The ESRF Research Journal for Undergraduate Medical Students
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Risk of Gallbladder Cancer in India’s Gangetic Plains- A Review
Full text linkGallbladder Cancer (GBC) is a global health concern known for its poor prognosis, late diagnosis, and limited treatment options. It ranks as the 23rd most common cancer worldwide, with higher prevalence in certain regions, including Northern India, Pakistan, and Latin American countries. Gender disparity exists, with higher risk in women. Age, genetic mutations (in genes like PIK3CA, KRAS, CTNNB1 and TP53), family history, lifestyle choices (like diet, smoking, obesity), and environmental factors (like arsenic exposure, heavy metal contamination) and pre-existing conditions like gallbladder inflammation and Salmonella infection contribute to the risk of developing the disease. The Gangetic plain exhibits unusually high GBC rates, attributed to factors like gallstones, water pollution (from agricultural run-offs, sewage and industrial pollutants), poor sanitation, dietary habits (including consumption of contaminated mustard oil), and socio-economic disparities. Tobacco use and, possibly, oral contraceptive usage further elevate susceptibility in this region. Efforts to mitigate this high incidence of GBC in the Gangetic plains should focus on improving healthcare access, promoting healthy lifestyles, reducing pollution, supporting genetic screening, and raising awareness. Further research is needed to uncover additional risk factors and develop targeted interventions for this region which can help reduce the burden of GBC in the Gangetic plain.
Pleural endometriosis: A rare cause of spontaneous haemopneumothorax
Full text linkThe presence of endometrial tissue in airways, pleura and lung parenchyma is called thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES). It is a rare pathology, and typically consists of catamenial pneumothorax, haemothorax, haemoptysis, and pulmonary nodules. We report a case of a 37-year-old woman with thoracic endometriosis causing catamenial hemopneumothorax. The diagnosis was made on proper history, imaging, thoracoscopic biopsy and immunohistochemistry. The diagnosis of thoracic endometriosis is complicated and often delayed. TES should be suspected in a reproductive age woman with exacerbating symptoms during the menstruation
A Study on Unmet need for Family Planning among Mothers having under five children attending Routine Immunization Clinic and Paediatric Out Patient Department of NRS Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
Full text linkIntroduction
Addressing unmet needs in pregnancy is crucial for reducing unintended births, unsafe abortions, and maternal deaths, and for improving maternal and child health. Understanding the extent and addressing the reasons behind it is essential for improving maternal and child health, reducing unintended pregnancies, and supporting women\u27s reproductive rights
Objective
The present study was undertaken to estimate the extent of unmet needs among reproductive age group mothers with under five children and the reasons for the same.
Materials and methods
A descriptive, observational, hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among 258 consecutive mothers in reproductive age group having less than five years old children, attending the Paediatrics OPD and Routine immunization Clinic of NRS Medical College and Hospital, between October and November 2022. A predesigned semi structured interview schedule was used to collect data. Collected data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analysed using SPSS (Version 20).
Results
Among socio-demographic characteristics, more than one-third (11.6%) of the study population had unmet need for family planning. Unmet needs were more common in the age group of 15-19 years (24%), had children in the 49- 56-month aged children (23.1%), from rural areas (12.7%), lived in joint families (13.2%), belonged to Hindu religion (11.7%), belonged to the scheduled tribe (25%), were educated above HS levels (14.7%), in service (14.3%), belonged to SES (Class IV) and had no autonomy (13.5%).
Among obstetric characteristics patients with age at marriage between 26-30 years (37.5%), age at first pregnancy of 26-30 years (23.1%), duration of marriage < 2 years (15.6%), parity of the mother ≥ 4 (23.1%) and having only female child (23.1%) were more likely to have unmet needs of pregnancy.
Overall, the most common reason for unmet needs of contraception were distance from local centre (11.6%). Among client related reasons the most common cause was fear of side effects (10.5%) and among health facility related reasons, distance from local centre (11.6%) and among opposition. The most common source of opposition towards contraceptive use was from family members other than partner (8.1%).
Conclusion
Unmet need for family planning was seen in 11.6% of the study population. The significant reasons for the unmet needs were Hindu religion, age at marriage between 26-30 years, age at first pregnancy of 26-30 years and having only female child. Overall, the most common reason for unmet needs of contraception were distance from local centre
A Unique case of pregnancy with E beta Thalassemia having history of recurrent pregnancy loss
Full text linkHbE is the second commonest abnormal hemoglobin after sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS). HbE-β-thalassemia is not uncommon in India and pregnancy associated with it has the potential morbidity for mother and fetus. It has been seen that patients who received optimum management have a significantly better pregnancy profile than in routine care. Our case is one such example where with close monitoring and follow up in a patient of pregnancy with Hb E thalassemia with RPL finally delivered a healthy baby at 37 weeks without any maternal morbidity
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