HFTor - HfT Open Repository (Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart)
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Simulation of Electricity Demand in Non-residential Buildings Based on CityGML Data Models
No full textA granular understanding of urban electricity demands is a prerequisite for defining measures towards zero-carbon cities. Previous efforts focused mostly on residential electricity demands. This work introduces a bottom-up method to assess non-residential building electricity demands based on 3D building models. First, 200 + non-residential usage types are implemented via a Usage Library. For three of these usage types, specific electricity indicators (SEI) are subsequently calculated and the annual electricity demand is determined based on the SEI and the heated area per building. The new method is validated with 2019 data from two German cities: while simulated electricity demands for individual buildings can deviate by more than 50% compared to measured data, aggregated results show much lower deviations of 12% for office buildings, 10% for day-care centers, and close to 0% for school buildings. The proposed method can thus provide good estimates for various important non-residential building types at city quarter level
Pose Relations: Learning Physical Properties for the Digital Buildability Validation of Fasteners
No full textValidating the buildability of a complex product on the basis of its digital geometric prototype is essential in order to detect problems early during development. In general, overlaping components are potentially problematic. Especially fasteners cause many of these intersections. To validate an intersection involving a fastener requires to check the relative position of the fastener to its counterpart (pose relation). The pose relation is uncritical if the fastener is sufficiently centered in the corresponding hole of its counterpart. This goes far beyond a geometric question because the tolerances with regard to centering depend on the individual fastener and its physical properties. Since this validation requires a high degree of technical know-how it is currently done manually by engineers with high effort. In this paper, we present an automated solution for the classification of pose relations involving fasteners. Our approach maps the components to images using cylindrical projections. These are passed to a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which classifies the pose relation into critical or non-critical. During training, the labeling of the images implicitly gives the CNN the physical knowledge about the individual tolerances of the fasteners. In our experiments, we show that the CNN is able to generalize the physical properties and to transfer them to pose relations involving new fasteners, not seen in training
5G as Enabler Technology for Smart City Use Cases
No full textThe smart city relies on smart management systems to protect the environment and improve the quality of life of citizens. This paper presents some related use cases and lists their various benefits. In addition, given the implementation of the current systems, specific requirements are presented as challenges to improve the actual delivery. To achieve this goal, this paper examines the role and potential of adding 5G New Radio (5G NR) technologies to smart city implementations. 5G NR is a new radio interface fully developed from the most basic level to support a wide variety of deployments and services. Therefore, an overview of 5G technology is provided here, along with a roadmap for the various releases to describe the 5G evolution path. Next, a discussion is conducted on the key services and features of 5G that are capable of supporting the improvement required in smart city development
Will air taxis extend public transportation? A scenario-based approach on user acceptance in different urban settings
No full textIncreasing urbanization has led to rising mobility and infrastructural challenges for cities and surrounding areas. Electrical vertical takeoff and landing aircrafts, also known as air taxis, enable the use of a new dimension, the skyscape. Air taxis provide a local, emission-free transport option and an infrastructure-conserving solution for the public transportation sector. While the technical implementation has already proved itself, user awareness is not yet widespread. Additionally, essential feasibility factors for public use, such as price, have received scant attention. Since user acceptance is necessary for successful implementation, and willingness to pay is another important indicator for future infrastructure planning, this study aims to investigate different urban transport scenarios. Within the framework of the study, societal acceptance, individual intention to use, and willingness to pay were investigated. Data collection took place in the greater Dresden area in Germany, with a final sample of
1,074 participants. The resulting data suggest an overall limited intention to use and societal acceptance. The scenario analysis revealed a “limousine-like” dial-a-ride scenario as a potential successful path to follow, in which a transitional path with initial dial-a-ride services and growing scheduled services over time is regarded as the most probable. Consumers’ willingness to pay was highest for the limousine scenario. Based on this research,
governmental authorities and industry stakeholders may consider the findings to develop a human-centered approach for future mobility and ensure successful implementation in the mobility networks of the future
Conceptualizing I3S encoding for OGC CityGML 3.0 Building Model
No full textWeb-based visualization of large-scale 3D city models and urban digital twins is essential for various applications, such as urban planning, infrastructure management, environmental analysis, and public participation. The widely used OGC CityGML standard to store semantically rich large-scale 3D city models is not well suited for web-based visualization due to its GML encoding. The conversion of CityGML-based 3D city models to web-friendly formats like 3D Tiles and I3S often leads to data loss due to the inability of such streaming formats in preserving hierarchical organization and semantic relationships inherent in the CityGML data model. Additionally, inconsistencies may arise during maintenance or updates primarily due to the secondary usage of these formats rather than being used as a direct encoding. Therefore, in this paper, we present the concept of using I3S as a direct encoding for CityGML 3.0. The recently released CityGML 3.0 version distinctly separates its conceptual data model from the data encoding. This significant change enables the provision of additional encoding specifications beyond GML, a capability that was not possible in the previous version, CityGML 2.0. This opens a new paradigm where CityGML payloads could be optimized using existing 3D encodings such as OGCs Indexed 3D Scene Layers (I3S) standard, designed to support 3D streaming and distribution of large volumes of 3D content through a combination of Level of Detail (LoD) and selection criteria. The advantage of CityGML I3S encoding is that it combines a semantically rich 3D city model with a bounding volume hierarchy (BVH) optimized for streaming large-scale 3D city models in multiple resolutions. A new capability that enables the consumption of CityGML content, without data conversion, directly in web-enabled systems. To demonstrate this concept, we evaluated the suitability of encoding a CityGML 3.0 indoor model for one of the Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences (HFT Stuttgart) campus buildings, using I3S Building Scene Layer (BSL). I3S BSL is a new enhancement provided in the OGC I3S version 1.3 community standard enabling the representation of building elements, such as roofs, walls, floors, doors, windows, etc., in a hierarchical structure of layers and sub-layers, combined with BVH optimization. The results proved that the I3S BSL format successfully preserves the geometry, hierarchical organization, and semantic relationships among CityGML building classes, surpassing the capabilities of a generic CityGML conversion-based implementations and therefore making a promising foundation for an enhancement of the CityGML 3.0 building model using I3S encoding. This concept can be further extended in the future to other thematic modules of CityGML 3.0, for further development of I3S encoding of CityGML 3.0
Solares und kreislaufgerechtes Bauen: Die deutschen Beiträge zum Solar Decathlon Europe 21/22
No full textWie bauen wir in der Zukunft – angesichts des fortschreitenden Klimawandels, schwindender Ressourcen und weiterer vielseitiger gesellschaftlicher Herausforderungen? Und was bedeutet das für die europäische Stadt? Diese Fragen bildeten den Rahmen für den Solar Decathlon Europe 21 >> 22. Sieben deutsche Hochschulteams waren am Start und präsentieren mit diesem Buch ihre Lösungen für ein solares und kreislaufgerechtes Bauen – ergänzt durch Hintergrundinformationen zum Wettbewerb. Eine Inspiration für alle, die an kreativer Architektur sowie innovativen Energie- und Bautechnologien für den Wohnungsbau von morgen interessiert sind.How do we build in the future - in the face of advancing climate change, dwindling resources and other multifaceted societal challenges? And what does that mean for the European city? These questions formed the framework for the Solar Decathlon Europe 21 >> 22. Seven German university teams were at the start and present their solutions for solar and circular building with this book - supplemented by background information about the competition. An inspiration for all those interested in creative architecture and innovative energy and building technologies for tomorrow's housing
Transformation of Urban Spaces: The Impact of Green Roofs in Košice, Slovakia
No full textThe creation of the greenIZOLA Experimental Center results from a long-term collaboration between the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Košice, and the construction company, IZOLA Košice, s.r.o. The project focuses on a four-story administrative building with four terraces and services, asphalt roads, and warehouses located in the industrial part known as Nad Jazerom, in Košice, Slovakia. This study examines the benefits of green roofs as a case study in green transformation processes. Green roofs have multiple benefits. In addition to reducing energy demands for heating and cooling through better insulation properties, green roofs can improve stormwater management and local water balances by mitigating water runoff and increasing local evaporation. They can reduce energy demands, improve stormwater management, and enhance biodiversity. The research involved comparing pre- and post-establishment data with simulations. The roof was divided into three test segments for temperature measurements throughout the year. External climatic parameters were monitored using a weather station and a pyranometer. Long-term temperature monitoring in the individual roof layers was also conducted. This data was crucial for validating the building energy demand simulation models, assessed using the SimStadt platform. The results showed a 15–40% reduction in U-values with different types of greening. The findings could encourage more widespread implementation of green roofs in Slovakia and Eastern Europe
Mehr Engagement für OKR, bitte!
No full textImmer mehr Unternehmen nutzen "Objectives and Key Results" (OKR) zur Steuerung der strategischen und operativen Zielerreichung. Eine Serie von Studien zeigt, dass dies positive Effekte hat – aber auch, dass sich HR bei der Implementierung und im OKR-Prozess stärker einbringen sollte.
In modernen Unternehmen hängt der Erfolg in erheblichem Maße davon ab, in welchem Umfang die Mitarbeitenden die strategische Orientierung der Organisation nachvollziehen können und sich mit den Zielen der Organisation identifizieren. In vielen Unternehmen gelingt dies in der Praxis leider nur unzureichend. Daraus resultieren für viele Unternehmen nicht nur direkte negative Effekte durch die mangelnde Strategieimplementierung und Zielverfehlung, sondern auch indirekte negative Auswirkungen, zum Beispiel durch eine schlechte Stimmung im Unternehmen und in den Teams, niedrige Motivation und Bindung der Mitarbeitenden