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Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.)
No full textThe fruits of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) have long been eaten and used for medicinal purposes. During the long history of their use, many cultivars have been created with a wide range of shapes, sizes, colors, biochemical composition, and fruit ripening dates, allowing the planting of the cornelian cherry in different geographical locations and a wide range of environmental conditions. The M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine) has an extensive collection of C. mas cultivars, which differ in many respects, including the time of fruit ripening. Recently a new cultivar, ‘Vytivka Svitlany’, marked by a very early ripening time, has been bred. The fruits of cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ are red or dark red, oval and more or less elongated, cut off at the top and slightly concave, shiny, juicy, sweet-sour, and slightly tart, with a delicate aroma. After full ripening, the fruits crumble quickly. They are deliciously fresh and suitable for processing in the food industry. In the present paper, the morphological features and biometric characteristics of the fruits of the new cultivar in comparison with other early-ripening cultivars (red-fruited ‘Olena’ and yellow-fruited ‘Alyosha’), as well as the principal biochemical composition of the fruits and its phenological phases for the seasonal development in 2021 according to BBCH scale are represented
Фенотипічна мінливість структури епідермісу та кремнієві включення у листках Quercus robur у парку “Феофанія”
No full textThe micromorphology of the leaf epidermis, localization, and silicon content in the epidermal cells of Quercus robur leaves growing in the shade and under direct sunlight in the Feofaniya Park (Kyiv, Ukraine) were studied using scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. Silicon inclusions were found in the anticlinal and periclinal walls of adaxial epidermal cells, trichomes, guard cells of stomata, and walls of regular epidermal cells on the abaxial leaf surface, the amount of which varied according to the conditions of growth. Natural shading and the intensity of solar irradiation were found affecting the size of leaf blades, the ultrastructure of the leaf epidermis, and changes in the silicon content of oak leaves. Studies have shown that the anticlinal walls of the adaxial epidermis and the trichomes and stomata of the abaxial epidermis of leaves are the main silicon accumulators. The findings suggest that changes in leaf microstructure and silicon content contribute to maintaining optimal water balance in plants and can be regarded as signs of phenotypic plasticity in plants and an adaptive marker depending on the sunlight conditions of oak growth
Generation of multipurpose formal models from legacy code
No full textIn this paper a method for generation of formal models from legacy systems code is proposed. The purpose of these models is to have a possibility of their application in different tasks such as automatic generation of executable tests, translation to modern programming languages, reverse engineering. The method pursues goals to decrease complexity of state space search and checking formulas satisfiability in relation to the direct code modeling, and to help legacy systems understanding and implementing in modern technologies. We focused on formalization of Cobol memory model as it is the most common language in legacy systems. Formal model is an attribute transition system with control flow. We proposed an algorithm for building enumerated types for any variables whose usage fulfills certain conditions, including translation procedure of numeric variables to enumerated ones. We considered a problem of translating non-comparable structures which overlap in memory (operator redefines in Cobol), are copied or compared with each other. In opposite to common approach of using union semantics (like union construction in C++), we described a method of structure fields decomposition which has no drawbacks of unions and makes for minimization of bytewise approach. We considered the developed method on the examples of structures as with simple fields as with arrays. We also gave examples of realization of bytewise approach in Java and C++ languages for those variables that cannot be represented as enumerated or numeric attributes. We tried this work for tests generation for middle-sized projects (up to 100 000 lines of code) where it showed efficiency of developed method, also generated formal models were used for debugging of Cobol to Java translator and business rules extraction. Problems in programming 2022; 3-4: 42-5
Performance analysis of massively parallel programs for graphics processing units
Get PDFAny modern Graphics Processing Unit (graphics card) is a good platform to run massively parallel programs. Still, we lack tools to observe and measure performance characteristics of GPU-based software. We state that due to complex memory hierarchy and thou- sands of execution threads the all performance issues are about efficient use of graphics card memory hierarchy. We propose to use GPGPUSim simulator, previously used mostly for graphics card architecture validation, for performance validation for CUDA-based program. We provide examples which show how to use the simulation for performance analysis of massively parallel programs.Prombles in programming 2022; 3-4: 51-5
Software engineering and big data software
Get PDFSoftware engineering is a mature industry of human activity focused on the creation, deployment, marketing and maintenance of software. The fundamental concepts of engineering are life cycle model; three main components of life cycle phases - products, processes and resources; engineering and methodologies for creating, deployment and maintaining software. Software is the foun- dation of technological advances that lead to new high performance products. As the functionality of products grows, so does the need to efficiently and correctly create and maintain the complex software that enables this growth. Therefore, in addition to solving its own problems, software engineering serves the solution of the problems of creating and maintaining software in other domains, which are called application domains. Information technology is a well-known application domain. The basis of this domain is data. Information systems are being implemented in an organization to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. The functionality of information systems has grown dramatically when big data began to be used. This growth has led to the emergence of a wide variety of software-intensive big data information systems. At the same time, the role and importance of software engineering for solving the problems of this application domain has only intensified. Modern possibilities of software engineering are shown. The aspects of interaction between software engineering and big data systems are analyzed. The topics for the study of big data software ecosystems and big data system of systems are outlined.Prombles in programming 2022; 3-4: 69-7
Semantic alignment of ontologies meaningful categories with the generalization of descriptive structures
Get PDFThe presented work addresses the issue of semantic alignment of ontology components with a generalized structured corpus. The field of research refers to the sphere of determining the features of trust in artificial intelligence. An alignment method is proposed at the level of semantic components of the general alignment system. The method is a component of a broader alignment system and compares entities at the level of meaningful correspondence. Moreover, only the alignment entities’ descriptive content is considered within the proposed technique. Descriptive contents can be represented by variously named id and semantic relations. The method defines a fundamental ontol- ogy and a specific alignment structure. Semantic correspondence in the form of information scope is formed from the alignment structure. In this way, an entity is formed on the side of the alignment structure, which would correspond in the best meaningful way to the entity from the ontology in terms of meaningful descriptiveness. Meaningful descriptiveness is the filling of information scope. Information scopes are formed as a final form of generalization and can consist of entities, a set of entities, and their partial union. In turn, entities are a generalization of properties that are located at a lower level of the hierarchy and, in turn, are a combination of descriptors. Descriptors are a fundamental element of generalization that represent principal content. Descriptors can define atomic content within a knowledge base and represent only a particular aspect of the content. Thus, the element of meaningfulness is not self-sufficient and can manifest as separate meaningfulness in the form of a property, as a minimal representation of the meaningfulness of an alignment. Descriptors can also supplement the content at the level of information frameworks, entities, and properties. The essence of the alignment in the form of information scope cannot be represented as a descriptor or their combination. It happens because the descriptive descriptor does not represent the content in the completed form of the correspondence unit. The minimum structure of representation of information scope is in the form of properties. This form of organization of establishing the correspondence of the semantic level of alignment allows you to structure and formalize the information content for areas with a complex form of semantic mapping. The hierarchical representation of the generalization not only allows simplifying the formalization of semantic alignment but also enables the formation of information entities with the possibility of discretization of content at the level of descriptors. In turn, descriptors can expand meaningfulness at an arbitrary level of the generalization hierarchy. This provides quantization of informational content and flexibility of the alignment system with discretization at the level of descriptors. The proposed method is used to formalize the semantic alignment of ontology entities and areas of structured representation of information.Prombles in programming 2022; 3-4: 355-36
Improving methods for generating encryption keys using strange attractors
No full textThe urgency of the work is determined by the need to transfer confidential information through open communication channels. Such information can be of two types: symmetric encryption keys and directly informational messages that are encrypted with encryption keys. The article deals with the problem of improving the transmission of closed information over open channels using the Diffie- Hellman algorithm. The improvement is due to the introduction of a new type of one-sided function based on the numerical solution of the system of ordinary differential equations describing the dynamics of the phase coordinate movement of the strange attractor. For this purpose, the classic Diffie-Hellman algorithm based on the one-sided function of the discrete logarithm was considered. The required properties of one-sided functions in the general case were considered. Next, the peculiarities of algorithm modification in the case of transition to a one-sided function based on the use of a strange attractor were considered. It is assumed that at the beginning of the operation of the modified algorithm, through a secret channel, the exchange parties (agents) exchange information regarding the properties of the strange attractor to be used, namely, the definition of the differential equations describing the dynamics of a strange attractor, the values of the parameters of the equations, the initial integration conditions and the integration step (for methods with a constant step of integration). After that, all exchanges are conducted exclusively through open channels. The paper also considers the case of information exchange between more than two agents, in particular, the approach of hiding the number of agents participating in the exchange. Approbation of the method is carried out and intermediate and final results of the one-sided function based on strange attractors are given. Possibilities regarding partial disclosure by agents of certain parameters of the use of one-way functions are discussed. But at the same time, the safety of revealing such information is justified in the general case (both in the classical and in the modified Diffie-Hellman method). It was determined that depending on the needs of users, the complexity of the encryption keys can be increased by changing the initial parameters of the attractor, which will also allow controlling speed of key generation and encryption in general. The software that implements the proposed modified algorithm is implemented in three programming languages, C#, Python, and MatLab. This made it possible to perform a comparative analysis of the results and consciously choose the programming language of individual parts of the software to optimize the encryption key generation process for specific conditions.Prombles in programming 2022; 3-4: 417-42
Software package for estimation of the stereo camera calibration error in the computer vision system
No full textThe approach for accuracy assessment of the object model a for the problem of stable grasping in the combined system of the proposal of grasping and the reconstruction of the three-dimensional model of the object was considered. Such a combined system allows stable capture of objects of any shape without restrictions on the types of shapes in the training data set. Novel approaches to surface reconstruction of the object are based on restoring the depth of points from a pair of images from two cameras. The quality of the 3D reconstruction is affected by several factors: the movement of the camera and environmental objects, spatial quantization of the image coordinates, correspondence of key points, camera calibration parameters, unaccounted camera distortions, as well as numerical and statistical properties of the selected reconstruction method. Camera parameter errors can be minimized by improving the calibration procedure, so the impact of errors on the quality of the 3D model was investigated. The deviation of the model from the plane is chosen as a metric for quality assessment. For its calculation, the point cloud is processed by plane identification and segmentation, for which an algorithm based on the RANSAC method is considered. The software package for accuracy estimation was developed. An experiment was conducted to obtain the dependence of the accuracy of the reconstructed planes on the errors of the camera parameters. The impact of calibration errors on 3D reconstruction was evaluated by comparing metrics for individual planes at different levels of artificial error and evaluating the impact of the error on these metrics. Modeling the error of the camera calibration parameters with a given noise level shows that the calibration parameters deteriorate as the noise level increases. In particular, it was established that an increase in error contributes to an increase in the error of estimation of calibration parameters. In addition, orientation parameters (rotation and translation) are more complex and therefore more sensitive to measurement noise than other parameters.Prombles in programming 2022; 3-4: 469-47
Architecture and functionality of the decision support system SPOR
No full textThe peculiarities of the design, development and operation of the decision-making support system SPOR are considered. The architecture of the system is presented and the choice of the system implementation language is justified. Two functionally oriented environments of the system SPOR are considered, each of which is aimed at solving specialized tasks of creating and processing electronic action plans. The functional capabilities of the component subsystems of these environments are analyzed in detail and the expediency of using the decision-making support system SPOR to solve the problems of operational management of emergency response in situational centers is substantiated.Prombles in programming 2023; 2: 03-0
Simulation of the autonomous maze navigation using the NEAT algorithm
No full textThe article deals with the problem of finding a solution for the navigational task of navigating a maze by an autonomous agent controlled by an artificial neural network (ANN). A solution to this problem was proposed by training the controlling ANN using the method of neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT).A description of the mathematical apparatus for determining the goal-oriented objective function to measure fitness of the decision-making agent, suitable for optimizing the training of ANN in the process of neuroevolution, was given. Based on the invented objective function, a software was developed to control the neuroevolutionary process using the Python programming language.A system for simulating the behavior of an autonomous robot that can navigate through a maze using input signals from various types of sensors has been created. The simulation system allows to imitate the behavior of a physical robot in a large number of experiments in a short time and with minimal expenses.The experiments performed using the created simulation system to find the optimal values of hyperparameters, which can be used for successful training of the controlling ANN by the method of neuroevolution, are presented.Additionally, the implemented new methods of visualizing the training process are described. These methods significantly simplify the search for optimal hyperparameters of the NEAT algorithm, due to the visual demonstration of the effect of changing one or another parameter on the training process.Prombles in programming 2023; 4: 76-8