Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops
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Effect of seed treatments, spacing and season of sowing on yield and quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under rain shelter: Yield and quality of coriander under rain shelter
No full textCoriander is an important herb & seed spice. The yield of coriander is influenced by the agronomic practices adopted during cultivation. This study was carried out in the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University from July 2019 to March 2020 to analyse the effect of seed treatments, spacing and growing season on yield and quality of coriander leaves under rain shelter. The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) with three replications. The study revealed that, presowing seed treatments improved the growth and yield of coriander than untreated seeds. The impact of seed treatments was conspicuous at the time of harvest on growth, yield and quality parameters. Hydropriming for 24 h was found to be the best presowing seed treatment followed by seed treatment with GA3 50 ppm for 8 h. A closer spacing of 10 x 10 cm which accommodated more plants per unit area recorded the highest biomass and herbage yield plot-1. October – December season was found to be the best for obtaining better growth and yield in leaf coriander. Hence, the study concluded that, hydropriming for 24 h or seed treatment with GA3 50 ppm for 8 h, a closer spacing of 10 x 10 cm and October – December season are the ideal combination for the best performance of variety CO-4 for leaf purpose under rain shelter in the tropical moist humid climate
Effect of organic manures, PGPR and micronutrients on yield and quality enhancement in ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L): Yield and quality enhancement in ajwain through organic substitutes and micronutrients
No full textExperiments were conducted for two consecutive years during 2017-19 to study the effect of organic manures, PGPR and micronutrients on yield and quality of ajwain seed. Farm yard manure (FYM) and vermicompost (VC) were used as organic sources at 50% and 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) as basal dose. PGPRs namely Azospirillum lipoferum, Bacillus megaterium and Frateuria aurantia were used for seed priming. Micronutrients namely ZnSO4 and Fe2SO4 were applied thrice as foliar application @ 0.5% first before flowering, second at 50% flowering and third during grain formation. The results revealed that highest number of umbels plant-1, umbellets umbel-1, number of fruits umbellet-1, seed yield plant-1, seed yield hectare-1, straw yield, biological yield, test weight of seeds and essential oil yield were recorded with the application of 50% RDN through VC, which was on par with 50% RDN through FYM, seed priming with Azospirillum and foliar application of zinc with respect to their individual effect. Maximum essential oil content, fixed oil content and thymol content were also observed in case of application of 50% RDN through VC, seed priming with Azospirillum and foliar application of zinc individually. Highest Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of 3.33 was recorded with combined application of 50% of RDN through FYM along with seed priming with Azospirillum and foliar spray of Zn at 0.5%.
The integrated use of organic manures, PGPRs and micronutrients could also exert significant influence on yield and quality of Ajwain. It was observed that highest seed yield, yield attributing characters and essential oil yield and quality parameters were recorded with combined application of 50% of RDN through vermicompost along with seed priming with Azospirillum and foliar application of zinc which was statistically on par with application of 50% of RDN through FYM along with seed priming with Azospirillum and foliar application of zinc
A modified semi-selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Pochonia chlamydosporia (Goddard) Zare & W. Gams: A semi-selective medium for Pochonia chlamydosporia
No full textPochonia chlamydosporia, is one of the most promising biological control agents for managing phytoparasitic nematodes. Isolation and enumeration of viable colonies of P. chlamydosporia from soil and other substrates without contamination is a major limitation, when commonly available nutrient media are used. Development of a suitable selective/semi-selective media by incorporating one or more inhibitors of microbial growth can facilitate isolation of the fungus. In vitro studies were carried out to test the compatibility of commonly used pesticides, namely, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-mancozeb, carbendazim, copper oxychloride, and chlorpyrifos with P. chlamydosporia. The fungus showed relatively high tolerance to higher doses of metalaxyl and carbendazim and was used in the modified medium for better suppression of other soil borne fungi. In the present study, Kerry’s semi-selective medium was modified and evaluated by counting the viable fungal propagules in different substrates (rice, farmyard manure, maize, rice bran, barley, and sorghum) and soil artificially inoculated with the fungus. The results showed that the modified Kerry’s semi-selective medium can effectively be used for isolation and quantification of P. chlamydosporia in routine studies
Morphological and biochemical properties of garlic (Allium sativum L.) collections: Characterization of garlic collections
No full textGarlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important constituent of many of traditional medicines. The nutrient composition and biochemical ingredients of garlic vary among varieties and locations. The current experiment was conducted with 35 genotypes of garlic to study variation in morphological and biochemical properties among these genotypes. The weight of bulbs ranged from 6.9 g to 22.6 g. Highest number of clove bulb-1 was recorded in collection -286 (44.6) followed by GG-2 (40.6). Clove weight was higher in collection - 316 (1.41 g). The dry weight ranged from 28.6 per cent to 38.65 per cent. Highest total soluble solids were found in collection -79 (35.1°Brix). Potassium, iron and zinc content were higher in GG-2 (1.70%, 47 ppm and 19.2 ppm, respectively). Sulphur and copper content were higher in G-41. Manganese content ranged from 6.90 to 23.1 ppm. Highest anthocyanin pigment was found in the peel of cv. Godavari (5.35 mg). There was not much difference in anthocyanin content in pulp of purple and white colour varieties. Pyruvic acid content ranged from 20.9 µ mol ml-1 to 24.9 µ mol ml-1. Over all cvs. G-50, G-41, collection -316 were found superior over others
Influence of propagules and growth regulators on the performance of underutilized spice - Spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.): Influence of propagules on the performance of Eryngium foetidum
No full textAn experiment was conducted to study the effect of propagules of spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L) as influenced by growth regulators in the Forestry Nursery of North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology during 2018 and 2019. Spiny coriander is an underutilized culinary spice; a medicinal and aromatic plant that belongs to the family Apiaceae. The study consisted of 14 treatments involving two levels of propagules like stem cuttings (S1) and suckers (S2) and seven levels of growth regulators namely Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) and Indole-3 Acetic Acid (IAA) [each at 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm]. The results indicated that the treatment T9 involving sucker (S2 + IBA 500 ppm) was found better in terms of growth and it was comparable with T12 (S2 + IAA 500 ppm) during both years. Suckers treated with IBA 500 ppm and IAA 500 ppm showed significantly superior performance over the stem cuttings. It is concluded that suckers (7-10 cm) of Eryngium foetidum may be used as propagating material for commercial cultivation, as it is an easy, quick and economical method of propagation
Phytochemical profiling of petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of Curcuma caesia rhizome by GC-MS and comparing their bioactivities: GCMS profiling and bioactivities of Curcuma caesia rhizome
No full textThe objective of this study was to characterise the putative phytochemical constituents from petroleum ether (CC-P) and chloroform (CC-C) extracts of Curcuma. caesia rhizome by GC-MS analysis and to compare their bioactivities. GC-MS analysis facilitated the documentation of a total of 16 and 20 volatile constituents in CC-P and CC-C extracts respectively. Of these the major constituents present in CC-P were cycloisolongifolence, 8, 9-dehydro-9 formyl- (19.64%), 4-oxo- β-isodamascol (16.05%), 6,10-dimethyl-3- (1-methylethyl) -6-cyclodecene-1,4-dione (13.80%), 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-one,6-[1-(acetyloxy) -3-oxobutyl]- 3,3a,4,7,8,8a- hexahydro-7-methyl- 3-methylene- (9.08%), tricycle [5.1.0.0(2,4)] oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid,3,3,8.8-tetramethyl- (6.39%), 2(3H)-benzofuranone,6-ethenylhexahydro-3,6-dimethyl-7-(1- methyl ethenyl)-, [3S-(3α,3aα,6α,7β,7aβ) (4.18%) and 7a-isopropenyl-4,5-dimethy loctahydroindene-4-carboxylic acid (4.01%). Similarly, the major constituents present in CC-C were cycloisolongifolence,8,9- dehydro-9-formyl-(15.69%), 6,10-dimethyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-6-cyclodecene-1, 4-dione (13.38%), 2H-cyclohepta [b]furan-2-one,6-[1- (acetyloxy)-3-oxobutyl] -3,3a,4,7,8,8a- hexa hydro -7-methyl - 3-methylene- (4.55%), tricycle [5.1.0.0(2,4)] oct-5-ene-5- propanoic acid,3,3,8.8-tetramethyl- (7.50%), 2(3H)-benzofuranone, 6-ethenylhexahydro-3,6-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-,[3S- (3α,3aα,6α,7β,7aβ) (6.15%), 7a-isopropenyl-4,5-dimethyl octahydroindene-4-carboxylic acid (6.43%) and 2-(4a,8- Dimethyl-6- oxo-1,2,3,4-4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-naphthalen-2-yl) propionaldehyde (6.57%). The extracts, CC-P and CC-C exhibited almost similar antibacterial and antifungal potentials but differed with respect to antioxidant activity. The IC50 values of CC-P and CC-C extracts for DPPH scavenging were 0.68±0.02 mg ml-1 and 0.13±0.01 mg ml-1 respectively. Together, above results provide an important basis for the isolation of bioactive compounds from C. caesia rhizome extract and their use as traditional medicine
Detection of radiation treatment of spices using Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Technique: ESR detection of irradiated spices
No full textUse of ionising radiation for commercial sterilisation to increase the hygienic quality of spices is increasing worldwide. Among several detection methods, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is one of the reliable techniques for irradiated foods containing some hard and dried parts. Spices are therefore candidates of such a method and radiation treated spices can be detected. The purpose of the present work was to identify the radiation treatment of spices like cinnamon, cardamom, ginger and rosemary using the sensitive technique of ESR spectroscopy. The spice samples were irradiated to 5, 10, 15 and 20 kilogray (kGy) or unirradiated and the samples were dried in vacuum oven and were placed into quartztubes for ESR measurement. On measurements, the unirradiated samples were found to show the ESR-signal at g-value of 2.004 that is typical in case of plant foods containing cellulose. Whereas, the irradiated samples showed a formation of a new paramagnetic structure that appeared in the form of a triplet-signal, attributed to radiation-induced cellulose radical. The clear difference between the nature of ESR signals in case of unirradiated and irradiated samples provided the evidence of the radiation treatment of spices samples. It is therefore concluded that radiation treatment of spices can be identified using sensitive ESR spectroscopy during a storage period of three to ten months
Variability in yield parameters of onion genotypes in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh: Onion genotypes for Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh
No full textOf the seventeen onion varieties evaluated for assessment of variability in mean performance, variances, heritability and genetic advance, (L-883 and Bhima Shweta) were most promising genotypes in respect of gross and marketable bulb yield, minimum number of bolters, rotten and multi-centred bulbs, bulb weight, equatorial bulb diameter, total soluble solids, number of leaves per plant and earliness in maturity. High values of genetic and phenotypic for gross and marketable bulb yield, average bulb weight, days to 70% neck fall and plant height indicated more opportunity of selection for these traits. High genetic advance as percentage of mean coupled with high heritability was observed for gross and marketable bulb yield and average bulb weight. Therefore, significant improvement could be expected through selection for these traits
Evaluation of harvesting time and standardization of distillation duration for higher essential oil content and quality in German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.)
Full text linkEssential oil yield and composition in aromatic crops might be affected by genetic, agronomical and environmental factors but till date there is no clear information about the harvesting time and distillation for higher essential oil content without affecting quality. The current study was carried out to evaluate harvesting of chamomile flowers without herb and with herb part at three different times (6 A.M., 12 P.M. and 6 P.M.) and four distillation treatments (3 h, 4 h, 5 h & 6 h) for dried chamomile flowers. Results indicated that essential oil content was more in chamomile flowers without herb (0.15-0.18%) as compared to flowers with herb (0.06-0.09%). Essential oil content in chamomile flowers without herb was found statistically at par at harvest time of 12 P.M. (0.18%) and 6 P.M. (0.18%) and significantly higher than harvesting time of 6 A.M. (0.15%). Essential oil of chamomile flowers without herb contained maximum α-bisabolol oxide-B, (Z)-spiroether, and chamazulene at 12 P.M. and 6 P.M. while, α-bisabolone oxide-A and α-bisabolol oxide-A were maximum at 6 A.M. and (E)-β-farnesene was more at 12 P.M. Similarly, in distillation experiment, higher oil content was observed in chamomile dried flowers which were hydro-distilled for 6 h (1.20%) compared to other hydro-distillation durations. Marker compounds i.e. α-bisabolol oxide-A, α-bisabolone oxide-A, α-bisabolol oxide-B, (E)-β-farnesene and chamazulene were more at 5 h and 6 h distillation duration while (Z)-spiroether was more at 3 h distillation duration. The present study showed that in order to obtain higher essential oil, flowers without herb harvested at 12 P.M or 6 P.M. should be subjected to 5-6 h hydro-distillation
Price transmission and supply response: the case of Indian small cardamom: Indian small cardamom – Price analysis
No full textMarket price volatility, the major challenge faced by the cardamom exporters greatly hinders the investment and destabilizes the earning of small holders. The present study attempted to analyse the price transmission between Indian and international markets and study the supply response of small cardamom to changes in price. The co-movement of prices of small cardamom exist between the Indian and international markets after trade liberalisation and the price transmission has been from the international market to the Indian market. The short-run disequilibrium has been found between the Indian and international prices of cardamom, which got corrected with varying speed of adjustment. The positive and significant elasticity of supply of small cardamom with respect to its own two year lagged price has been established. Crop specific price stabilization mechanism would help to overcome the wide fluctuations in prices of small cardamom