Arca Publishing

Wauthy, Anne-Marie

CTS 2019 
Title: The Perception of Touristic Actors in Relation to the Valorization of Heritage: The Case 
of Old Montreal 
(La Perception des Acteurs Touristiques Face à la Valorisation du Patrimoine: Le Cas du Vieux-
Montréal)  
 
Author: 
 
Anne-Marie Wauthy 
Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada 
 
Abstract: (French abstract follows English) 
 
As a part of the Critical Tourism Studies Conference, I wish to present my master’s thesis 
by way of oral presentation. I believe I am a good fit under the Land of hopes and dreams theme 
because solidarity and hope are a part of the answers and possible solutions to my problematic. 
My thesis is a study on the perception of the different touristic actors in relation to the 
valorization of heritage by taking for main example the Old Montreal. The main goal of this 
study is to understand the link between tourism and heritage, more precisely to answer to 
following question: what are the perceptions from the touristic players in relation to the 
valorization of the heritage of a historical neighborhood? The research aims to know the 
perception of the touristic players in relation to the patrimonial valorization of the historical 
neighborhood of Old Montreal. More specifically, it aims to understand the contribution, past 
and present, to the valorization from the touristic players in Old Montreal. It also seeks to 
establish the touristic players’ perception towards the actions of other players in Old Montreal 
regarding the valorization of the heritage and to identify the possible contribution from touristic 
players for the valorization of the heritage in the historical neighborhood.  
Following a research on the situation of historical neighborhoods in Quebec and North America, 
the result is that few authors cover this subject. In Quebec, there is only Old Quebec that is 
studied and often through the angle of heritage or the residents. Furthermore, it should not only 
heritage experts who speak on the subject. It allows an uncomplexification of heritage by 
creating new relations with it, notably with the tourism industry. By being interested in the 
touristic players, it will be possible to discover a new side of these neighborhoods by making 
emerge another position on the place of tourism. The perception, at the center of this research, is 
considered as being the representations built by the players. All this will permit a step towards a 
better cohabitation between the different players in historical neighborhoods. The scientific space 
being mainly occupied by the heritage environment, the angle of tourism is not considered as 
much. To offer a voice to the tourism industry would fill a void that is present in the scientific 
space. 
While meeting with different touristic players, many have given suggestions about the 
historical neighborhood that is Old Montreal. Most of them also spoke of the community spirit 
that is present. These are two simple findings that enable us to notice the solidarity between the 
different players as well as the hope to improve the neighborhood. 
 
CTS 2019 
Dans le cadre du colloque des Critical Tourism Studies, je voudrais présenter mon 
mémoire sous forme de présentation orale. Je crois que je m’intégrerai bien sous la thématique 
The land of hope and dreams, car la solidarité et l’espoir font partie des réponses et des pistes de 
solution quant à ma problématique. 
Mon mémoire est une étude portant sur la perception des acteurs touristiques face à la 
valorisation du patrimoine en se concentrant sur le cas du Vieux-Montréal. L’objectif principal 
de celle-ci est de comprendre le lien entre le tourisme et le patrimoine et, plus précisément, de 
répondre à la question suivante : quelles sont les perceptions des acteurs touristiques face à la 
valorisation du patrimoine d’un quartier historique? La recherche vise à connaître la perception 
des acteurs touristiques face à la valorisation patrimoniale du quartier historique du Vieux-
Montréal. Plus spécifiquement, elle vise à comprendre la contribution, passée et présente, à la 
valorisation du patrimoine des acteurs touristiques dans le Vieux-Montréal. Elle cherche 
également à établir la perception des acteurs touristiques vis-à-vis des gestes posés par les autres 
acteurs du Vieux-Montréal quant à la valorisation du patrimoine et à cerner la possible 
contribution des acteurs touristiques à la valorisation du patrimoine dans le quartier historique. 
À la suite de recherches sur la situation des quartiers historiques au Québec et en 
Amérique du Nord, le constat est que peu d’auteurs couvrent ce sujet. Au Québec, seul le 
VieuxQuébec est étudié et souvent sous l’angle du patrimoine ou encore celui des résidents. De 
plus, ce ne doit plus seulement être les experts du patrimoine qui doivent s’exprimer sur le sujet. 
Cela permet de décomplexer le patrimoine en créant de nouvelles relations avec celui-ci, 
notamment avec le milieu touristique. En s’intéressant aux acteurs touristiques, il sera possible 
de découvrir une autre facette de ces quartiers en faisant émerger une autre position sur la place 
du tourisme. La perception, au cœur de cette recherche, est considérée comme étant les 
représentations construites par les acteurs. Tout cela permettra de faire un pas vers une meilleure 
cohabitation des divers acteurs dans les quartiers historiques. L’espace scientifique étant 
majoritairement occupé par le milieu patrimonial, l’angle touristique est moins considéré. Offrir 
une voix au milieu touristique comblerait un manqué présent dans l’espace scientifique. 
En rencontrant des acteurs touristiques du terrain d’étude, plusieurs d’entre eux ont émis 
des suggestions concernant le quartier historique qu’est le Vieux-Montréal. L’ensemble des 
acteurs a aussi parlé de l’esprit de communauté qui y règne. Ce sont ici deux simples constats qui 
permettent de remarquer la solidarité présente parmi l’ensemble des acteurs ainsi que l’espoir 
d’améliorer le quartier. 
  


English

The Perception of Touristic Actors in Relation to the Valorization of Heritage: The Case of Old Montreal (La Perception des Acteurs Touristiques Face Ã  la Valorisation du Patrimoine: Le Cas du Vieux- MontrÃ©al)

Vorobjovas-Pinta, Oskaras

Hardy, Anne

CTS 2019 
Title: Neo-tribal Theory and Event Management: Exploring the Role of Event Space in Social 
Sustainability Outcomes  
 
Authors: 
 
Oskaras Vorobjovas-Pinta 
University of Tasmania, Australia 
 
Anne Hardy 
University of Tasmania, Australia 
 
Abstract: 
The field of event management has attracted a breadth of research into the triple-bottom 
line of economic efficiency, environmental integrity and social equity (Andersson & Lundberg, 
2013; Getz, 2008). The focus of many such studies has leaned towards the economic and 
environmental dimensions, neglecting the social domain. Similarly, the application of 
distributive justice to tourism and events studies has tended to focus on environmental and 
economic issues, such as access to places and resources and distribution of economic benefits 
from the consumption of tourism goods and services, whilst justice for marginalised and 
minority groups has been seemingly overlooked (Tazim & Camargo, 2014). LGBTQI+ 
communities around the world are known to use gay events, such as pride parades, as media to 
communicate their identity and to seek support from broader society (Ong & Goh, 2018). 
Distributive justice and fairness for disadvantaged groups is usually mandated by the state 
through policy means and/or investment (Blake, 2001), however LGBTQI+ communities could 
be seen as examples of where marginalised people have established new platforms themselves to 
engage in a direct dialogue with wider society and the state. This study builds on the concept of 
distributive justice and examines how the notion of space in neo-tribal theory (Vorobjovas-Pinta, 
2018) informs best social practice in event management. The study uses a case of the Broken 
Heel drag queen festival, held in rural Australian town of Broken Hill, as a context to contribute 
to the conversation about justice and tourism.  
 
Andersson, T.D., & Lundberg, E. (2013). Commensurability and sustainability: Triple impact 
assessment of a tourism event. Tourism Management, 37, 99-109. 
Blake, M. (2001). Distributive justice, state coercion, and autonomy. Philosophy & Public 
Affairs, 30(3), 257-296. 
Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 
29(3), 403-428. 
Jamal, T., & Camargo, B.A. (2014). Sustainable tourism, justice and an ethic of care: Toward the 
Just Destination. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(1), 11-30. 
Ong, F., & Goh, S. (2018). Pink is the new gray: Events as agents of social change. Event 
Management, 22(6), 965-979. 
Vorobjovas-Pinta, O. (2018). Gay neo-tribes: Exploration of travel behaviour and space. Annals 
of Tourism Research, 72, 1-10. 
  


Neo-tribal Theory and Event Management: Exploring the Role of Event Space in Social Sustainability Outcomes

Barry Ng, Jay

Schuckert, Markus

CTS 2019 
N 
Title: How Local Residents Perceive the Development of Homosexual Tourism in Taipei 
 
Authors: 
 
Jay Barry Ng 
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 
 
Markus Schuckert 
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 
 
Abstract: 
 
Purpose 
 
Development of homosexual tourism is mature in Western world. In Western world, there are 
many homosexual friendly cities, for example, Manchester, Amsterdam and Toronto. Nowadays, 
parts of Asian countries have increased the acceptance toward LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, 
and Transgender) group to the highest level ever, Taiwan for example.  
 
How Confucianism perceives homosexual activities is still a question. Some said Confucianism 
would tolerant homosexual activities; some said Confucianism emphasis Yin/Yang, which a 
male should partner with a female to make thing balance. The aim of this paper is to identify 
how local residences perceive the development of homosexual tourism.  
 
Design/methodology 
 
Qualitative method was applied to explore the concurrent situation. To fully understand the 
situation, a series of open-ended and semi-structured questions were designed corresponding to 
the research topic, followed by more specific and in-depth questions. Questions included but not 
limited to: 1) How do you perceive the development of homosexual tourism in Taipei? 2) How 
do you perceive the development of homosexual tourism in your living area? 3) Do you agree 
further develop the homosexual tourism? The interviewees were recommended based on their 
perception toward homosexual tourism to answer all questions. Once the interview was finished, 
the answers were summarized immediately for thematic analysis. 
 
Originality/value 
 
There are limited researches explore homosexual tourism in Asia, especially in Chinese society. 
Current research explores how local residences perceive homosexual tourism in Taipei. 
 
CTS 2019 
Pride parade is the biggest parade in East Asia. An understanding on how local residences 
perceive homosexual tourism can make the event become sustainable. It is because the event is 
not only for homosexual; it is also for non-LGBT to understand LGBT. 
  


How Local Residents Perceive the Development of Homosexual Tourism in Taipei

Kenneth Little, William

CTS 2019 
Title: Parca’s Picks: Stuck and Unstuck by Numbers in the Tourist State of Belize  
 
Author:  
 
William Kenneth Little 
York University, Canada 
 
Abstract: 
Parca is a Creole woman living in a small Belize beach town that has “gone crazy” for 
the panic expansion of generic Caribbean tourism. She plays Boledo, the national gambling 
game. The rules of the game are simple. Pick several numbers and play as much money on them 
as your seductions dare you to. Parca’s Boledo picks resonate when they feel right and that is 
when she is seduced by her numbers to play them successfully. This paper tracks a confusing and 
violent moment at the US Consulate in Belize where Parca hoped to secure a US visitor’s Visa. 
The interview experience was paralyzing. Traumatized as a result, she became “stuck” in place 
and in life, glued to bad attachments, unable to negotiate the chancy edges of the sensible where 
rogue bodily agitations might enliven forces of desire through her successful number picking 
system. The Consular experience shocked her, after which she felt powerless to make any life 
“moves” at all. Generally when “stuck” Parca’s picks fail her. She can’t win. When “unstuck” 
Parca feels nimble enough to improvise life “moves” using her strategy for picking numbers, 
enough to multiply moments of desire for something else of life, something excitable expressed 
against an emergent local world of global tourism futurities that can incite contingent material-
semiotic linkages that rub up against a Belize that has hooked itself to the spasmodic world of an 
“unsustainable sustainable tourism”. This paper explores how Parca’s emotional entanglements 
with the profound shift in everyday practices in Belize means riding the wild oscillating forces of 
becoming stuck and unstuck and that instantiate a politics of desire through her system of 
picking numbers. I suggest that Parca’s picks are her local strategy for negotiating the nervous 
antics of global tourism mobilities, for better and for worse.   
  


Parcaâs Picks: Stuck and Unstuck by Numbers in the Tourist State of Belize

Kiyan, Nataliya

CTS 2019 
Title: The City of Honneydew: How Tourism Studies Inspired Me to Make Art 
 
Author: 
 
Nataliya Kiyan 
Independent Scholar, Canada 
 
Abstract: 
The idea of the fictional City of Honneydew came to me in 2016. That year, I graduated 
from Thompson Rivers University (TRU) in Kamloops, Canada, with a post-graduate diploma in 
Tourism Destination Development. I was so inspired by the concepts I learned during my 
studies, that just a few months after graduation, I started writing simple poems about an 
imaginary city with a silly name. The plot, the message and the main character all came to me at 
the same time. I loved the idea of turning the familiar concepts into poetry, as I have never seen 
“Tourism Poems” before. It took me 2.5 years to finalise the text and to develop a form that I am 
fully satisfied with. Many things have changed over those 30 months: many lines have been 
rewritten, some removed. At some point, I found myself singing through the poems, and this is 
when I realised that they are actually meant to be songs, and that I wished to turn them into a 
concept album. 
This story is about how cities can be rebuilt on enthusiasm. I have witnessed it with my 
own eyes, in Kamloops, a city with a population of 100,000 people. During the 5 years I spent in 
that area, the city developed in many ways, and these positive changes were made by real people, 
many of whom I know in person. While some prefer to complain that their city is not nice 
enough, or does not have much to offer, there are the chosen few who generate ideas, win grants 
and work hard to make a difference in their local communities. 
Honneydew is inspired by a few cities, in particular, Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada) and 
Portland (Oregon, USA). Winnipeg is a great example of a city that may seem boring at first 
sight (a popular opinion among visitors and locals), but has a great local culture and activist 
scene, and, in my opinion, the potential to become a tourism destination. Portland, in its turn, 
showcases what can actually be created on a bleak landscape, and how a city that does not seem 
very attractive can become a great cultural centre (Honneydew in the Future). Another great 
example could be the famous Manchester, UK, where the post-industrial reality from The 
Smiths’ songs, over the last few decades, has been developed into a bright and entertaining urban 
space. 
The main purpose of the story is to encourage listeners and readers to take creative 
ownership in their own cities, and to remind them that it is the simple people like them who 
make changes. 
Honneydew in its present form was finished in November 2018. It consists of 12 songs, 
and the first few paper copies were printed in January. I am currently working with a few 
musicians to turn this work into a concept album/musical. I will be present some of these songs, 
as well as the original printed version with poems, at the conference. 
  


The City of Honneydew: How Tourism Studies Inspired Me to Make Art

Kimbu, Albert

Booyens, Irma

Winchenback, Anke

CTS 2019 
Title: Coping with Change: Livelihood Diversification through Tourism in Rural Coastal 
Communities 
 
Authors: 
 
Albert N. Kimbu 
University of Surry, UK 
 
Irma Booyens 
Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa 
 
Anke Winchenback 
University of Surrey 
 
Abstract: 
There is a dearth of academic literature and research on livelihood diversification to 
tourism with an emphasis on reducing poverty (SDG 1), promoting gender equality (SDG 5) and 
stimulating local economic development through decent work (SDG 8) in marginalised and/or 
rural areas (see Christie et al., 2014) in times of economic pressures and declining natural 
resources (Baum, 2015; Robbins, 2011; Saarinen et al., 2017). These issues are topical vis-à-vis 
an emerging focus on the topic of resilience in tourism studies (Bulter, 2017; Saarinen et al., 
2017). Within tourism, research has mainly focused on the role of tourism as a tool for 
local/community development (see e.g. Kimbu & Ngoasong, 2013; Tosun, 2006), but the role of 
tourism as a tool for sustainable livelihood diversification in rural coastal communities has been 
largely overlooked with very few studies dedicated to investigating this subject area (Salmi, 
2005; Urquhart and Acott, 2014). The aim of our study is therefore to undertake an initial 
exploration of livelihoods diversification from fishing into tourism in two rural coastal 
communities: Paternoster (South Africa) and Padstow (United Kingdom) which have 
experienced marginalisation of traditional fishing activities often leading to economic challenges 
(Morgan, 2013; Sowman, 2011; Welman and Ferreira, 2017). This study answers three main 
questions: (1) How do communities cope, and if so what are their coping strategies? (2) What is 
the role of tourism in diversifying local livelihoods and how are obstacles to participating in 
tourism overcome? and (3) What are the influences of diversification on gender and community 
relations? 
In order to meet the aim, we apply the sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) (GLOPP, 
2008) which, though rarely used in tourism, is people-centred, dynamic and holistic emphasizing 
micro-macro-micro linkages between different sectors/actors. The framework enables 
researchers, planners and managers to assess the contribution to livelihood sustainability made 
by existing activities. Additionally, it serves as tool for use in planning new development 
activities in communities undergoing transition (DFID, 1999). Addressing the above questions 
within this industry can have major societal impacts especially in terms of ensuring sustainable 
livelihoods through decent job transitions and development in marginalised communities (Baum, 
2013). 
CTS 2019 
Empirically we draw on 12 semi-structured interviews and two half-day stakeholder 
workshops in Padstow (UK) and Paternoster (South Africa). The data was complemented by 
rapid participant observation as two of the co-authors stayed in Padstow (six days) and 
Paternoster (five days), using restaurants and facilities, and holding (in)formal discussions with 
local residents and representatives of related organisations. 
The findings reveal the circumstances under which the transition from fishing into H&T 
can be an asset and/or a liability for communities (and their members) in transition seeking to 
create alternatives sources of income by diversifying into H&T. Additionally deeply rooted 
socio-cultural traditions and practices which discourage and/or prevent them from embracing 
alternative opportunities are uncovered. 
In both communities, fishing was seen as a way of life, enabling flexibility and 
independence. Whilst the socio-economic context and wider issues in the two research sites 
differ, small-scale fishing was perceived as under threat in both, but there was limited evidence 
of concerted efforts to plan and manage the potential diversification processes into tourism. 
Effectively managing the diversification process ultimately ensures the adoption of better 
livelihood strategies which will produce sustainable outcomes instead of outcomes that may not 
be sufficient to reverse livelihood crisis resulting from the uncertainties and complexities 
associated with diversification. 
 
Baum, T. (2015). Human resources in tourism: Still waiting for change?–A 2015 reprise. 
Tourism Management, 50, 204-212. 
Bulter, R.W. (ed). (2017). Tourism and resilience. Wallingford: CABI 
Christie, I., Christie, I. T., Fernandes, E., Messerli, H., & Twining-Ward, L. (2014). Tourism in 
Africa: Harnessing tourism for growth and improved livelihoods. World Bank 
Publications. 
DFID (1999): Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. Department for International 
Development. 
GLOPP (2008) DFID’s Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and its Framework. 
http://www.glopp.ch/B7/en/multimedia/B7_1_pdf2.pdf (Accessed: 12/10/2018) 
Kimbu, N. A., & Ngoasong, M. Z. (2013). Centralized decentralization of tourism development: 
A network perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 40, 235-259. 
Morgan, R. (2013) Exploring how fishermen respond to the challenges facing the fishing 
industry: a study of diversification and multiple-job holding in the English Channel fishery, 
unpublished thesis University of Portsmouth 
Robbins, P. (2011). Political ecology: A critical introduction. John Chichester: Wiley & Sons. 
Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C. M., & Hall, C. M. (2017). Geographies of tourism development and 
planning, Tourism Geographies, 19, 307-317. 
Sowman, M. (2011). New perspectives in small-scale fisheries management: challenges and 
prospects for implementation in South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 33(2), 
297-311. 
Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism 
Management, 27(3), 493–504.  
CTS 2019 
Welman, L. & Ferreira, S. L. (2017). Sea Harvest: Back (fish) bone in Saldanha Bay’s local and 
regional economy? Local Economy, 32(6), 487-504. 
  


Coping with Change: Livelihood Diversification through Tourism in Rural Coastal Communities

Kadijk, Hanny

Folmer, Akke

Liang, Chenwei

CTS 2019 
K 
Title: Tourism Impacts on Residents’ Quality of Life of an Ethnic Minority in China: The Buyi 
in Zhen Shan Village—Residents’ Perspectives 
 
Authors: 
 
Hanny Kadijk 
NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands 
 
Akke Folmer 
NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands 
 
Chenwei Liang 
NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands 
 
Abstract: 
There is a growing interest of tourists in local culture and authentic experiences, and 
different ethnic minority areas attract tourists by offering an exotic cultural experience though 
interaction between the tourist and local community members. It is suggested that these 
interactions may have a strong impact on the quality of life of the host residents and that 
observing social tourism impacts is essential to understand quality of life of local community 
members (Deery, Jago, and Fredline, 2012). This research focused on the local community of 
Zen Shan, a tourist village in China, and sheds some light on the impact of cultural tourism on 
local community members in Zhen Shan. The research explored quality of life of the Buyi ethnic 
group living in Zen Shan. Defining quality of life is not easy, since it is a subjective evaluation of 
how people assess their life. For this research, four layers of perceptions towards social impacts 
and quality of life were used.  These layers are residents’ attitudes toward tourism, their reactions 
to tourism, their judgements about tourists’ behaviours, and the values residents hold about 
tourism. During the spring of 2017, 9 narrative interviews were conducted with Buyi residents. 
The outcomes of these interviews reveal that Buyi perceive mostly positive impacts of tourism, 
mainly reported as economic benefits. Although Buyi also perceive negative cultural and natural 
impacts of tourism, they accept cultural and natural changes since it brings economic benefits in 
Zhenshan Village. Hence, economic benefit is the critical concern of residents’ quality of life, 
which is also the decisive factor of residents’ supportive behaviours towards tourism and positive 
judgement and shared values on tourism. While economic factors seem decisive for the 
subjective valuing of quality of life, it may well be the case that a loss of culture and damage of 
nature has negative consequences for economic income. The challenge for the Buyi is how to 
balance between this striving for economic growth, cultural changes to Buyi traditions and 
damage to nature in Zen Shan. This is not a unique challenge for only the Buyi, but counts for 
more ethnic minority groups who attract tourists by offering exotic and cultural experiences. 
 
CTS 2019 
Deery, M., Jago, L., & Fredline, L. (2012). Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new 
research agenda. Tourism Management, 33(1), 64-73. 
  


Tourism Impacts on Residentsâ Quality of Life of an Ethnic Minority in China: The Buyi in Zhen Shan VillageâResidentsâ Perspectives

Gewinner, Irina

CTS 2019 
Title: What Is a Successful Career in Tourism and Hospitality Academia? 
 
Author: 
 
Irina Gewinner 
University of Luxembourg and Leibniz University Hannover 
 
Abstract: 
Women are still sometimes seen as less suitable for leadership in academic life courses 
than men (Wolfinger et al., 2009; European Commission, 2012; Piotrowski & Kang, 2016). 
Scholars have revealed that while men’s careers are considered normative and exhibit a 
relatively stable, gradual development, female academic life courses demonstrate higher 
individualisation due to significant vertical and horizontal inequalities (Beaufaÿs et al., 2012). 
These are characterised not only by the social origin and the field of study, but also increasingly 
by gender (Bagilhole & White, 2013). Despite current policy regulations to bring more women 
into leading positions in academia, women are underrepresented in professorships in many 
European countries. One of the explanations argues that scientific institutions are challenged by 
innovations and diversity policies, but at the same time still reproduce patriarchal cultures and 
lack contemporary gender role models. This entails persisting cultural stereotypes that hinder 
women in advancing their academic careers.  
Past research has hardly addressed gendered leadership issues in tourism and hospitality 
academia in its own right. Notable exceptions (Fotaki, 2013; Munar et al., 2015; Becken et al., 
2016; Chambers et al., 2017; Munar, 2017) demonstrated a substantial gender gap in tourism 
academia and claimed “…we simply do not know what gender looks like on the career ladder in 
tourism academia” (Munar et al., 2015, p. 17). Even less is known about diversity issues 
pertinent to leadership in this vibrant field of study, especially those linked with migration 
background and ethnicity. Previous studies found that senior positions in tourism and hospitality 
academia are distributed unequally (Becken et al., 2016) and that research networks and impact 
creation are gendered (Munar et al., 2015). However, a comprehensive picture of a successful 
academic career and academic leadership with regard to gender and diversity in tourism and 
hospitality academia is lacking.  
 This paper, offered for oral presentation, aims at reducing the existing research gap by 
exploring the distribution of gender and the extent of diversity in leadership positions of 
German-speaking tourism and hospitality academia. Focusing particularly on senior stages of 
scholarly career as a lived manifestation of ability to lead in research work is crucial for 
understanding common key points in careers, identifying successful career patterns and gaining 
insight into knowledge production mechanisms under consideration of geographical contexts and 
institutional framing conditions of global academia. This investigation examines careers of 
senior researchers (R3 and R4 according to EU definition) in tourism and hospitality with special 
attention to aspects of gender and diversity. By doing so, the article develops a better 
understanding of academic leadership by giving insights into the role of gender in a successful 
academic career in this field of study in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The examination is 
based on a reconstruction of professional history and quantitative analysis of CVs of professors 
CTS 2019 
collected from online screening of 10 best higher education institutions that provide bachelor’s 
degrees. Aspects under consideration are gender, age, academic mobility, publication activity, 
affiliations, migration background and topics of interest. Preliminary results show that academic 
leadership in tourism and hospitality is predominantly white and masculine.  
  


What Is a Successful Career in Tourism and Hospitality Academia?

Figueroa-Domecq, Cristina

de Jong, Anna

Williams, Allan

CTS 2019 
Title: Women, Entrepreneurship and Tourism: A Systematic Review 
 
Authors: 
 
Cristina Figueroa-Domecq 
University of Surrey 
 
Anna de Jong 
University of Surrey 
 
Allan Williams 
University of Surrey 
 
Albert Kimbu 
University of Surrey 
 
Abstract: 
Despite tourism having been a fertile field for entrepreneurship, there is relatively little 
research on this topic in the tourism journals, the numbers of papers are relatively static, and 
theoretical work remains at a consistently low level (Li, 2008). Gender issues are also under-
theorised and little researched empirically despite the growing importance of women 
entrepreneurs (de Bruin et al., 2006, 2007; Brush, et al. 2009), and updated studies are needed.  
Consequently, the aim of this study is to provide a critical map examining Women, 
Tourism and Entrepreneurship (WomENt) research. Through a bibliometric analysis and a 
systematic review, 102 articles have been identified in this area. Three main 
findings/observations emerge from the analysis. There are distinctive but inter-related 
geographies of the performed fieldwork and the intellectual origin of the investigations. The 
location of universities researching in WomEnt are concentrated in Spain (26 contributions, 
12.5%), Greece (25 contributions, 12%), United States (23 contributions, 11.1%), Australia (21 
contributions, 10.1%), Portugal (19 contributions, 9.1%), United Kingdom (19 contributions, 
9.1%), New Zealand (8 contributions, 3.8%), Sweden (8 contributions, 3.8%). Meanwhile, 
fieldwork shows an interest in developed countries in Europe (53.4%), North America (13.5%) 
and Oceania (13.9%), but also an important participation of Asia (11.1%), Africa (6.3%), and 
Central and South America (1.9%), covering a broader area than the intellectual origin of the 
research actions. It is both a case of who studies whom, and who studies where, being indicative 
of underlying power relationships.  
Another important research finding is the stereotyping of the role of women as 
entrepreneurs: concentrating on rural tourism (Brandth & Haugen, 2010; Petterssonn & Cassel, 
2014; Raditloaneng & Chawawa, 2015), hand-crafting (Kwaramba et al., 2012; Bakas, 2017) and 
accommodation (Hikido, 2017; Dieguez-Castrillon et al., 2012). That is a focus that potentially 
overlooks the role women undertake in innovative, entrepreneurial areas such as technology.  
Finally, this specific research area seems disarticulated from feminist and gender-aware 
scholarship, with a low integration of feminist theory around the empirical research, and 
CTS 2019 
important insights that can be gained from this approach (Chambers, Munar, Khoo-Lattimore & 
Biran, 2017); these results are aligned with the lack of usage of a feminist epistemology in the 
tourism industry (Tribe, 2006; Pritchard & Morgan, 2017; Figueroa-Domecq et al., 2015). The 
review reveals a number of important research gaps (territories, topics or industries) in the midst 
of the highly selective literature in this area, gaps that inhibit understanding of the gendered 
dimensions of entrepreneurship.  
 
Bakas, F. E. (2017). ‘A beautiful mess’: Reciprocity and positionality in gender and tourism 
research. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 33, 126-133. 
Brandth, B., & Haugen, M. S. (2010). Doing farm tourism: The intertwining practices of gender 
and work. Signs: Journal of women in culture and society, 35(2), 425-446. 
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Women, Entrepreneurship and Tourism: A Systematic Review

Ek, Richard

Larson, Mia

Ooi, Can-Seng

CTS 2019 
Title: Emotions in the Tourism Sharing Economy 
 
Authors: 
 
Richard Ek 
Lund University, Sweden 
 
Mia Larson 
Lund University, Sweden 
 
Can-Seng Ooi 
University of Tasmania, Australia 
 
Anne Hardy 
University of Tasmania, Australia 
 
Abstract:  
Emotional labour has for decades been addressed and investigated in tourism studies and 
tourism management. Originally coined by Arlie Hochschild in the late 1970s it has increasingly 
been elaborated upon in relation to tourism service work. This take on the originally sociological 
concept has predominatly been managerial in tourism management studies, and contextualized as 
a clear-cut social interaction between employees and customers, with an employer in the 
background. Faithful to its mission to produce knowledge of value for the management of the 
tourist company (be it a hotel or some similar typical actor in the tourism industry) emotional 
labour has thus been imagined, grasped and understood in specific more or less instrumental and 
functionalistic ways. Emotional labour is something that has to be formalized in a certain way in 
order to be addressable and handable from a managerial rationality. 
However, with the rise of the sharing economy in tourism, with beacons like uber and 
Airbnb in the center, the employee becomes his or her own employer, and at the same time is 
regulated by an assemblage of digital technologies. The established view on emotional labour as 
situated within a triangle of employee, customer and employer does not apply in the same way. 
As a consequence, emotional labour as a societal phenomenon needs to be rethought, outside the 
comfort zone of conventional managerialism. To some degree this has been done in tourism 
studies, but this research is still in its cradle. In particular, there is a lack of reasoning of more 
(sociological) contextual and systematic, as well as critical but also nuanced, takes on emotional 
labour in the tourism sharing economy. This paper offers such a contextual, systematic, critical 
but also nuanced (thus avoiding conventional neoliberalism-bashing) take on the phenomenon, 
with the highlighting the emotional labour of being an Airbnb host as a case. 
  


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