Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research
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Comparative Studies on Antibacterial Potentials of Cassia fistula and Carica papaya Leaf Extract against Selected Fish Pathogens
No full textAim: To investigate the antibacterial efficacy of Cassia fistula and Carica papaya leaf extracts against selected fish pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Micrococcus luteus,
Study Design: To carry out the antibacterial sensitivity studies of C. fistula and C. papaya leaf extracts using one way analysis of variance.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, between November 2022-April, 2023
Methodology: Leaves were subjected to aqueous extraction, and concentrated at 500C in hot air oven. The extracts were screen for biomolecules responsible for antibacterial activities. Antibacterial sensitivity test was carried out on bacteria pathogens using agar well diffusion technique.
Results: Results showed that C. fistula leaf extract was more effective against A. hydrophila (20.00b ± 2.31 mm) and P. mirabilis (17.00b ± 1.15 mm) than C. papaya leaf extract. (14.00c ± 2.31 mm and 15.00c ± 1.15 mm), while C. papaya was only effective against V. parahaemolyticus (17.50b ±1.73 mm) than C. fistula (15.50c ± 0.58 mm). The results depicted significant difference (P˂0.05) in the inhibition zone among A. hydrophila, V. parahaemolyticus and P. mirabilis, except S. aureus (12.50b ± 1.73 mm) and M. luteus (11.50b ± 0.58 mm) (P˃0.05). Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations confirmed that C. fistula was more effective on A. hydrophila than C. papaya at a lesser dose with a marked difference (P˃0.05).
Conclusion: C. fistula leaf extract exhibited higher antibacterial efficacy than C. papaya, showing that it is more effective against all tested bacteria except V. parahaemolyticus. This implies that C. fistula is an excellent antibacterial agent with capacity to destroy a wide range of bacteria than C. papaya. Therefore, it can be used to treat fish diseases and pond water against bacteria pathogens, including multidrug resistant bacteria
Live Table Size Fish Transportation Practices in Nepal: Present Status and Its Prospective
No full textThis study provides insights into live fish transportation practices in Nepal. This study is based on primary and secondary data which were collected from various sources. Demands of fish have been increasing in the country due to awareness of peoples about health and also increased population of Nepal. Pond aquaculture contribution was 72.7 % in total fish production of Nepal. Aquaculture production is mainly from pond fish farming of Terai region from where live fish have been supplying in the major cities of Nepal. Live table size fish fetch higher price in the market. However, farmers and venders were not using the proper protocol from harvest to deliver of fish to the destination and its causes stress on fish and detrimental effect on the muscle quality, mortality and economic losses. Naini and Silver carp mortality were recorded up to 20% as reported by respondents. The loading weight of fish varied species wise and seasons and it is ranges from 40-70 kg/500 litres of water in plastic water tank. Since, the live fish traders/venders doesn’t know how the live fish is harvested, handled and transported, therefore to impart practical knowledge, the farmers should be trained about the best practiced of live table size fish handling and transportation to ensure healthy live fish for the consumer of Nepal
Food and Feeding Habits of Two Dominant Fish Species in Ureje Reservoir Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
No full textNutrition is one of the key components of living and the study of food and feeding habits of fish species constitute the basis for the development of a successful fish culture and management. This study was designed to investigate the food and feeding habit of two dominant fish species in Ado-Ekiti Reservoir, Ekiti State. The reservoir was demarcated into three zones based on the inputs from its tributaries, the fish samples were collected using fishing gears and chilled with iced blocks from point of collection to the aquaculture unit where each fish sample was identified, biometric measurement was taken, dissected and stomach was examined for the degree of fullness. The stomach content was analysed using frequency of occurrence, numerical and volumetric methods. Sarotherodon galilaeus and Coptodon zillii were found as the two dominant fish species. A total of one hundred and fifty-five samples were collected from the reservoir comprising seventy-three (73) Sarotherodon galilaeus and eighty-two (82) Coptodon zillii . This gives a male/female ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 respectively. It was observed that a total of 114 (73.55%) out of 155 fish species had food items in their stomachs while the remaining 41 (26.45%) specimens had empty stomach. The diet observed in both fish species are phytoplankton, zooplankton, insects, insect larvae, worms, sand grains and unidentified mass/mud. Volumetrically, phytoplankton was the dominant food item in S.galileus (18.49%) and C. zilli (28.12%) followed by zooplankton in S.galileus (17.15%) and C. zilli (20.62%). The results were also similar for the frequency of occurrence and numerical methods except for some minor diet which are worms, insect larvae and sand grains. This suggests that fish species examined are predominantly planktivorous and there is a level of possible competitiveness for food between the two species considering the similarity in their feeding behaviou
Effects of Smoking Duration on the Proximate and Mineral Composition of Selected Fishes from Lower River Benue, Benue State, Nigeria
No full textThe proximate and mineral compositions of selected smoked fish species from the open market were compared to samples smoked for 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours. Clarias gariepinus, Synodonthes schall and Lates niloticus randomly sampled from fishermen catches at Lower River Benue were smoked at 70OC – 80OC temperature using mud type kiln and Prosopis africana as the energy source. The chemical analyses were done using the standard methods. Significant differences (P<0.05) was observed in all the parameters examined between all the species and treatments. Clarias gariepinus had the highest (50.80±1.26) protein content while Lates niloticus was least (40.79±0.81). Also, Clarias gariepinus was highest (7.13±0.39) in Lipids content and Lates niloticus, lowest (4.34±0.12). Smoking duration had inverse impact on moisture content (7.44±0.01 - 5.22±0.01) and direct impact on protein content (47.46±0.01 - 54.33±0.01). Lipid was observed to be lowest (6.33±0.01) in the 4-hour smoked sample and highest (8.33±0.01) in the 8-hour smoked Clarias gariepinus. Clarias gariepinus had higher mineral content than other species with reference to Calcium, Potassium, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium, Zinc and Copper. However, the duration of smoking was observed to have a negative impact on the potassium content of the fish samples while other examined minerals showed positive correlation. It is thus concluded that Clarias gariepinus is more nutritious than Synodonthes schall and Lates niloticus from Lower River Benue and better when smoked for 6 hours. Also, it could be inferred that smoked fish sold in the open market are mostly smoked for 6 hours. However, 8-hour smoking duration is recommended for a prolonged shelf life with consideration for nutrient-specific smoking duration especially when the need for specific micro nutrients is of interest
Influence of Addition of Murbei (Morus alba L.) Flowers to Food for Fathering Mangrove CRABS (Scylla serrata) Apartment Systems
No full textMangrove crab (Scylla serrata) is one of the fishery commodities that has high economic value. In Indonesia, crab cultivation has been widely developed, it can be seen from the cultivation media used, namely using vertical crab houses (apartments) with the RAS system. However, the problem in the mangrove crab cultivation system lies in the feed, the lack of nutrients in the feed results in non-optimal crab growth so that it is less attractive to consumers and causes its economic value to decline. Therefore, alternative feed is needed in the form of feed pellets that are in accordance with the nutritional needs of mangrove crabs and the addition of feed raw materials in the form of mulberry leaf flour in feed that can stimulate the growth of mangrove crabs. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimal dose of mulberry leaf flour for mangrove crab feed in stimulating growth. This study used an experimental method conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replicates. Treatments in this study include: A (Control), B (7.5%), C (15%), D (22.5%) and E (30%). The results showed that the administration of mulberry leaf flour with different doses in mangrove crab feed had a real effect (P<0.05) on the growth of absolute weight (W), absolute length (P), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed utilization efficiency (EPP) and had no real effect (P>0.05) on the Survival Rate (SR). Treatment C (15%) is the best dose of mulberry leaf flour that can support the growth and survival of mangrove crabs. the highest values were W (14.6±2.6 d), P (0.6±0.3 b), SGR (0.34±0.06 s), FCR (18.39±3.50 a) and EPP (48.51±2.80 c)
Lead (Pb) Accumulation in Water, Sediment and Distribution of Macro-Invertebrates in Delimi River, Jos, Nigeria
No full textBackground: This study assessed the concentrations of lead (Pb) in the water column and sediment as well as macro-invertebrates in River Delimi with a view to determining its ability to support aquatic life.
Methodology: Water and sediment samples were collected simultaneously between August and November 2019 at designated stations: A (Abattoir), B (British America bridge), and C (Farin Gada bridge). Composite method was employed to collect water samples from different points in each station in 250 ml capacity plastic bottles with screw caps. The plastic bottles had previously washed with detergent and finally rinsed using distilled water. The water samples were filtered using 0.4 mm Whatman filter paper. Samples were then digested with few drops of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). Sediment samples were collected in decontaminated airtight polythene bags measuring 500_g each. Sub-samples of the material were sun-dried for three (3) days and homogenized by grinding in laboratory mortar and pestle and sieved (aperture 125 µm). Sediment samples were digested with 20 cm3 aqua regia (3HCl:1HNO3), filtrate were stored in glass bottles and transported to the laboratory for chemical analyses. Macroinvertebrates were collected using a D-frame kick-net (30) at each site over a three-minute period. The collected specimens were preserved in 70% formalin and transported to the laboratory for sorting, identification, and enumeration.
Result: Showed that the concentration of lead (Pb) in all the water samples were found to be less than the permissible limit set by WHO/FAO except site WA3 (0.0874ppm) and WC3 (0.0678 ppm) which were higher than the permissible limit. The concentration of lead (Pb) in sediment was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit in all sampling stations which is most likely to pose serious health risks to macrobenthos. Also, 7 Micro-invertebrate taxa were identified in the sampling stations. Chironomidae, Eristalis Larva (Syrphidae), Tabanidae and Whirligig beetle (Gyrinidae) comprised more than 79% of the total abundance while stone fly Larva, hydrophilidae and beetle larva constituted the remaining.
Conclusion: water samples suggest potential environmental contamination of lead in some locations while sediment samples indicate a significant contamination with lead, posing potential health risks to organisms living in the sediment, including macrobenthos
Effects of Natural Carotenoid Source Enriched Feed on the Growth, Flesh Carotenoid, Composition, and Palatability of a Silver Barb (Barbonymus gonionotus)
No full textAim: The study compared the effects of different natural carotenoid-enriched feeds with a commercial carp feed on the growth, flesh carotenoid, composition, and palatability of Barbonymus gonionotus.
Study Design: The study was conducted with four feeds treated as four treatments where, a commercial carp grower feed was used as control feed (CF) and three test feed were made by adding the powder of three carotenoid sources, viz., tomato (TMP), carrot (CRP), and beetroot (BRP) in the control feed at a rate of 2g/kg. Fifteen juveniles of B. gonionotus were stocked in each cage. The fish were fed with test feed twice a day at the rate of 5% (2.5% + 2.5%) of body weight and weighed fortnightly to adjust the ration size.
Place and Duration of Study: The trial was conducted in twelve cages set in a pond at the Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, for 90 days.
Methodology: At the end of the trial, the growth and feed utilization parameters, viz., weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER), flesh carotenoid and composition, and palatability indicators of the fish were evaluated according to standard formulae, spectrophotometry, AOAC, and organoleptic sensory technique, respectively.
Results: The higher WG (193.89±12.31 g) and SGR (1.41±0.08 %), better FCR (1.59±0.16) and PER (3.07±0.31), and higher carotenoids content (4.31±0.29 mg/g) were found in the fish fed with carrot-enriched feed, followed by the fish fed with tomato-enriched feed (WG: 174.86±11.50 g, SGR: 1.33±0.01 %, FCR: 1.74±0.04, PER: 2.78±0.06 and Carotenoids: 1.59±0.09 mg/g) and the beetroot-enriched feed (WG: 168.56±12.87 g, SGR: 1.30±0.08 %, FCR: 1.84±0.19, PER: 2.66±0.28 and carotenoids: 1.44±0.40 mg/g) when compared to the control fish. No significant difference in the flesh composition was found among the treatments. A significantly higher organoleptic sensory score (25.54±0.57) was recorded in the fish fed with carrot-enriched feed and lower in the control feed (19.52±0.77).
Conclusion: The study concludes that 2g/kg carrot powder supplementation in feed is better for enhancing the growth, carotenoid deposition, and palatability of B. gonionotus
Teleost Caudal Fin Development and Regeneration: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Potential
No full textThe caudal fin of teleost fish, a fundamental locomotive structure, has received considerable attention due to its extraordinary capacity for regeneration. Teleosts\u27 ability to regenerate their caudal fins involves complex interactions between various signaling pathways, growth factors, and transcription factors that organize wound healing, cell proliferation, and tissue redevelopment. Key pathways implicated in these processes include Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, FGF, and Notch signaling, which not only regulate the proliferation and differentiation of resident stem cells but also ensure the spatial and temporal coordination necessary for tissue architecture restoration. Moreover, on the practical challenges or limitations of translating these findings to human regenerative medicine would provide more balance. Looking forward, future research could benefit from advanced genomic and proteomic techniques to unravel the finer aspects of cellular dynamics and molecular diversity within the regenerative process of the caudal fin
Identification of Marine Zooplankton in the Maheshkhali Channel, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
No full textThe purpose of the study was to identify and characterize marine zooplankton in the Maheshkhali Channel, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. A total of 25 species were identified from the samples collected from the surface water during November, 2022. They were categorized into 4 major groups such as copepoda, crustaceans, ichthyoplankton and meroplankton. Copepods were the most dominant. Among the copepods, Oithona sp., Oncaea sp., Calanus sp., Subeucalanus flemingeri, Cyclops sp., Acartia sp., Labidocera sp. and Canthocalanus pauper were ubiquitous, with Oithona brevicornis, Oithona nana, Acartia tonsa, Subeucalanus sp. being moderately frequent. The presence of Centropages sp., Paracalanus aculeatus, Paracalanus sp., Pseudodiaptomas sp. and Acartia (Odonticartia) ohtsukai were rare. Shrimp larvae, crab zoea and ichthyoplankton were moderately found. Mysid shrimps were found to be highly prevalent whereas ctenophora larvae were less frequent. Copepod, naupliar larvae and copepodites were observed to be consistently present throughout the observed area. The identified species possess great significance in the marine food web. This investigation is the baseline study of marine zooplankton in the Maheshkhali Channel. Further research, therefore, is recommended to identify zooplankton species through microscopic and molecular methods in the coastal waters of Bangladesh
Specific Diversity of Fish Ponds in the Haut-sassandra and Risks of Contamination by Potential Pathogens among Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia)
No full textFishery and aquaculture products are an important source of protein in the human diet and a real source of income for producers. However, fish farming is still less well known among the Ivorian population, and does not yet benefit from technical assistance. This could have an impact on the quality of aquaculture resources. This study was therefore carried out firstly to assess the current state of fish farming in the Haut-Sassandra region, and then to evaluate contamination by potential bacterial pathogens of tilapia fish from fish ponds in this region. To this end, a survey was carried out from June to December 2022 using questionnaires. The survey consisted of direct interviews and farm visits to collect data. Tilapia fish were then sampled and analyzed. It emerged that fish farming is a fast-growing activity in the Haut-Sassandra region, but is practiced in a related way. It is mostly practiced by people aged between 35 and 50, most of whom have a primary education. Females account for 2.66%. The dominant system is extensive, practiced in dam and diversion ponds where several activities coexist. In this region, 100% Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 21% Cameroon (Heterotis niloticus) and 48% Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) are found on all farms. Of the two pond types, the barrage ponds had the best characteristics. Microbiological analyses revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic species, notably Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella spp and Enterococcus in tilapia from these fish ponds. Fish farming is a fast-growing activity, but it needs special attention to meet the needs of the Ivorian population