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Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen des Einsatzes von generativer KI am Beispiel des Voice Cloning
No full textDie rasante Entwicklung Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) hat in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche innovative Technologien hervorgebracht, die das Potenzial besitzen, verschiedene Branchen und Lebensbereiche grundlegend zu verändern. Eine dieser Technologien ist das als Teil der Deepfake-Technologien einzuordnende Voice Cloning, bei dem Stimmen von Personen mithilfe von generativer KI so realitätsgetreu nachgebildet, d.h. geklont, werden können, dass sie kaum von der echten Stimme zu unterscheiden sind. Wie andere Formen der generativen KI bringt auch das Voice Cloning nicht nur Chancen, sondern auch ein erhebliches rechtliches Konfliktpotential mit sich. Für einen sachgemäßen Umgang mit der neuen Technologie ist ein angemessener Ausgleich zwischen den Rechten der Verwender und den durch das Voice Cloning betroffenen Rechten Dritter erforderlich.
Die zentrale Frage dieser Arbeit ist insofern, wie die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen des Einsatzes von generativer KI im Bereich des Voice Cloning in Deutschland ausgestaltet sind und welche regulatorischen Lücken derzeit noch bestehen. Zu diesem Zweck werden zunächst die Begriffe „generative KI“, „Deepfake-Technologie“ und „Voice Cloning“ sowie dessen technologische Grundlagen erläutert, um eine Basis für die rechtliche Beurteilung zu schaffen. Anschließend werden der rechtliche Rahmen in Deutschland sowie der noch bestehende Regelungsbedarf analysiert. Im Fokus steht dabei die Betrachtung der Vereinbarkeit des Voice Cloning mit geltendem Urheberrecht, Datenschutzrecht und Persönlichkeitsrechten. Auch auf strafrechtliche Aspekte wird kurz eingegangen. Abschließend werden Probleme der Rechtsdurchsetzung, Aspekte der Providerhaftung sowie die Neuregelungen durch die KI-Verordnung behandelt
Digital but not crypto: possible design pitfalls and rebound effects for green monetary policy using central bank digital currency
Full text linkThis article examines the role of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) in the context of central banks' efforts to green the financial system. It underscores the importance of CBDC design, particularly cautioning against the use of blockchain technology due to its energy-intensive nature. The argument posits that a conventional database is a more environmentally sustainable choice for CBDCs. The article provides a structured discussion on the background, theoretical considerations, climate-friendly interventions, and the potential impact of CBDCs. It aims to contribute to the ongoing debate by emphasizing the need for clear design choices in CBDC discussions, given the environmental concerns associated with certain technologies
Activity analysis based framework for economic and environmental modelling and evaluation of hydrogen pathways
No full textIn the discussion of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier in different parts of the transport sector is regarded as one option to reduce transport-based emissions. In this context, the selection of an efficient pathway from production to consumption is crucial in the total hydrogen supply chain. Various pathways in terms of production, transport and storage technologies already exist, and with advances in research, new options continue to emerge. These pathways are associated with different costs and emission characteristics, which strongly depend on the considered setting. In this paper, a methodology is proposed that allows for flexible modelling and evaluation of hydrogen pathways. The methodology is based on the concept of activity analysis. Pathways are modelled as sequences of activities with all associated material flows and emissions. This allows for both economic and environmental assessments of different hydrogen pathways in an integrated manner. The applicability of this approach is demonstrated within a case study for two different use cases in the context of the supply of hydrogen refuelling stations for road transport. First, we show how different delivery pathways for a specific sourcing option can be evaluated. Second we apply the proposed method for the integrated assessment of different sourcing options, locally procured grey hydrogen and imported green hydrogen. By enabling an economic and environmental evaluation, the methodology allows for the identification of efficient solutions
Sampling of alternatives in spatial decision contexts with logit and logit mixture models: Simulation and application to freshwater recreation in Germany
No full textDestination choice modeling is challenging as the number of feasible sites is often very large. Sampling of alternatives has been used successfully to make large choice sets manageable and yields consistent estimates under certain conditions. However, the specific structure of destination choice data has rarely been addressed explicitly. Besides large numbers of alternatives, it is characterized by a skewed distribution of travel costs with few low-cost nearby sites and a disproportionate increase in alternatives with distance. In this paper, we investigate how this characteristic travel cost structure affects the quality of destination choice models estimated on samples of alternatives. Comparing uniform and strategic sampling (Lemp and Kockelman, 2012), we find that (i) strategic sampling reduces bias and improves efficiency relative to uniform sampling, (ii) sampling performance generally declines with stronger travel cost sensitivity, and (iii) the gains from strategic sampling increase as travel cost sensitivity becomes stronger. For multinomial logit, strategic sampling yields high levels of accuracy and precision when drawing as few as 10 out of 20,000 alternatives. For mixed logit, bias is higher, while the protocol still offers substantial performance gains. After presenting Monte Carlo evidence, we apply both sampling approaches to a nationwide freshwater recreation dataset and examine their impact on welfare estimates for two policy scenarios, as well as on bias and efficiency
Supply chain digital twin design and implementation at scale: A case study at the Ford Motor Company and generalizations
No full textIn this study, we describe Ford’s practices and propose three industry-based frameworks for supply chain digital twin (SCDT) design and implementation at scale. First, a generalized three-layer framework for the design of SCDTs based on Ford's approach is developed. The layers are intracompany, Tier-1 network, and deep-tier network, classified based on data visibility. We describe how digital twins can enhance operational performance and be utilized for resilience stress testing. Second, generalized frameworks of SCDT implementation are shown composed of two dimensions, i.e., implementation scale and implementation scope. The three-stage implementation scale framework proposes a roadmap for transition from data-driven organizations to digital twin-driven management systems. The four-level implementation scope framework encompasses product, process, organization, and extended network levels, with a focus on the key role of the data analytics department in deploying SCDTs. We then generalize four fundamental principles for SCDTs: (i): object-driven and data-driven design and adaptation, (ii) visibility as the central angle of digital twin design and technology, (iii) digital twins are integrators of data and knowledge, and (iv) SCDT continuous adaptation. To the best of our knowledge, our paper is the first in the literature to report on the design and deployment of an SCDT at scale, which can be useful for academics and practitioners alike. We conclude that a properly developed SCDT can enable strategic and operational performance improvements, end-to-end visibility, agentic AI integration in decision-making, and supply chain stress testing, as well as create a new approach to managing the supply chain
Prosumer im Stromsystem 2045: Höhe und Auswirkung von Eigenverbrauch aus PV-Anlagen auf den Strombedarf
Full text linkIn dieser Arbeit wurde zur Untersuchung der Auswirkungen von Prosumern ein neues Prosumerlastprofil, als Alternative zum Standardlastprofil, hergeleitet. Dieses umfasst den konventionellen Stromverbrauch der Haushalte, Wärmepumpen, Elektromobilität sowie die Erzeugung durch PV-Anlagen und die Zwischenspeicherung von Strom mittels Batteriespeichern.
Die Analyse dieser neuen Prosumerlastprofile zeigt erhebliche Veränderungen gegenüber dem Standardlastprofil im saisonalen und untertägigen Verlauf. Der realisierte Eigenverbrauch liegt dabei bei gegenwärtig 8,7 TWh im Jahr und könnte bis 2045 auf 57,4 TWh ansteigen.
Dieser Eigenverbrauch hat im Bereich der Netzentgelte, Steuern, Abgaben und Umlagen erhebliche Mindereinnahmen von gegenwärtig circa 2 Milliarden Euro und 2045 bis zu 13,4 Milliarden Euro jährlich zur Folge. Dadurch reduziert sich die Beteiligung der Prosumer an den Kosten der Energiewende und des Stromnetzes.
Abschließend wurden verschiedene Maßnahmen erörtert, die die Belastung der Prosumer für das Stromnetz verringern und sie gleichzeitig verhältnismäßig an den anfallenden Kosten beteiligen könnten
Crypto assets as a threat to financial market stability
Full text linkCrypto assets’ partial money-like use promotes toxic developments in the financial system. Even though crypto assets might be regarded as close substitutes to traditional money, we show that they lack important functions of money. Traditional fiat money requires several interacting institutions to stabilize its value and regulate its use. In our analysis, we elaborate on the risks associated with the difficulty of setting up regulatory institutions in the crypto sphere and the likelihood of periods of high volatility as well as their repercussions on the traditional financial system due to reciprocal integration. The shift of banking functions into the unregulated area of decentralized finance triggers a new quality of instability in the global financial system with an increasing probability of effects on the real economy. Regulation of crypto assets remains an urgent issue
The Influence of the Employees’ Well-being on the Social and Environmental Impact of Organizations: The example of B-Corps.
Full text linkThe master thesis represents an exploratory study of the hypothesis suggesting that there is a correlation between employee well-being and organizational ability to have a positive Social and Environmental Impact (further SEI). The research is motivated by the assumption that to have a broader positive SEI an organization should be able to take good care of its internal structures, its employees, and their well-being (further EWB) first before contributing to national or global societal and environmental development.
The significance of the research cannot be overestimated in the face of data and studies available about overwhelming costs connected to employees’ sickness and a global engagement crisis connected to burnout rates. Unfortunately, stress and other health-damaging activities at work provoke depression, disengagement, and fatal stress-related diseases that have an impact not only on society but also on economic and environmental development. Moreover, the climate crisis puts further challenges on organizations, while governmental regulations regarding ethical, social, and environmentally friendly business development force organizations to invest in SEI initiatives.
Furthermore, demographic development and values, morals, and principal transformation of new generations, such as Generation Z, demand organizations to make solid investments in internal infrastructure and employee branding to attract talent. As any company consists of workers that have their needs and obligation and whose performance critically impacts the overall company performance, it’s crucial to find out if and how EWB influence the organizational ability to have a high SEI.
All the above put immense challenges on organizations to balance their investments in a way that benefits both employees and SEI. To completely understand how EWB affects SEI further research is needed. Moreover, to help companies take the right measures and invest effectively it is also necessary to identify specific employee benefits that improve workers’ engagement in the organizational SEI and willingness to contribute to sustainable company values.
The current research aims to answer the following question: What is the relationship between organizational investments and other efforts directed to the improvement of the EWB and its SEI? It is focused on the list of certified global Benefit Corporations (further B Corps). For now, the B Lab database encompasses over 8,564 certified companies. The data used in the research is pre-collected data that includes the complete information about all current and past assessments with 122,813 assessment results in total. Using the data from the B Corp website, it can be discovered if there is a relationship between the contributions of a company to the workers’ well-being and its ability to achieve a higher overall B Lab assessment i.e. have a greater overall SEI.
The research results showed that the variables are interconnected and develop parallelly i.e. higher Impact Area Workers scores mean higher Overall score and vice versa. The exploratory problem setting delivered multiple useful and interesting research results. Such as the difference between how Impact Business Models influence the Overall score. Moreover, the analysis showed the correlation between other stakeholder scores and the Overall Score. This provides impulses for further research and potential exploration of correlation or causational relationship between two variables
Eignung von Prozessmodellen nach den Notationsstandards Decision Model and Notation (DMN) und Case Management Model and Notation (CMMN) für Kernprozesse in der Kreisverwaltung des Landkreises Oder-Spree
Full text linkDie öffentliche Verwaltung bedient sich zunehmend des Prozessmanagements, um die Digitalisierung von Verwaltungsleistungen voranzubringen. Zur grafischen Notation von Prozessen kommt häufig der Notationsstandard Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) zum Einsatz. Allerdings werden Prozessmodelle nach BPMN im Laufe der Zeit umfangreicher, um erhöhte Informationsbedarfe zu decken. Um dies zu überwinden, kommen Casemanagement Model and Notation (CMMN) zur Modellierung von Fällen und Decision Model and Notation (DMN) zur Modellierung von Entscheidungen in Betracht. Dabei stellt sich insbesondere für die im Prozessmanagement noch wenig erfahrenen Kommunalverwaltungen die Frage nach der Eignung dieser Notationsstandards, um etwa aufwendige oder kostspielige Einführungsmaßnahmen auszuschließen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Eignung von CMMN und DMN im Vergleich zu BPMN am Beispiel der Kreisverwaltung des Landkreises Oder-Spree zu untersuchen. Dazu werden die folgenden drei Forschungsfragen formuliert: 1. Inwieweit eignen sich BPMN, CMMN und DMN zur Erhebung und Dokumentation von Kernprozessen in der Kreisverwaltung des Landkreises Oder-Spree? 2. Inwieweit eignen sich BPMN, CMMN und DMN zur Analyse von Kernprozessen in der Kreisverwaltung des Landkreises Oder-Spree? 3. Wie könnte eine sinnvolle Arbeitsteilung zur Modellierung nach BPMN, CMMN und DMN in der Kreisverwaltung des Landkreises Oder-Spree aussehen? Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen erfolgten qualitative Befragungen in Form von teilstrukturierten Leitfadengesprächen mit sechs Mitarbeitenden der Kreisverwaltung. Untersuchungsgegenstand waren zwei Kernprozesse im Sozialamt. Zu diesen wurden in Abhängigkeit der betrachteten Notationsstandards jeweils vier Modellvarianten erstellt. Die Ergebnisse zur 1. und 2. Forschungsfrage zeigen, dass die Kombination von BPMN mit DMN die höchste Eignung zur Erfassung und Dokumentation sowie Analyse von teilstrukturierten und strukturierten Kernprozessen aufwies. Dagegen war für CMMN keine hohe Eignung festzustellen. Zur Beantwortung der 3. Forschungsfrage wurde ein Vorschlag zur Arbeitsteilung erarbeitet. Nachfolgende Untersuchungen könnten z. B. die Eignung von BPMN, CMMN und DMN bei unstrukturierten Kernprozessen, bei Führungs- und Unterstützungsprozessen oder bei nicht-leistungsgewährenden Kernprozessen in Kommunalverwaltungen überprüfen
Ausgewählte Fragestellungen KI-getriebener Transformation
Full text linkDie Texte des zweiten Bandes der Reihe „Angewandte Forschung zur digitalen Transformation“ resultieren aus Forschungsarbeiten aus dem Wintersemester 2024/2025 von Studierenden des dualen Masterstudienganges Digitale Transformation an der Berlin Professional School