Asian Journal of Research in Biosciences
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Geographical Distribution of Tan Spot Severity on Durum Wheat
Get PDFTan spot is a severe foliar disease of wheat worldwide caused by the necrotrophic pathogen P. tritici-repentis. Recently, in Tunisia tan spot has been observed in many wheat fields in various cereals regions. In fact, disease detection and assessment of symptoms importance was carried out in several locations of Tunisia. The surveys showed the presence of two symptoms type where the most frequent lesion type is necrosis with chlorosis, which is the most distributed. The prevalence of disease varied between regions and bio-climatic stages where 63.87% was recorded in sub-humid and 30% in middle semi-arid. Disease severity and incidence were high in sub-humid region (Beja and Jendouba), but low in semi-arid medium (Zaghouan and Ben Arous).The recorded severity varied between inspected wheat varieties, but rating score did not exceed 3. Therefore, Khiar and Monastir were the most resistant, but Carioca was the susceptible variety. This different reaction of tested varieties is due to their genetic difference. Thirty stains of P. tritici-repentis species were isolated and morphological characterized
Economic Study of Growing Some Succulent Plants in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt
Get PDFThis study examines the main economic aspects of prickly pear production in Egypt. In particular, following a brief introduction which production for prickly pear production, the study presents analyze the economic feasibility of manufacturing different Prickly pear products and measure the value-added generated by manufacturing products through assessment the project (Maximizing the use of succulent plants for the development of communities in Matrouh governorate).
Overall, the recent expansion in production, in the face of a slight reduction in profitability, confirms the strength of this product in the market. This is despite the poor structure of marketing and trading institutions, and the lack of serious promotion efforts. In this context, there appears to be a significant role for public intervention
Pre-Field Screening of Potential Barley and Durum Wheat Mutants for Drought Tolerance
Get PDFDrought is the most important stress reducing drastically crop production in Tunisia. Therefore, it is imperative to develop drought tolerant barley and durum wheat variety. This study aims to screen for water stress tolerance among generated variability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum). Two commercial genotypes of barley "Rihane" and durum wheat "Maali" were exposed to three levels of γ-irradiation; 100 Gy, 150 Gy and 250 Gy. Selection was set up on M2 using early vigor (Z14) and stay green phenotype (Z59) parameters which allowed to identify 70 and 167 potential mutants of barley and durum wheat, respectively. All selected mutants were assessed for morphological, physiological and yield variability compared to control. Selected barley mutants showed higher yield components than the average non-irradiated controls. Durum wheat M2 selected mutants showed higher agro-morphological parameters under all gamma irradiations. Higher number and fertile tillers were observed under low irradiation levels of 100 and 150 Gy, respectively. Photosynthesis activity evaluated by Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 was improved under 100 Gy. Besides, yield components were also improved mostly under 250 Gy. Furthermore, results showed that δ15N (‰) and δ13C (‰) measured on M3 kernels were not able to discriminate tolerant mutant. All measured parameters will be used in further generations to ass the variability and the efficiency of mutation breeding process on barley and durum wheat
Ecological Investigation on Acacia senegal, Sudan
Get PDFFarmers in Northern Kordofan State rely on the Acacia senegal tree, which yields gum Arabic, for a significant portion of their income. As a result, the study attempted to identify and characterise a globally important pest insect group: longhorned beetles, as well as other elements that affect tree health. This research was conducted in three study sites, and was held during the 2007-2008 season. The data was analyzed using logistic regression. Tree age was verified as a predictor variable by 91.1%; this study findings recommended for tree management and sustainability
A Review on Alternate-leaved Butterfly-bush: Buddleja alternifolia
Get PDFThe current review sheds light on plants of the genus Buddleja, specifically Buddleja alternifolia, due to it not mentioned much and its medicinal qualities and uses thanks to its chemical components. Our review comprises these aspects include specie belonging to the genus Buddleja and the important chemical compounds such as steroids, Sesquiterpenes, iridoids, lignans, flavonoids and others. In addition, listing and reviewing the studies that have been done on a group of these plants on biological competencies, including many of the potent biologically active natural products isolated from Genus Buddleja, which is known for having many important pharmacologically active substances.Traditionally, species of the genus are reported to be used for healing, treatment of liver diseases, bronchial complaints, preventing several other diseases by exhibiting diuretic properties, sedative functions, analgesic potential, antirheumatic actions, antimicrobial activities, anti hyperglycemic functions and antioxidant properties. A very small number of common species of the Genus Buddleja have been investigated for their biological potential. So for, purposes of the review is shedding light on the plants of the genus Buddleja and Buddleja alternifolia being promising plants and conducting further examination, study and investigation of their chemical components and biological efficiency
Impact of Bush Fire and Grazing on the Diversity of Herbaceous Plants in the Savannah’s Zones of the Ndikinimeki District Central Cameroon
Get PDFThe savannah’s zones of the Ndikinimeki District, Central Region of Cameroon are subject to very strong anthropic pressures due to slash-and-burn agriculture, bush fires, grazing, population growth, and firewood collection. In Cameroon, few studies have assessed the impact of bush fire and grazing on the herbaceous stratum. The inventory and carbon stock of herbaceous plants were carried out in 126 sub-plots of 1 m x 1 m (1m2) i.e three (03) repetitions along the diagonal of the 20 m x 50 m plots. However, these degrading factors were identified by field observations of bush fire signs and the presence of cattle faeces. During this work, three facies were identified by field observations (burning savannah, grazing savannah and undegraded savannah) and 3075 individuals plants species divided into 28 families, 77 genera and 88 species were recorded. The results obtained showed that the variation in physiognomy and floristic diversity is a function of the degrading factor (bush fire and grazing). However, grazing increases species richness, reduces species cover and biomass. On the other hand, bush fire reduces species cover and carbon stock. This study was carried out partly during drought period (august) and cannot, therefore, be generalized to bush fire. At the end, this study demonstrated that vegetation fragmentation is due to anthropogenic factors such as bush fire and grazing
Optimization of Biogas Production from Cow Dung using Response Surface Methodology
Get PDFBiogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of organic wastes. Hydrolysis, the first step of anaerobic digestion, is rate limiting due to the presence of complex polymers in biomass which results in long retention period and low efficiency. Pretreatment is a process in which the organic waste is made ready for microbial attack before entering the anaerobic digester in order to encourage faster digestion and improvement of yield. This research was conducted on the ultrasonic pretreatment of cow dung for production of biogas, where Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to achieve the optimum sonication time, slurry ratio and retention time. 10 experimental runs were developed according to Central Composite Design with different set up conditions to observe the Responses, i.e., volumes of biogas produced across 21 days. 30 runs were further generated from the responses in order to optimize the retention time (days) for biogas production. This was achieved with the aid of a software package (Design Expert 12.0.1.0). Quadratic models were developed for the responses and a 3D response surface plot was obtained to analyze the effect of the variables and their interactions to determine their optimum levels. The numerical optimization results gave a sonication time of 25 minutes, slurry ratio of 1.85 and retention time of 18 days. Under these conditions, the predicted maximum volume of biogas production was 18.97 ml. The validation of this prediction was tested, and the volume of biogas produced under same conditions was 17.772 ml, which confirmed the adequacy of the predicted model as only a 6.75% error was recorded. Hence, the optimum sonication time, slurry ratio and retention time were achieved for maximum biogas production from cow dung
Cucumber Leaves Diseases Detection through Computational Approaches: A Review
Get PDFAgriculture is the largest economic sector since it generates both food and raw materials for industry. Plants are a primary source of food, energy, vitamins, and minerals. Cucumber is a widely produced food crop worldwide. Cucumber plants grow naturally in both temperate and tropical environments. Many diseases and pests can harm cucumbers at any stage of development, reducing their growth and causing major economic losses in agriculture. Anthracnose, target leaf spot, sticky stem blight and angular leaf spot are bacterial diseases that can cause serious damage to plant leaves. Thus, early detection and treatment of cucumber diseases are critical for yield enhancement. The diagnosis of cucumber leaf diseases by naked eyes results in improper pesticide measurement. To maximize productivity, early detection of cucumber illnesses is required. This leads to inaccuracy in pesticide dosage control. It is necessary to automate disease detection and diagnosis in order to raise cucumber production and quality. These algorithms extract features from cucumber plant photos and identify diseases early on. An overview of image processing and machine learning techniques used to detect disease in cucumber leaves. This paper also discusses the future potential for computer algorithms for evaluating cucumber leaf images
Pre and Post-logging Carbon Stocks: Case of the Forest Management Unit (Fmu) 08 003
Get PDFForest concessions granted to Cameroon are of growing interest for ecological, economic and social management. Despite the efforts made on forest carbon stocks estimates, little information and field data exist on post-logging effects on the carbon footprint. The present study carried out in an annual cutting plate 6-4 (1 167 ha) of the Forest Management Unit 08 003 aim to estimate carbon stocks before and after logging and to establish the carbon footprint. For the estimation of pre-logging biomass, the non-destructive method was used and trees inventory of diameter ≥ 10 cm was carried out in 21 plots of 250 × 20 m. Field measurements (width and length of logging roads, logging gaps and log yards) were made to calculate all the areas and carbon stocks affected by logging operations. Pre-logging carbon stocks were estimated at 202.06 tC/ha. The results from measurements of the different types of forest infrastructure show that logging under a simple management plan contributes to 12.11 % of the degradation of the cutting area (141.3 ha), which corresponds to 12.16 % of forest carbon (28 570. 86 tC). The skid trails represent the principal source of forest degradation (63.58 ha), which corresponds to 12,428.32 tons of carbon impacted. An increase in 71.78 % of carbon stocks in dead organic matter was observed. These results show that the use of sustainable management models and improved logging techniques would significantly reduce the area destroyed and also the carbon stocks
Isolation and Identification of Fungi from the Seeds of Acacia Species through Applying Blotter Test Method
Get PDFOne of the most important recently issue facing Acacia species (Acacia senegal Acacia nilotica and Acacia mellifera) is the threat of continuity of natural generation due to seed contamination with fungi, therefore this study aimed to isolate and identify such fungi. Seed of these species were gathered from different States in Sudan. The growing-on tests were checked in the green house. Further, some methods were conducted in the laboratory to identify the seed-borne fungi using the dry inspection and the blotter test (both surface sterilized and non-sterilized seeds). Nine seed-borne fungi species were isolated and identified. Dry inspection of all acacias spp. showed few discolored seeds. The growing-on tests revealed no virus or disease like symptoms. Generally the germination percentage of treated seeds of Acacia spp. (Hashab, sunut and kitir) is higher than that of untreated ones. The most important fungi species recorded from the untreated Hashab seeds were Aspergillus niger. Other fungi recorded included A. flavus, A, nidulans, Rhizopus sp. and Pecicillium sp. In case of untreated Sunt seeds, it is clear that A. niger is the most contaminant, other contaminant fungi detected included A. flavus and A, nidulans. A. niger and A. flavus are the most dominant species recorded in case of untreated Kitir. Treated Hashab seeds showed that A. niger and A. flavus. and none of Alternaria alternata. Other fungi detected include A. nidulans, Rhizopus sp., Curvularia lunata, Stumphilium sp. and Cladosporium sp. A. niger is the most dominant fungi species recorded from treated Sunt seeds. Other fungi species detected included A. flavus, A. nidulans and Rhizopus sp. the most common fungi species detected from the treated Kitir seeds is A. niger. Other fungi detected included A. flavus, A. nidulans, Rhizopus sp., Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp. and Stumphilium sp. It can be concluded that fungi are the main danger that hinders Acacia spp. seed germination process and there is a strong association between the seed contamination and the percentage of germination failure.
Blotter test is an efficient and reliable method to detect the seed-borne fungi in the laboratory