Asian Journal of Research in Biosciences
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Biochemical Features of COVID-19 Patients in Hodeidah, Yemen
Get PDFBackground: The biochemical parameters are very important for progressive of infection and predicator for severity.
Objectives: Therefore, the study aims to describe the biochemical features of COVID-19 infection.
Methodology: The study was designed in a case series. The study included 49 patients that were confirmed by the RT-PCR test with COVID-19. The study groups were severe and critical cases that admitted and treated in isolation center (inpatient). The biochemical assays included blood glucose, liver function test, renal function test and cardiac function test.
Results: The results showed relationship between the hyperglycemia and severity illness where the diabetics mellitus was reported in 17/49 cases (34.69 %) as controlled patients and 15/49 (30.61 %) as uncontrolled. The average of blood glucose was 370±200 mg/dl and the HbA1C was 9 ± 2 %. On the other hand, renal failure was reported in 2/49 cases (4.08 %) with serum creatinine. In addition, non – significant increase in liver enzymes namely aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) while significant decreasing in albumin 2 ± 0.5 g/dl. The troponin positive was reported in 6/49 patients (12.24 %). In addition, significant increasing in C- reactive protein (CRP) 70 ± 28 mg/L.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the increase in biochemical markers namely blood glucose, HbA1C that were risk factors for exposure to COVID-19 infection and increase in CRP and decrease in serum albumin that were good predicator for progressive and severity illness in COVID-19 infection
The Nutritional Value of African Nutmeg (Monodora myristica) Seed Meal
Get PDFThe African nutmeg or calabash nutmeg (Monodora myristica) is a terrestrial and perennial flowering plant of the custard apple family and is native to West, Central and East Africa. Its fruit is edible and the seeds are used to flavor foods, aid digestion and for medicinal purposes. This study evaluated the nutritional values or chemical composition of African nutmeg seed meal in terms of its proximate and selected vitamins, minerals, amino acids and phytochemical content. It was observed that M. myristica seeds contained moisture, 8.4%; ash, 2.2%; crude fat, 27.67%; crude fiber, 21.9%; crude protein, 9.4% and 30.7 % nitrogen-free extract or soluble carbohydrate. It also contained ascorbic acid, 1.6mg/100g; thiamin, 0.13mg/100g; riboflavin, 0.19mg/100g; niacin, 1.12mg/100g; Calcium (Ca), 178.3mg/100g; Magnesium (Mg), 60mg/100g; Sodium (Na), 221.7mg/100g; Potassium (K), 73.3mg/100g; and iron (Fe), 11.27mg/100g. Nutmeg seed contained B-carotene, 425 mg/100g. alkaloids, 755 mg/100g; phenols, 58.6GAE/g; flavonoids, 660 mg/100g; tannins, 830 mg/100g, terpernoids, 1360 mg/100g; cardiac glycosides, 7 mg/100g; steroids, 122 mg/100g; and antioxidants ORAC 69.57 % of inhibition. Monodora myristica seed meal is a good source of fibre, vitamins, minerals and useful phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial properties and can be added to human and livestock feeds
Comparative Study for Bioethanol Production from Waste Paper Using E. coli and S. cerevisiae Specie
Get PDFBiomass energy is a sustainable energy source derived from plant and animal material. Bio-ethanol, bio-methanol, and biodiesel are examples of biomass fuels. One of the most significant alternative energy sources that replaces fossil fuels is bio-ethanol. The goal of this study is to create bio-ethanol from waste workplace paper. It was then subjected to weak acid hydrolysis. For each row materials such as sugarcane, A4 paper, fruit peel and hard paper after those diluted acid hydrolysis process this analysis of study validate that (99.8,99.1and 96.3) mg/g glucose content extracted from sugarcane, A4 paper, fruit peel and hard paper respectively with 1:85 (g/ml) of solid-liquid ratio. those extracted glucose content were also subjected to two different fermentation process by using E. coli and S. centeriease microbial strain followed by distillation for further processing the result analyzed by design expert software file version 13.0.5.0, study type response surface, design type Box-Bohnken and design model quadratics by three factors and levels with one response factors(alcohol content in %) then 17 runs were conducted for each microbial strain of experiments then the analysis attested or significant quantity of bio-ethanol was detected that 80.9% alcohol content obtained from 120 hr, 36°c, 5 and 36 hr, 36°c, 5 time temperature and PH value respectively by using E. coli and with other scenario by using S. centriease 97% of alcohol content obtained by 36hr, 47°c and 6.5 time temperature and PH value respectively. Therefore obesely bioethanol is cost benefit energy source so any body should be apply in the field and home level users too
Review on Heavy Metals in Freshwater Fish: Source, Distribution Pattern, Accumulation Levels and Human Health Risk Assessment in Major Rivers in Nigeria
Get PDFNigeria's waste management and supervision are very inadequate and of low quality. Usually, human activities pollute rivers by releasing contaminant into them. This study reviewed the various sources, distribution patterns, levels of accumulation, and health risks associated with heavy metals in Nigerian freshwater as compared to marine water (lagoons), as well as the mean concentration of heavy metals in various parts of fish body and any potential negative health effects from consuming fish that are high in heavy metals. It is possible to declare that each session could affect the discharge of heavy metals above the allowable limit, including those related to food processing, industrial waste, pharmaceuticals, and dredging, as well as oil and gas, fertilizer production, batteries, tyres, and pesticides (i.e. Federal Environmental Protection Agency). The aquatic environment could be exposed to these heavy metals by runoff brought on by precipitation. As a result, concentrations of these contaminants have risen in fish tissues and organs over the peak values advised by a number of organizations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization, and United States Environmental Protection Agency. It is impossible to overstate the harmful effects of heavy metal bioaccumulation in aquatic creatures, thus checkmate should be required. In order to compare the accumulation of heavy metals in fish from both marine and freshwater biomes, this review's conclusion revealed that freshwater fish bioaccumulate heavy metals more than marine fish do, the distribution pattern of heavy metals for both the marine and fresh water fishes was not consistent which suggests that rivers should be properly monitored and waste should be recycled
Exploration of Actinobacteria for Multifaceted Applications: Lessons to Learn from the Genome, Proteome and Metabolome of Pristine Microbial Majority
Get PDFActinobacteria are a diverse group of bacteria known for their prolific production of bioactive secondary metabolites. These metabolites have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their wide-ranging potential for biomedical applications. This review aims to provide an overview of actinobacterial metabolites and their significance in various aspects of biomedical research and applications. Actinobacterial metabolites are known for their diverse chemical structures and biological activities. They encompass a wide array of compounds, including antibiotics, anticancer agents, immunomodulators, and enzyme inhibitors. These metabolites have been instrumental in the development of numerous pharmaceuticals that have transformed the field of medicine. In the context of antibacterial research, actinobacterial metabolites have played a pivotal role in combating multidrug-resistant pathogens. Their potent antimicrobial properties have led to the discovery of antibiotics such as streptomycin, vancomycin, and rifamycin, which have been crucial in treating bacterial infections. This review highlights the diverse biomedical applications of actinobacterial metabolites, emphasizing their role in combating infectious diseases, cancer, drug discovery, and immunotherapy. The exploration of actinobacterial biodiversity and their metabolite diversity holds great promise for addressing current and emerging biomedical challenges. Furthermore, advancements in genomics, synthetic biology, and bioprocessing techniques are expected to enhance the production and utilization of actinobacterial metabolites for future biomedical innovations. Moreover, actinobacterial metabolites have shown potential in immunomodulation, opening avenues for the development of immunotherapies and vaccines. Compounds like teicoplanin and tacrolimus have been employed to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation
Impact of Bat Guano Fertilizer on Soil Bacteria Community Structure and Antibiogram of Associated Bacteria: An Alert to Food Insecurity
Get PDFAim: To evaluate the impact of Bat guano fertilization on soil microbial community structure and antibiotic resistance pattern of recovered isolates.
Study Design: Soil experiment with various Bat guano fertilized farmland soils.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Renaissance University, Enugu State, Nigeria, between May, 2021 and July, 2021.
Methodology: Physicochemical and microbiological analyses of test soil samples were done following standard methods. Bacterial isolates were identified via an analytical profile index (API 20E) test kit, antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacterial species was ascertained using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.
Results: The highest total culturable heterotrophic bacteria count recorded was from bat guano-fertilized soil (8.0 × 105 CFU/g) relative to control (1.09 × 105 CFU/g). Cultured isolates from bat guano-fertilized soils belonged to the genera Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Pleisiomonas, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas, relative to the control which had Aeromonas and Staphylococcus. Enterobacter spp. and Staphylococcus spp. had the highest frequency of occurrence (18.4%) across the bat guano-fertilized soils. Bat guano also impacted the microbial structure of the soil, introducing potential enteric pathogens, pathogenic bacteria implicated in human and animal diseases and multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that four of the bacterial isolates (Hafnia alvei, Salmonella typhimurium, Pleisomonas sp., and Klebsiella spp.) expressed multi-antibiotic resistance to Gentamycin, Cefuroxime, Chloramphenicol, Augmentin, Streptomycin, Septrin, Ofloxacin, Amoxicillin and Ampiclox. Multi-antibiotic resistance indexes of these bacteria were greater than the 0.2 threshold, suggesting the species originated from a potentially dangerous source (i.e. bat guano) and were likely introduced into the soils via faecal contamination (i.e. guano fertilization of soils).
Conclusion: The use of bat guano as organic fertilizer in agricultural lands pose health risks to farmers and consumers of foods (especially those eaten raw or slightly cooked) cultivated with them.This thus, alerts scientific community on the insecurity of food and human health posed by the use of bat guano fertilizer
Global Clinical Case Studies in Candida species: A Review
Get PDFCandida species are a group of fungi that can cause infections in humans. These fungi are commonly found in nature and on human skin, but can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals. Candida can affect various areas such as the mouth, throat, vagina, and blood, leading to different clinical manifestations. Candida species include C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis, and many more. In the recent decade, several studies bring into light the Identification of Candida-specific drug targets which enables targeted therapies with minimal impact on the host, Effective drug targets can disrupt essential fungal processes, leading to efficient elimination of the infection, Specific protein targets in Candida to reduce the chances of off-target effects often associated with broad-spectrum antifungal agents. Common targets in Candida include fungal cell wall, ergosterol biosynthesis to disrupt fungal membrane integrity and protein synthesis pathways. Current challenges in antifungal therapy include resistance to antifungal drug candidates, host immune reactions and drug- induced toxic effects. Mechanism for antifungal drug resistance comprises drug efflux pump, target modification and drug catabolism, biofilm formation. To overcome these challenges, drug discovery approaches concentrate on quorum sensing and quorum quenching based anti-virulence and host-fungal interaction kinetics to improve treatment strategies. Future goals of anticandidal therapy would nano-based pharmacophores, immunotherapies, natural product-based antifungals and personalized medicine to minimize host reactions against drugs. Hence, in this paper, we will explore the importance of drug targets and the challenges in antifungal therapy
Effect of Keeping Durations Prior to Processing of Bovine Blood on Its Proximate, Gross Energy and Amino Acid Compositions
Get PDFThe study was conducted to investigate the effect of keeping durations prior to processing of bovine blood on its proximate composition, gross energy and amino acid profile. Slaughterhouse blood used for this research was obtained from Ntak Inyang Central Abattoir located in Itu Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The actual processing of fresh blood sample into blood meal took place at the Department of Animal Science Laboratory, University of Uyo, Annex. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used. The experiment had four (4) treatments designated as (T1, T2 T3 and T4), with each differing from one another in keeping durations. Treatment1 contained blood processed after collection at 0 hour serving as the control, T2 blood was processed after 2hours, T3 blood was processed after 4 hours and T4 blood was processed after 6 hours. Blood kept for (6 hours) prior to processing was observed to have a significantly higher values (P<0.05) for crude protein (37.93%), crude fat (2.57%), crude fibre (0.25%), crude ash (7.91%), moisture (11.19%) and gross energy (2323Kcal/kg). The nitrogen free extract (NFE) values were also significantly, high (P<0.05) as the keeping durations prior to blood processing increased. Similarly, amino acid profile for both essential (EAAS) and non essential (NEAAS) revealed that T4 (6 hours) had higher values (P<0.05) than other treatments. In specific terms, tryptophan (6.92%), Leucine (6.91%) and lysine (5.12%) for essential amino acids values were observed to be high in T4 (6 hours) whereas arginine (5.98%) and glycine (4.10%) for non-essential amino acids also recorded high values. The significant variations in values of parameters (crude protein, gross energy and amino acid profile) as observed in T4 (6 hours) might be due to the processing methods used in this study as well as the high moisture content potential of the blood meal. In conclusion, bovine blood meal processed after 6 hours of keeping duration is, therefore, recommended for end-users (farmers and feed millers), followed by T3 (4 hours)
Molecular Mechanism of Long Non-Coding RNAs that Involves on Regulation of the Immune System and Gene Expression
Get PDFEven though RNAs are often seen as connectors between DNA and proteins, transcriptome analysis reveals that only a small portion of the genome is responsible for coding proteins, while the majority is responsible for noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Over the past decade, ncRNAs have become increasingly fascinating due to their involvement in various physiological processes. Furthermore, their malfunctioning can have significant implications for several pathologies, including viral infections and antiviral responses. LncRNAs, which are RNA molecules larger than 200 bp, are unable to produce proteins. Numerous studies have shown that lncRNAs play a crucial role in immune and transcription regulation. Specifically, these lncRNAs have the potential to influence innate and adaptive immune responses, impacting immune system regulation at different levels of gene expression through various physiologically relevant interactions such as RNA-DNA, RNA-protein, and RNA-DNA interactions. LncRNAs are found in various immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T cells, and B cells. Although they have been shown to be involved in a range of natural processes, such as gene expression regulation, dosage compensation, and genomic imprinting, there is still limited understanding of how lncRNAs are controlled and how they contribute to cell differentiation and function. This review aims to provide an overview of the functional advancements and action mechanisms of lncRNAs in immune regulation and gene expression, specifically focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved
Flower Bud Formation in Fruit Crops
Get PDFoai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1Flower formation is the initial step toward gaining an economic output. Fruit production starts with the formation of flower buds. A crucial stage of fructification is flowering. Flower bud formation occurs in five stages i.e. induction, initiation, differentiation, maturation, and anthesis. Flower bud formation is influenced by both internal circumstances and external environmental influences. The more the production of flower the more chance of setting fruit. Deficiencies of some hormones and nutrients causes bud dormancy which can be reduced by the help of growth hormones and some regulators which enhances complete flower formation. This paper will help to understand the basic physiology behind the flower bud formation, biochemical changes during bud formation as well as factors affecting the bud formation in fruit crops