Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops
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Physico-mechanical properties of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)
Get PDFThe physical and mechanical properties of black pepper were determined as a function of moisture content in the range of 3.3% to 18.1% (d.b.). The average axial dimensions, major, medium and minor increased linearly from 4.92 mm to 5.37 mm, 4.59 mm to 5.08 mm and 4.42 mm to 4.89 mm, respectively. The geometric mean diameter, sphericity, unit volume, surface area and thousand seed weight increased from 4.63 mm to 5.10 mm, 0.94 mm3 to 0.95 mm3, 53.06 mm3 to 70.35 mm3, 67.65 mm2 to 81.87 mm2 and 42.82 g to 56.04 g, respectively with increase in moisture content from 3.3% to 18.1%. The true density increased linearly from 987.7 to 1012.2 kgm-3, while the bulk density decreased linearly from 556.8 to 542.7 kgm-3 and the porosity increased linearly with increase in moisture content. The angle of repose increased linearly from 22.30° to 33.66° and the coefficient of friction increased linearly from 0.705 to 0.936 with increase in moisture content. The coefficient of friction was found to be maximum against plywood. The force and energy absorbed at rupture point decreased non-linearly from 74.6 N to 50.1 N and 42.9 kJ to 32.8 kJ while the deformation increased non-linearly from 0.575 mm to 0.650 mm with increase in moisture content.
 
Colletotrichum blight control in large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) nursery
Get PDFExperiments were conducted in large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) nursery using bioagents and chemicals to produce healthy planting materials free from blight caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. The results indicated that selection of apparently disease free mother plants and treating the rhizome and pseudostem (planting unit) with carbendazim+mancozeb (0.3%) or copper oxychloride (0.3%) would help in reducing the disease incidence in the nursery. Since Sikkim is an organic state, use of copper oxychloride can be recommended.
 
Irrigation water quality and zinc on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.)
Get PDFA pot experiment was carried out to find out the influence of different Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) water and zinc (Zn) levels on growth and yield of fenugreek. The study involved 12 treatment combinations of four RSC levels of irrigation water (W1=1, W2=2.5, W3=5.0 & W4=7.5 mmol L-1) and three Zn levels (Z0=control, Z10= 10 & Z20= 20 mg kg-1 soil). Results revealed that the plant height, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, test weight, seed yield and straw yield of fenugreek significantly decreased with all levels of RSC water and increased with increasing levels of Zn. Thus, application of 20 mg kg-1 Zn under 2.5 mM L-1 of RSC water was found to be superior with respect to growth and yield of fenugreek.
 
Management of phyllody in fennel by intercropping and insecticide use
Get PDFExperiments were conducted during 2007–08 to 2010–11 at Centre for Research on Seed Spices, S.D. Agricultural University, Jagudan (Gujarat) for management of phyllody disease in fennel. Minimum incidence (9.80%) of phyllody with highest fennel equivalent yield (3035.28 kg ha-1) was observed in fennel inter cropped with green gram (1: 1). Maximum income Rs. 153632.60 ha-1 was observed in fennel + green gram intercropping. Minimum incidence of phyllody (9.19%) with highest yield (1947.17 kg ha-1) was recorded in seedling root dip in 0.04% Imidacloprid plus one spray of 0.005% Imidacloprid after one month of transplanting followed by seedling grown in 40 mesh nylon cloth net.
 
Analysis of variability in Cardamom mosaic virus isolates occurring in India using symptomatology and coat protein gene sequence
Get PDFCoat protein (CP) gene from six symptomatologically distinct isolates of Cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV) causing mosaic disease of cardamom collected from different geographical areas were amplified, cloned, sequenced, compared among themselves and with other CdMV isolates available in the GenBank. Identity of coat protein sequence among the isolates varied from 74.8%–99.3% and 80.9%–99.2% at nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Based on the identity, isolates were classified into three distinct groups. All isolates from Karnataka (except Sirsi) belonged to one group, while isolates from Kerala and Tamil Nadu belonged to the other group. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses confirmed grouping of isolates based on percent identities.
 
Thin layer drying of long pepper (Piper longum L.)
Get PDFThe effect of drying air temperatures on the drying kinetics of long pepper was investigated during 2010 using a hot-air tray dryer. In order to select the appropriate drying model, twelve mathematical drying models were fitted to the experimental data. Result indicated that the drying took place in the falling rate period. Considering the statistical criteria such as coefficient of determination (R2), Chi square (X2), sum of square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE), Midilli et al. model was found to fit well to describe the drying behaviour of long pepper. Multiple regression analysis was used to find the correlation of the model coefficients with temperatures. Model coefficient equations predicted the moisture ratio (MR) well at various drying temperatures for long pepper with an R2=1 and SE=0. Effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) was observed in the range of 1.397 × 10-10 to 6.190 × 10-10 m2s-1 for the temperature range of 40° to 80°C. The overall acceptability (OA) (90%) was highest in tray drying method at 60°C air temperature and the drying time was reduced to 50% against sun drying. This study will be useful to optimize drying process parameters for commercial production of dried long pepper.
 
Evaluation of betelvine (Piper betle L.) cultivars in the gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal, India
Get PDFEvaluation of 14 cultivars of betelvine (Piper betle) in the gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal indicated that there was wide variation among them for growth, yield and quality parameters. Cultivar Simurali Sanchi showed superior performance with respect to increment in vine length (145.37 cm during June to August), fresh (364.38 g) and dry weight (52.29 g) of 100 leaves (depetiolated) and total chlorophyll content in leaves (2.45 mg g-1 tissue). Leaf production was also maximum (58.56 vine-1 year-1) in cv. Simurali Deshi.
 
Effect of different cultural practices on production of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in Punjab
Get PDFField experiments were conducted at Ludhiana (Punjab) to study the effect of different cultural practices on production of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Number of tillers, dry matter accumulation, number of rhizomes plant-1 and yield were significantly higher when mother rhizomes were used as planting material as compared to primary and secondary fingers. Quality parameters and nutrient uptake also increased with increase in planting material size. Number of tillers, dry matter accumulation, number of rhizomes plant-1 and yield decreased significantly with delay in planting from 25th April to 25th May. Quality parameters and nutrient uptake were also better with 25th April planting. Rhizomes plant-1, yield, quality parameters and nutrient uptake were not affected by different harvesting dates. Mother rhizomes as planting material and 25th April planting resulted in maximum net return and benefit:cost ratio.
 
Health benefits of bioactive molecules from spices and aromatic plants
Get PDFSpices are essentially used to improve the appeal and sensory characteristics of food. The bioactive compounds, which are the key natural flavour and fragrance ingredients of various spices and other aromatic plants play a vital role in healthcare. These are discussed with reference to the recent research carried out in anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, neuro-protective, cardiovascular, diabetic support, body weight management, wound healing, antioxidants, antimicrobial as food preservatives, ocular and oral health as well as in aroma-therapy with emphasis on human health and green chemistry.
 
Arsenic intake and dietary risk assessment of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves in the Gangetic basin of West Bengal
Get PDFField experiments were conducted at farmers’ field in Nadia district of West Bengal during winter seasons of 2008–09 and 2009–10 to evaluate the varietal tolerance and arsenic (As) accumulation of different coriander cultivars and As intake and dietary risk assessment of leaves. Results revealed that As accumulation in different plant parts was in the order, root > leaf > stem. Ingestion of significant proportion of inorganic As through consumption of coriander was observed which posed a risk of 36.0% of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake.