Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research
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Plant Physiological Performances, Plant Growth, Grain Yield and Methane Emission of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) in Response to Water Management as Adaptation Strategy for Climate Change
No full textContinuously flooded rice systems are a major contributor to the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in the agriculture sector in Malaysia. Intermittent irrigation has been recommended to replace conventional rice water management to save water and reduce GHG emissions without compromising rice yields. This study was conducted in two growing seasons at Malaysia’s largest rice granary area to determine the effectiveness of different water management practices on conserving water, mitigating GHG and maintaining rice grain yields. Three water management treatments were continuous flooding (CF), saturated and wet conditions from transplanting to heading and flooding until maturity (S-F) and continuous saturated and wet conditions (CS). The results showed that S-F and CS reduced water inputs between 15.0-16.8% and 32.0-34.0% as compared to CF, respectively. Water-saving treatments mostly did not significantly affect the plant's physiological performance, plant growth parameters, growth rate, grain yield and yield parameters. The results indicated that soil saturated and wet conditions provided adequate soil moisture content for the plant’s requirement similar to flooding conditions. Maintaining soil at saturated and wet conditions during the vegetative stage reduced 24.18-39.76% of methane emissions. However, maintaining soil at saturated and wet conditions throughout the growing season reduced 34.52-55.08% of methane emissions. In conclusion, intermittent irrigation could be an effective adaptation technique for simultaneously saving water and mitigating GHG while maintaining high rice grain yields in rice cultivation systems
Performance of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Varieties to Wood Ash and NPK Fertilizer on Flowering, Cherelle Wilt and Pod Yield
No full textExperiments were conducted to evaluate NPK fertilizer and wood-ash application on flowering, cherelle performance and pod yield of cacao (Theobobroma cacao L). Treatments includes NPK 15.15.15; NPK + wood-ash; sole wood-ash and control with five cacao varieties (TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4, and TC6) in a 4x5 factorial experiment with three replications. Data were measured on flowering, cherelle formation, and pod development. From the results, flowering, cherelle formation and pod development were significantly enhanced by application of NPK, sole wood-ash and their combinations over control plots. Application of wood-ash alone significantly enhanced flowering, cherelle formation and pod development in both seasons over other fertilizer treatments. However, cherelle wilt under sole application of wood-ash was significantly higher compared to sole NPK and NPK + wood-ash combinations. Interaction effects of fertilizer and cacao varieties had significant positive effects on flower development and reduced cherelle wilt in both light and main crop seasons. Interactions of wood-ash and cacao varieties were found to significantly enhanced cherelle formation and pod development. The study concludes that NPK, NPK + wood-ash and sole wood-ash treatments significantly enhanced flowering, cherelle formation and pod development in cacao over the control. Also, cherelle with rate drop significantly with integration of NPK+wood-as
Farm Partial Budget Analysis of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) for the Application of Nitrogen and Spacing in Southern Tigray, Ethiopia
No full textThis study aimed to assess the economic viability of onion production under varying nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing in the study area using partial budget analysis. The experiment employed a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design, conducted at Alamata Agricultural Research Center in Kara Adishabo in 2020. Experimental treatments included nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 Kg N ha-1) and intra-row spacing (5, 10, and 15 cm) with three replications. The partial budget analysis indicated that the treatment combination of 69 kg N ha-1 and 5 cm intra-row spacing yielded the highest net benefit of birr 642602.3. However, based on the marginal rate of return, the recommendation of 46 Kg N ha-1 and 15 cm intra-row spacing, which had a lower net benefit, was rejected after residual analysis. Consequently, the recommended treatment combination is 69 Kg N ha-1 and 5 cm of intra-row spacing, contrary to the previous recommendation. Onion cultivation is a significant economic activity in the southern zone, playing a crucial role in the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. Consequently, understanding the production costs and analyzing the financial profitability of this on-farm business is essential in the study area to enhance crop productivity
Response of African Eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) Varieties to Compost Tea in Sudan Savanna Agro-ecological Zone of Nigeria
No full textField trial was conducted during the rainy season of 2021 and dry season of 2021/2022 at Teaching and Research Farm of Bayero University Kano (latitude 110 58' N and longitude 80 26' E, 475m above sea level) in Sudan savannah region of Nigeria to study the response of African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) varieties to compost tea. The treatment consisted of two variety of African eggplant (Bello and F1 Djamba) and three rates of compost tea (0, 50 and 100 litre ha-1). The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The compost tea was applied in two equal split doses at 10 and 25 days after transplanting as soil drench. Data were collected on growth and yield attributes. Significant effects of variety and compost tea were observed on plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area index, total dry matter, net assimilation rate, days to 50% flowering, number of fruits, fruit diameter and fruit yield per hectare. The variety F1 Djamba produced higher fruits yield (3482.3kg ha-1) than Bello variety (2873.3kg ha-1). Similarly, compost tea at100litre ha-1 recorded higher fruit yield (3525.5kg ha-1) than the other rates. The significant interactions between eggplant varieties and compost tea on total dry matter, net assimilation rate, days to 50% flowering, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield were also recorded. For the combined season, application of compost tea at 100litre ha-1 on F1 Djamba variety (4118.8kg ha-1) resulted in higher fruit yield of eggplant variety. Therefore, the application of 50 -100 litres of compost tea on F1 Djamba variety of eggplant is recommended to farmers in the study area
Response of Water Management on Above and Below Ground Growth Pattern Distribution of Cashew Seedling (Anacardium occidentale L.) in the Nursery
No full textWater management is a very significant practice, as it influences the successful growth of many crops. In Nigeria, Cashew farmers use different cashew nuts and varying watering rate for their nursery operations. These necessitates this study, to enhanced cashew morphological growth and to checkmate water management. The experiment laid in 4 x 10 x 3 factorial design on a randomized complete block of three replications, examines medium, large cashew nut biotypes, and 200ml, 300ml watering rates applied fortnightly. Monthly harvest done from each treatment to monitor seedlings development. Data on vegetative characterices collected were used to calculate leafiness parameters, Leaf Area Ratio, Leaf Area, Specific Leaf Weight and Leaf weight ratio. At emergence the large biotype produced highest values (93.33%) of germination, while the least was from the medium nuts that received 200ml of water (66.7%). However, the medium cashews nut seedling greatly exploits the 200ml of water application for morphological growth. This does not exclude the fact that the results obtained from the cashew leafiness that 300ml of water was readily available for the seedling use at one month of harvest, but at later stages 2nd and 3th months of harvest, the medium biotype exhibited longer tap root system. The dynamic of the Fresh Shoot (14.72g), and Root (5.94g) weight results were positively influenced by the 200ml watering rate in large cashew seedlings, suggesting a potential adaptation for efficient water use. The large biotypes seedling having 300ml of water (3.0) application had much root hairs when compared to the medium (2.67). The study reveals that water management plays a crucial role in the growth pattern distribution of cashew seedlings. However, further investigations on the adverse effects of differing watering rate, and different cashew nut biotype in Nigeria is subject to validation and the findings shared to cashew nursery operators
Alternate Bearing in Fruit Crops: Causes and Control Measures
No full textAlternate bearing (AB) is a phenomenon, common in fruit crops, is a concerned plant or branch or orchard does not bear a regular crop year-after-year rather heavy yields are followed by extremely light yield and vice versa. Based on the alternate bearing index, it is divided in four groups viz., no alternation, less alternate, high alternate, severe alternate. There are mainly two factors are responsible for alternate bearing i.e., exogenous and endogenous factors. Alternate bearing can be managed by cultural practices, selection of rootstocks, and selection of cultivars, chemical application and pruning at right time. Scrutiny of all of the factors are presented in this review to achieve consistent success in induction of flowering in perennial fruit crops. The information may pave way for better regulation of flowering shoots to enhanced fruit productivity in various fruit crops
Emergence and Morphological Response of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Treated Nuts as Influenced by Some Fungicides on Young Seedlings
No full textCashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) seedlings are attacked by fungi diseases such as damping off and seedling blight caused by fungi such as Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp. which can amount to about 60-65% loss in the nursery. Cashew nut seeds are majorly sown by farmers untreated. Fungicides have also been observed to delay seedling emergence and negatively influence morphological traits in some crops. This experiment aims at observing the effect of using fungicide seed dressings on cashew seedling emergence and morphology before transplanting. Medium cashew nut biotype and three commonly used fungicides were used. The 3 months experiment was set up in the nursery using a Completely Randomized Design CRD. The treatments are; Control + Medium (Ct); Apron Star + Medium (AS), Dress Force + Medium (DF) and Seed Care + Medium (SC). Topsoil filled perforated nursery polythene bags were used. No significant difference was identified in all morphological traits observed in the experiment among the treatments all through the duration of the experiment. From a maximum vigour scale of 5, Ct, AS and DF all had a seedling vigour of 4.7 while SC had 4.2. As a precautionary measure against fungi diseases, Apron Star, Dress Force and Seed Care have been observed not to have a negative effect on the emergence and growth of young cashew seedlings when nuts are treated with them before sowing
Effects of Date of Planting on Red Ant (Dorylus orientalis) Management and Tuber Yield of Potato
No full textAn experiment was conducted to identify the appropriate time of planting for red ant management and increase the tuber yield of potato at Agriculture Research Station (ARS), Jaubari, Ilam, Nepal (2900 masl) during 2020 and 2021 planting season. Seed potatoes were planted in 9 different plant dates that were December 1, December 15, January 1, January 15, February 1, February 15, March 1, March 15 and April 1. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The variety used for experiment was Janakdev. The plot size for the experiment for each treatment was 4.5m2 with spacing of 75 cm x 25 cm. Data were collected on vegetative characteristics, tuber yield parameters, red ant damage scoring (1-5 scale), red ant incidence (%) in tuber and red ant infested yield (t/ha). Potatoes planted at first January produced highest tuber yield and minimum red ants infestation. Early planting delayed emergence but had maximum ground coverage. In both the years tuber was highest (19.86 t/ha and 25.48 t/ha respectively in 2020 and 2021) with seed tuber planted on January 1. Tuber yield was less both in early and late planted potatoes. Along with higher tuber yield potatoes planted on January 1 had the lowest red ant damaged score, red ant incidence (%) and less red ant infested potato tuber yield (t/ha) in both the years. It is recommended that for maximum tuber yield and minimum red ants infestation seed potatoes should be planted during first week of January in Jaubari area and similar conditions in the hills of Nepal
Assessing the Beneficial Effect of Spent Coffee Ground Compost under Mustard Plants (Brassica juncea L)
No full textAims: Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) compost is a compost made with raw materials SCG, cow dung, and chicken manure, with the addition of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. starters. The nutrients contained in the SCG compost are very good when implemented in horticultural crops. Therefore, it is necessary to study the benefits of SCG compost in plants. One of the horticultural crops that is widely cultivated by farmers is mustard greens.
Study Design: the design of the study here is descriptive. Data will show in table and graphic.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Agricultural Product Technology University of Jember, between January 2023 and June 2023.
Methodology: The concentration of the compost added to each pot was 1, 2, 3% of the total soil. The amount of soil used in each polybag is 50 gr. The implementation of the compost SCG is carried out during the vegetative phase of the plant (21 days). The mustard seed and soil used are commercial. The type of soil used is pure soil and less on nutrition or without a mixture of fertilizers. The samples were oven dried at 65 °C for 48 h to constant weight and ground for nutrient analysis. In all analyses, three repetitions were performed for each sample.
Results: Plants with the addition of SCG compost (C2) as much as 3% have the best results when compared to the addition of commercial compost (C1) and compost control (C0) in terms of plant physical and nutrients contained therein. Likewise with the biomass produced. The results of the in vitro germination index analysis also proved that the fungi starter implemented in the Mustard plant had the best GI value, namely 200.4%.
Conclusion: Adding compost have positive effect for plant growth especially for length of stem and width of leaves
Use of Biological and Chemical Compounds for the Integrated Management of Apricot Powdery Mildew in Egypt
No full textThis study aims to evaluate an integrated management program for powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa in apricot trees Prunus armeniaca, where four fungicides Copper, Carbendazim, Praiz and Topas) and three biocides ( Bio Z , Bio Arc and Activator Yeasts ) were evaluated in the first season 2020 in Ismailia and Beheira governorates in the regions of South Tahrir and Nubariya. All compounds significantly reduced the percentage of disease severity on leaves and flowers compared to the control, and the activator yeasts was among the best treatments, as it recorded in the last spraying a percentage of disease severity on leaves and flower 28.5% and 27.6% respectively compared with control 52.7 %and 56.2%, followed by the biocides Bio Z and Bio Arc.In the second season 2021, the compounds were evaluated during the flowering period, which led to their precipitation and the occurrence of plant toxicity for flowers at their highest rates with copper. As for the biocides compounds, they were completely safe.From here, an integrated control program was designed for two seasons 2022 and 2023 that combines fungicides and biocides. It is applied early before flowering. It gave excellent results, reduced the rate of fungicide use, and was safer and cost-saving