Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops
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Variability studies in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
Get PDFAnalysis of variability carried out for nine characters in 25 diverse genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) revealed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations for seed yield plant-1, weight of grains umbel-1, number of umbels plant-1, number of branches plant-1, number of umbellet umbel-1 and plant height. Heritability estimates were high for test weight, weight of grains umbel-1, seed yield plant-1, number of umbel plant-1, plant height and number of umbelletes umbel-1. Higher genetic advance as per percentage of mean was recorded for seed yield plant-1, weight of grains umbel-1, number of umbels plant-1, number of branches plant-1, number of umbelletes umbel-1, plant height and test weight. The plant height, days to 50% flowering, number of branches plant-1, number of umbels plant-1, number of umbellets umbel-1 and weight of grains umbel-1 exhibited positive and significant correlation with seed yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that days to maturity had highest direct effect on seed yield followed by days to 50% flowering and number of umbels plant-1. Therefore, greater emphasis should be given on these characters while selecting for higher yield and related traits.
 
Yield loss of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) due to Colletotrichum blight in Sikkim
Get PDFLarge cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is affected by various fungal diseases. Of these, blight caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. (perfect state Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) spaulding & Schrenk) is one of the major production constraints. In order to assess the loss due to Colletotrichum blight, yield of affected plants of two cultivars, Varlangey and Sawney was recorded. Yields were also recorded from healthy plants of the same cultivars for comparison. There was 46.8% reduction in the dry yield of infected plants of Varlangey and 34.5% reduction in dry yield of Sawney as compared to healthy plants. The infected plants of Varlangey were found dead in the first year itself causing 100% loss. Lack of maturity of seeds, increased husk weight of fresh capsules and decreased weight of dried capsules were observed in the infected plants.
 
Thermal properties of cryo-ground powder of black pepper (Panniyur 1)
Get PDFThe thermal properties of black pepper powder, namely specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were investigated. The specific heat increased from 225.68 to 4479.53 J kg-1 K-1 with increase in temperature from -150 to 100°C and moisture content from 3.3% to 18.2% dry basis and it showed a second order polynomial relationship with temperature and moisture content. The thermal conductivity increased non-linearly from 0.1161 to 0.1844 W m-1 K-1 with increase in moisture content from 3.3% to 18.2% dry basis at 30oC. The thermal diffusivity increased non-linearly from 10.86 × 10-6 to 17.36 × 10-6 m2 s-1 with increase in moisture content from 3.3% to 18.2% dry basis at 30°C. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity showed quadratic relationships with moisture content. The specific heat was affected significantly with moisture content and temperature (P<0.01). The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were affected significantly by moisture content.
 
Genetic divergence in betelvine (Piper betle L.)
Get PDFGenetic divergence was assessed in a population of 51 genotypes of betelvine (Piper betle) for seven characters using Mahalanobis D2 technique. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters. The clustering pattern of the genotype was random and did not follow geographical origin, indicating that geographical isolation may not be the only factor causing genetic diversity. Leaf area contributed maximum towards genetic diversity in betelvine. Cluster analysis revealed wide genetic distance between Cluster V and Cluster VI followed by Cluster IV and Cluster VI, and Cluster III and Cluster V. Thus, selections of parents from the clusters with high inter and intra cluster distance will help to obtain substantial heterosis in respect of economic traits during hybridization programme.
 
Betel leaf yield in relation to soil fertility in Guntur district (Andhra Pradesh)
Get PDFAn attempt was made to survey betelvine gardens in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh to ascertain soil fertility status and its impact on growth and yield of betelvine. All the soils were clay loam in texture. The pH of the soil was alkaline (7.1 to 8.4) and EC ranged from 0.35 to 1.61 dSm-1. The organic carbon (OC) content of the soil was in the range of 0.55 to 1.24%. The available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) status ranged from 201 to 313, 10 to 60, 337 to 840 kg ha-1, respectively. Correlation indicated that the growth parameters viz., number of laterals, intermodal length, petiole length and soil parameter viz. pH, EC and P were positively correlated with betel leaf yield but relations were not significant, whereas, plant height and soil nutrients viz., OC content, N and K were significantly and positively correlated with leaf yield.
 
Genetic diversity analysis in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)
Get PDFThe present study conducted at Shimoga (Karnataka) during 2005–2008 is an attempt to examine genetic relatedness and genetic diversity among 13 Indian collections of Tamarind. Twenty eight selected arbitrary primers were used for characterization using RAPD that generated 131 fragments, of which 116 (88.54%) were polymorphic. Two genotypes, NTI62 and NTI84 were distinguished by unique band specific to them. The genetic similarity coefficient values suggested a wide genetic base for genotypes considered for the study. Cluster analysis based on unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) clearly indicated that genotypes did not cluster according to their site of collection. This could be attributed to highly cross pollinating nature, small distribution area and that most tamarind genotypes grown in India are from seed source.
 
Genetic diversity study in Piper spp. using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers
Get PDFGenetic diversity analysis of 27 Piper species using ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers indicated that the analysis placed them in six clusters in the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) dendrogram. The molecular marker based clustering of the species gave supporting evidence to the earlier groupings proposed by the taxonomists using traditional tools. We have identified 35 species specific bands from different species. P. galeatum had a maximum number of four unique bands.
 
Stability analysis in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
Get PDFTwenty cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS) based F1 hybrids, three promising genotypes and a check were evaluated in three different environments for stability analysis. The correlation and path coefficient analysis were studied in 75 genotypes for 18 and 12 different quantitative characters, respectively. Variance due to genotypes × environment interactions were significant for all the characters except number of fruits plant-1 and fresh fruit weight plant-1. Considering all the stability parameters, JCH-47, BCH-24 and BVC-37 exhibited wider stability for dry fruit yield plant-1, JCH-01 had stability for favourable environment and JCH-05, JCH-14, JCH-23, JCH-24, JCH-54 and RCH-23 showed below average stability. Highest performing F1 hybrid JCH-54 was identified as stable performer under unfavourable environment for dry fruit yield. The highest correlations were found with dry fruit weight plant-1 and fresh fruit weight plant-1 (r=1.00), number of fruits plant-1 (r=0.63), dry fruit weight fruit-1 (r=0.44), number of seeds fruit-1 (r=0.35), fresh fruit weight fruit-1 (r=0.32) and fruit length (r=0.28). Path analysis indicated that the number of fruits plant-1 and fresh fruit weight fruit-1 were the two factors that exerted the greatest influence both directly and indirectly upon the dry fruit yield. These two traits were the most important components that involved dry fruit yield plant-1.
 
A study on growth, instability and direction of chilli trade in India
Get PDFThis study was aimed at studying growth, instability in area, production and productivity and direction of trade of chilli from India. Compound growth rate analysis, Instability analysis and Markov chain analytical tools were used for the study. The results indicated that the growth in area under chilli was negative, while production showed increasing growth due to increased productivity. The sources of instability in chilli production were found to be change in area variance and change in yield variance. Malaysia, Sri Lanka, United Arab Emirates and Indonesia were found to be the loyal markets for Indian chillies. The influence of export price and production on the changes in export of chilli was positive, but the influence of domestic price was negative.
 
Weed dynamics and critical period of crop weed competition in cumin (Cuminum cyminum) under arid region of Rajasthan
Get PDFA field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of crop weed competition on yield and monetary benefit in cumin under arid conditions of Rajasthan. In the first year of the study Heliotropium oralifolium was the most dominating weed species with a relative density, relative frequency and importance value index (IVI) of 24.7, 23.5 and 48.2, respectively, while Chenopodium murale dominated during second year with a relative density, relative frequency and importance value index (IVI) of 47.8, 21.8 and 69.6, respectively. Weed competition index decreased with increasing weed free check period. However, weed competition index in weed free check maintained from 30 to 60 days after sowing (DAS) varied from 10.52 and 5.26, while it was 44.76 under weed free check up to 15 DAS. No significant difference in the growth, yield attributes and seed yield was recorded in weed free condition maintained beyond 30 DAS, but differed significantly over weed free check up to 15 DAS. Allowing weeds to compete with crop after 30 DAS and up to harvest significantly reduced yield attributes and seed yield compared to weedy check up to 15 DAS. The highest mean seed yield (437 kg ha-1) was recorded in season long weed free check, but net monetary benefit was highest (Rs. 19,520 ha-1) with weed free check up to 30 DAS. Thus, the crop should be weed free for at least initial 30 DAS.