu-Natal brand as a tourism destination. They perceive KwaZulu-Natal as having a strong destination brand position. This study made key recommendations for KwaZulu-Natal as a tourism destination. KwaZulu-Natal tourism destination marketers should capitalise on the province’ brand attributes that make the destination a strong brand to strengthen the destination’s role in South Africa and globally as a culture and nature destination. Destination managers in KwaZulu-Natal should continue to market the destination based on its cultural and natural attributes, but also maintain and create opportunities for tourists who are more interested in meetings, events, sand-seasun, and visiting friends and relatives. These attributes give the destination its strong potential. KwaZulu-Natal should find ways of managing tourists’ numbers (visitor steering) in different attractions within the destination, especially during their peak season, to avoid overcrowding.National Research Foundation (NRF
Assessing Income Generating Projects as a Strategy to Enhance Livelihoods in Rural Areas. Umzimvubu Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province
No full textA thesis submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropoloy and Development Studies in the Faculty of Arts, University of Zululand, 2020Income generation comprise activities focused at developing opportunities for productive use of available resources to create communities or households that are self-sufficient and not reliant on the state for livelihood generation. The aim of this study was to assess income generating activities as one of the strategies to enhance livelihood in rural areas of Umzimvubu Municipality, Mt Ayliff. The purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used to select the sample whereby a total of 46 participants were selected within the projects and out of the projects. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used as techniques for data collection. The content analysis method was used to analyse the data. The findings of the study revealed that income generating projects do have a positive impact in the rural livelihood. The projects do serve as a strategy to enhance livelihoods, but the contribution is minimal in that it does not make a huge difference in the lives of community members. Various challenges were identified such as the need for training, financial support, conflicts among participants in the projects, mismanagement of funds generated and theft of products. The study found that there is little consultation between government departments, the Department of Social Development and Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform, as they are directly working with communities in income generation projects. The two departments have to collaborate in an effort to support income generating projects. Entrepreneurial training sessions need to be provided to ensure that the projects immensely contribute towards livelihood generation
The role of community participation in community development: the case of Jozini Local Municipality (1994-2014)
No full textA dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, Faculty of Arts, at the University of Zululand, 2020.The purpose of this research was to investigate the role and importance of community participation in community development processes so as to develop new initiatives capable of supporting most deprived wards and local municipalities. The problem of the study was derived from the protests of people complaining about poor service delivery in the selected local municipality. Community Participation was seen as one solution to overcoming the problem of sustainability of community development projects. The study proposed that poor community participation results to loss of trust and poor decision making on behalf of citizens. Literature review was utilised to support the empirical research and to check compliance of Jozini Local Municipality in the existing type of participation. Qualitative research method was adopted for data collection from 20 purposively selected participants across all ward committee members, local municipal officials, and community participants to provide information. Critical issues were found and analyzed. Data analysis shows that Jozini Local Municipality is practicing the type of participation that is generally used by almost all municipalities in South Africa.
Research findings shows that decision makers fail to consider the role of community participation in achieving the project sustainability because without the people’s participation, projects cannot be maintained for long-term and the objective cannot be achieved. Also, motivation strategy plays an important role to improve participation in the ward level and motivate people who are participating in the community development