Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research
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Evaluating Genetic Variability and Biometric Indicators in Bread Wheat Varieties: Implications for Modern Selection Methods
No full textMajor grain-producing countries such as Canada, the United States of America, Mexico, Brazil, Australia, China, India, Turkey, and Russia, in the direction of selection for the creation of new varieties of wheat resistant to abiotic factors, are paying great attention to creating new wheat varieties by developing new genotypes by identifying donors with high-quality and positive indicators of valuable economic traits and introducing them into modern selection methods. Progress has been made in this direction worldwide. Today, many varieties of wheat with valuable economic traits and high grain quality have been created and introduced to large areas. In this study, 23 genotypes were selected from 45 genotypes of bread wheat varieties and lines. The nursery’s growth period lasted between 233-238 days, and the lines appeared more mature than the local check varieties. Compared to the local check varieties, among the plant’s biometric indicators, 15 lines showed positive results in terms of plant height, 10 lines in peduncle length, 5 lines in spike length, 1 line in spike number, and 1 line in resistance to lodging. The statistical analysis of grain yield and grain quality using the Dospekhov method showed that the experimental error rates for various indices as follows: 0.888% for yield, 3.018% for weight of 1000 grains, 0.627% for Test weight, 2.028% for protein content, 1.519% for gluten content, 2.001% for IDK, and 4.01% for grain glassiness. It was noted that the experiment was conducted correctly in terms of repetitions and showed a positive result. 10 genotypes with yield of genotypes 72.6-96.7 c/ha, weight of 1000 grains 37.9-43.2 g, test weight 803-835 g/l, protein content 16.2-19.3%, gluten content 28.5-30.4% were selected. Accordingly, it was observed that the amount of iron was 1.0-1.8 mg. It was observed that the sample was 1.3 mg in the Gozgon variety and 1.4 mg in the Antonina variety. KR20-27-FAWIR-67, KR20-BWF5IR-2625, KR20-27-FAWIR-138 lines 1.6 mg relative to the local check variety. Lines KR20-BWF5IR-2460, KR20-27-FAWIR-39, KR20-BWF5IR-246 1.7 mg. It was observed that the KR20-27-FAWIR-154 line showed a high result of 1.8 mg
The Survival Rate and Growth of Grafted-Seedling of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Using 3 Rootstocks Ages and 3 Levels of Scion Buds
No full textThis experiment was performed to determine the survival rate of grafted-seedling growth of durians using various ages of rootstocks and different numbers of scion buds. The study was arranged in a two-factorial randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was rootstock age (4, 6, and 8 weeks) and the second factor was the number of buds on the scion (1, 2, and 3 buds). The percentage of the successful grafting and several growth parameters, i.e., time of bud break, length and diameter of new shoots were evaluated for three months. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and continued with the post-hoc Tukey’s test. The results showed that age of rootstock did not affect percentage of successful grafting, time of budburst, shoot length and shoot diameter. Likewise, the number of shoots did not affect the percentage of successful grafting, shoot length, and shoot diameter, but had a significant effect on bud bursting time (P<0.05). Scion that had three buds resulted in the fastest time of bud break (28.45 days). The highest percentage of successful graft union was in the 4-week-old rootstock and scion with 2 and 3 buds (100%), the maximal successful also obtained in the 6-week-old rootstocks with 3 buds. The four-week-old rootstocks also gave the best result in the new shoot length and diameter. Nevertheless, there was no interaction between rootstock age and the number of buds on scion in survival rate of grafted seedlings of durian
Nematicidal Activity of Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. Leaf Extract Against Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne javanica (Treub.) Chitwood on Eggplant (Solanum spp.) in Jalingo, Nigeria
No full textSolutions to problems of pests ravaging man’s crops abound in nature and are known to be quite soft on the environment. Extracts of leaves of Newbouldia laevis were assayed for activity against the rootknot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. The treatments which included the crude extract, 5 ml and 10 ml dilutions and Control as distilled water were used both in the laboratory and field experiments. Twelve petridishes containing 1000 nematode eggs and another 12 petridishes containing 1000 juveniles were each treated with the extracts and arranged in complete randomized design. Results showed the crude extract was the most effective in reducing the hatching of M. javanica eggs (90.33%) and caused greater mortality of juveniles (93.10%) than all other treatments. In the field experiment, twelve 2 m x 2 m-sized prepared plots were transplanted with nine three week old seedlings of ‘Eggplant cv Yar Bello’ into holes drenched with 10 ml of appropriate treatment. Ten ml of these treatments were drenched into soil around the plants weekly for eight weeks. Result showed that the crude extract performed better than other treatments in all parameters some of which included plant height (112.77 cm in 2017; 113.33 cm in 2018), number of leaves (120.00 in 2017; 120.77 in 2018), number of fruits (35.44 in 2017; 35.88 in 2018), fruit weight (73.81g in 2017; 74.44 g in 2018), yield (58.70 tons/ha in 2017;59.94 tons/ha in 2018), final nematode population (159.66 in 2017; 149.26 in 2018) and reproduction factor (0.42 in 2017; 0.39 in 2018). In conclusion, extract of N. laevis particularly the crude extract shows potential for managing M. javanica and allowing for profitable cultivation of ‘Eggplant cv Yar Bello’
The Chemistry and Toxicity of Chromium Pollution: An Overview
No full textAs a heavy metal, chromium (Cr) has significant importance in the current industrial scenario, however, it poses an environmental threat as well. Generally, there are two stable forms of Cr available in environmental matrices, the relatively less toxic trivalent Cr(III) and the highly toxic hexavalent Cr(VI). Industrial sites release hazardous Cr(VI) with effluents during the post-production stage, causing water and soil pollution worldwide. Cr(VI) is one of the priority pollutants as per USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) classification and it is one of the well-known carcinogens. In most cases, it is released from anthropogenic activities like mining, steel making, welding, tanning, textile dyeing, wood polishing, etc. Whenever Cr(VI) contamination exceeds the threshold limits, it has a deleterious impact on public health and the vegetation of the site contaminated. In the present investigation, the major focus is on the anthropogenic sources of Cr(VI) release into water bodies and soil, its adverse effects, as well as remediation of these emerging environmental problems. The present review focuses on the removal of Cr from environmental media by conventional biological methods. Many advanced technologies have been developed and applied recently to remove Cr from contaminated soils and water, including membrane technology, electrocoagulation, ion exchange, and electrodialysis. In addition, alternative techniques like phytoremediation processes were established which offer an environmentally sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach to removing Cr. With an emphasis on the cleanup of soils and water systems contaminated by Cr, this review summarizes the bioavailability of Cr, the uptake pathways, the accumulation process, and the current status of phytoremediation research. A recent finding about Cr localization in hyperaccumulator plant species is also described in this paper. This review describes the process of plant metabolism changes in response to Cr stress and the mechanisms that allow plants to remove Cr through the phytoremediation process
Karyology Study of Six Cytotypes of Vicia L. in Tehran Province, Iran
No full textThe genus Vicia L. is an important forage crop and consists of approximately 160 annual and perennial species. This genus has variety in phenotypic characters. In this study, six genotypes of this taxon was choosen to determine the chromosome numbers, ploidy levels and to compare the karyotypic trairts. Based on the results, the basic chromosome number varied from x=5, x=6 and x=7. According to Stebbins classification, species were classified as symmetric class of 3A. Based on intra chromosomal symmetry, V. villosa Roth. had the most asymmetrical and evolutionary karyotype. V. cordata (Wulf. ex Hoppe) Arcangeli, Comp. had the most symmetrical karyotype. The highest distance was observed between these two species using cluster analysis
Evaluation of the Effect of Variable Fertilization Formulas on the Severity of Viral Diseases of Five Tomato Cultivars in Southern Togo Using a Linear Model
No full textOne of the solution approaches to tomato viral diseases is undoubtedly the cultivation of tolerant cultivars. However, the environment in which these tomatoes are grown must allow them to favorably express their resistance to viruses. The soil nutrients brought or not are part of this environment. The objective of this study is to find ways and means from fertilization to create favorable conditions for the resistance of tomato cultivars to viruses. To do this, two experiments were conducted at the agronomic experiment station of the University of Lomé during the long rainy seasons of 2019 and 2020 under five tomato cultivars (Caraïbo, Mongal-F1, Petomech, Tropimech and Adakamenou) under the conditions of five fertilization formulas, T0 (0 fertilizer), T1 (200 kg NPK 15 15 15 and 100 kg urea 46% ha-1), T2 (10 t cattle manure ha-1), T3 [ (T1+T2)/2] and T4 (300 kg NPK 15 15 15, 67 kg urea 46% ha-1 and 5 t ha-1 of cattle manure). The split-plot design was used where the fertilizers were in main plots and the cultivars in sub-plots. The linear regression of virus severities observed during the experiment according to a rating scale from 1 to 5 made it possible to describe the behavior of the cultivars. The regression's lines slopes varied from 10.55% to 43.72% under the unfertilized plants; from 2.92% to 12.4% under fertilized Caraïbo plants; from 6.70% to 9.80% under fertilized Mongal-F1 plants; from 26.77% to 49.46% under fertilized Petomech plants; from 48.77% to 63.55% under fertilized Tropimech plants and from 5.22% to 16.76% under fertilized Adakamenou plants. It follows that the behavior of a tomato cultivar with respect to viruses differs according to the fertilization formula that has been given to it and that taking fertilization into account would be essential in the management plans for tomato viruses
Effects of Plant Growth Regulators Including Micro-nutrients on Fruit Set and Yield of Mandarin in Dhankuta District of Nepal
No full textThe study evaluated foliar applications of three plant growth regulators, viz. GA3 @ 20ppm; 2,4-D @ 15ppm; and NAA @ 50ppm; alone and their combinations including three plant micro-nutrients, viz. B @ 0.4% + Zn @ 0.2% + Ca @ 1% in order to determine the best foliar spray of growth hormones and plant nutrients for the increased fruit set and yield of mandarin. The foliar sprays were applied five times, started from full-bloom until late September (pre-harvest stage). The experiments were conducted in Dhankuta, Nepal during 2019 and 2020. The highest bloom fruit set of 6.1% was recorded at the foliar application of GA3 20ppm + NAA @ 50ppm, compared to the control treatment of 4.6%. Likewise, there were significant effects of plant growth regulations and micro-nutrients applications on the fruit drops across the fruit growing periods. The foliar application of GA3 + 2,4-D + micronutrients resulted in the lowest fruit drop during the months of June (63.9%), July (65.9%), and September (20.8%), as opposed to the control treatment's fruit drops of 77.6, 80.4, and 41.5%. In addition, the fruit drops occurred at the foliar sprays of GA3 + 2,4-D were statistically at par with the GA3 + 2,4-D + micro-nutrients. Also, the GA3 + 2,4-D + micronutrient spray treatment had the largest number of fruits (995 nos.) and total fruit weight (64.2 kg) per tree, which were considerably higher than the control by 201.5 and 175.5%, respectively. To sum up, a combined foliar application of gibberellic acid, 2,4-D and micro-nutrients is recommended for improving the fruit set, retention and yield of mandarin
Evaluation of Potato Genotypes under High Hill Conditions of Nepal
No full textCoordinated Varietal Trial (CVT) on different genotypes of potato received from National Potato Research Program (NPRP), Khumaltar, Lalitpur was carried out at Horticultural Research Station, Rajikot, Jumla at an altitude of 2396 m above mean sea level during two consecutive years 2019 and 2020 to evaluate potato genotypes suitable for the high hills of Karnali province of Nepal. Nine different potato genotypes with two checks i.e. Desiree and Jumli Local were tested on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Each treatment was replicated four times. Compost was used at the rate of 20 tons per hectare. There was no use of chemical fertilizer. Well sprouted tubers of 25-50 g were planted with 60cm x 25cm spacing. The effects of different genotypes were recorded for both vegetative as well as yield parameters. Tested genotypes differed significantly for vegetative (emergence percentage at 30 days after planting & 45 days after planting, uniformity, ground coverage, plant height, number of main stems) as well as yield parameters (total number of tubers and tuber yield per ha). The highest tuber yield (20.9 t/ha) was harvested from CIP 392797.22. Result of consecutive years showed that potato genotype CIP 392797.22 is suitable for cultivation in high hills of Karnali province for food as well as nutritional security
Effect of Mulch Materials and Foliar Application of Micronutrients on the Growth and Yield of Sweet Pepper under Net House
No full textThe study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different mulch materials and foliar application of micronutrients on growth and yield of sweet pepper under net house. The experiment consisted of two factors. Factor A: Three mulch materials viz., M0-No mulch (control), M2-Black polyethylene mulch and M2-Rice straw mulch and Factor B: Three foliar application of micronutrients viz., N0-control (No micronutrients), N1-Zn @0.6% as ZnSO4 and N2-B @0.6% as H3BO3. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were recorded on growth, yield components, yield and quality of sweet pepper and significant variation was observed for most of the studied characters. Analysis revealed that the M2N2 treatment combination appeared to be best for achieving the higher growth, fruit yield and economic benefit of sweet pepper
Cadmium Priming Alleviates Salinity Induced Oxidative Stress in Pigeon Pea
No full textPlants are regularly exposed to an adverse environment due to their sessile nature which has negative impacts on plant development and productivity. In this study, the effect of seeds priming with 50 µM CdCl2 in ameliorating the salinity (200 mM NaCl) induced oxidative stress in pigeon pea was assessed. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was reduced in Cd+SS (50 µM CdCl2 primed followed by 200 mM NaCl treatment) tissues as compared to salt stressed (SS) tissues. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and guaicol peroxidase (GPX) were increased in Cd+SS tissues as compared to SS tissues. Moreover, the concentrations of ascorbic acid (ASC) and proline were also increased in Cd+SS tissues as compared to SS tissues. Thus, a low dose Cd priming provided tolerance to pigeon pea seedlings by activating the antioxidant machinery