Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research
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Sequence of Application Benomyl and Plant Extracts in the Control of Cowpea Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Sensu Lato
No full textSequence of Application Benomyl and Plant Extracts in the Control of Cowpea Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Sensu Lato
Field experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of hot water extracts of Ricinus communis, Jatropha gossypifolia and Datura stramonium at three concentrations (65, 50 and 30%) with benomyl in the control of cowpea anthracnose disease. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design. The total area of the farm (225m2) was subdivided into three. The first subplot was sprayed with the different concentrations of the extracts and benomyl followed by inoculation of the conidia of the fungus after 48 hours. The second subplot was sprayed with the spore suspension of the fungus followed by application of the extracts and benomyl after 48 hours. The third subplot was sprayed with the conidia of the fungus followed by immediate application of extracts or benomyl, and the control plot in each case was sprayed with distilled water. Result from the experiment shows that all the extracts at the tested concentration reduced the incidence and severity of the disease. D. stramonium at 65% concentration compares favourably with benomyl fungicide in reducing incidence and severity of infection. At 65% concentration of D. stramonium, incidence of the disease was 22% on pooled mean basis and this was not significantly different from that of benomyl (21%). The percentage of normal seeds recorded at 65% concentration of the extract was 85% and was not significantly different from benomyl (86%). In terms of disease severity, trace infections were observed at 65% concentration of the extract and benomyl. At lower concentrations of all extracts, significant variations were observed on incidence of disease and percentage of normal seeds when compared with that of benomyl. Application of the extracts and benomyl before inoculation reduced disease incidence compared to post inoculation of the fungus .The study therefore shows that extracts of these indigenous plants can be used as a substitute for the benomyl fungicide and that they are more effective when used as a preventive method in the management of anthracnose disease
Influence of Moisture Content on Some Physical Properties of Rubus fruticosus
No full textSome engineering properties of Rubus fruticosus fruits and nuts and were characterized in order to provide fundamental information about their properties that will aid in designing modern technology for their handling, processing, storage, preservation, quality evaluation, distribution and marketing. The engineering properties studied are some physical property of Rubus fructicosus fruits and nuts, (moisture content, size and shape of the fruits and nuts). The fruits and nuts were conditioned to five and three different moisture and three and four different temperature levels, respectively before testing. American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) standard procedures were used to test all the properties considered. Mathlab and Microsoft excel statistical packages were used to analyse the generated data and the means were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of probability. The results obtained revealed that the major, intermediate and minor diameters of the fruits range 35.14 – 34.09 mm, 22.44 – 20.25 mm and 22.03 – 19.92 mm respectively for long and, 26.66 – 23.05 mm, 16.69 – 13.99 mm and 16.17 – 13.48 mm respectively for short fruits. The average geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the fruit ranged from 25.90 to 23.95 mm for long and 19.13 to 16.27 mm for short fruits at a moisture range of 40.91 – 11.03% wet basis. The nuts also ranged from 36.75 – 37.36 mm, 13.19 – 13.66 mm and 12.89 – 13.18 mm respectively for long nuts, 23.26 – 23.87 mm, 10.93 – 11.24 mm and 10.76 – 11.04 mm respectively for short nuts at 10.2% - 25.06% wet basis. The fruits and nuts are oblong in shape
Training and Demonstration of Different Agricultural Machinery in Western Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia
No full textTraining, on-farm demonstration and testing of different agricultural machinery, was conducted in the Western zone of Tigray, Ethiopia with the objective of creating awareness, providing an opportunity for trainees to familiarize with, learn to operate, use and maintain different agricultural machinery. The trainers were highly experienced and they are very familiar with different agricultural machinery two from Ethiopia and one is from Kenya. 84 trainees were participated in the training on the given time and captured enough knowledge and skill about different agricultural machinery how to operate, use and maintain different agricultural machinery. Small scale farmers and investors want to introduce row planters, harvesters but they lack skill, knowledge about the machinery and finance. The training was given to develop their skill, knowledge and to introduce agricultural machinery to increase their production of different crops from time to time. The theoretical and practical trained participants of Different Small scale farmers and investors are evaluating the field performance of row planted different crops at different stages. After careful evaluation and observation, they will decide to select the best row planter and other agricultural machinery to the area
Flowering Phenology and Mating System of a Red Skin Pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) Germplasm Collection in Taiwan
No full textFlowering Phenology and Mating System of a Red Skin Pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) Germplasm Collection in Taiwan
Aims: To Investigate flowering phenology and mating systems of 30 red skin pitaya genotypes
Study Design: Around ten-years-old pitaya genotypes were used in this study. The pitaya plants were grown on concrete posts/pillars with 1.5 m height and spacing of 2 m between plants and 3 m between rows. One-two plants were used for intercropping with each other.
Place and Duration of Study: At the NPUST’s Orchard between May and December 2014.
Methodology: From 1 to 2 plants for each genotype was verified for flowering characteristics, fruit set and fruit weight. Hand self-pollination and hand cross-pollination method was applied. Fruit weights were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05.
Results: The natural flowering season of the pitayas occur from June to October with early comings in higher temperatures. Mostly red or magenta pulp pitayas have genotypes for a longer flowering season than white flesh ones. A number of flowering flushes and flowers/season/plant highly varies with 3 – 6 waves and 9 - 40 flowers. The floral and fruit stages spend 14 – 18 days and 27 – 33 days, respectively. Full self-compatibility (F-SC) in 3 white flesh and 3 magenta flesh, partial self-compatibility in 2 magenta flesh, and complete self-incompatibility (C-SI) in 22 red or magenta flesh was found. Hand cross-pollination gave high fruit set percentages (72.7 ‒ 100%) in all and larger fruits than hand self-pollination in almost all genotypes except for VN-White producing smaller fruits that performed strong SC mechanism.
Conclusion: A diversity in reproductive biology was found in the pitaya collection. VN-White, Chuchi Luu, D4, Chaozhou large, Chaozhou 5 and F4 that exhibited good reproductive characteristics could be further multiplicated for commercial cultivation and the one which have extended flowering season should be induced for off-season fruits. The breeding system types of cultivars help to design desired planting system orchards that achieve the most effective fruit production
Soil Pollution Enhances the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Plants
No full textSoil Pollution Enhances the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Plants
The determine heavy metals levels (Cu, Pb, Cd and As), in different samples (Tomato, Cucumber, Hot Green Peppers, Spinach, Green Beans, Eggplant, Beans of Harati, Zucchini and its soil ). The samples collected from different Egyptian fields (Bani Salamah, Barkata, and Ministry of Agriculture). The obtained results show that in many of the samples increase the heavy elements in the plant more than the soil Perhaps due to the absorption of quantitative heavy elements from soil to plant as well as keep in mind the other causes of them an increase in the amount of spraying pesticides on them and there are other reasons, absorb part of the pollution of the surrounding environment
Economic Analyses and the Growth Performance of Broiler Starter Birds on High Fibre-low Protein Industrial Plant By-products
No full textEconomic Analyses and the Growth Performance of Broiler Starter Birds on High Fibre-low Protein Industrial Plant By-products
Aims: Economic parameters from the production of broiler starter birds in which composites of bio-fermented industrial plant by-products were used as crude protein supplements were determined by investigating their growth performance vis-a-vis the total net revenue derivable.
Study Design: 288 birds were picked and randomized into 6 treatments in a completely randomize designed experiment. The data collected were subjected to One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Minitab computer model (Version 16).
Place and Duration of Study: Research study was carried out at the Teaching & Research Farm of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, a town in the Southwest Nigeria between June and September 2016.
Methodology: The composite of the palm kernel meal (PKM), brewer dried grains (BDG) and molasses were prepared. The composite was fermented and dried before incorporation in dry matter basis into experimental diets as protein supplement. Data on growth parameters were collected and economic analyses were carried out at the end of the broiler starter phase.
Results: The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lowest in the control diet (without PBMC) with a value of 1.60±0.01 and significantly lower (P<0.05) than FCR values obtained for other birds on other diets. Other FCR values were similar (P>0.05) for birds on diets 2 (10% PBMC), 3 (15% PBMC), 4 (20% PBMC), 5 (25% PBMC) and 6 (30% PBMC) at 1.76±0.21, 1.79±0.01, 1.90±0.01, 1.88±0.08 and 1.90±0.04, respectively. Birds on the zero PBMC inclusion level had the highest net returns/bird.
Conclusion: The fermented PBMC had better nutritional quality than the unfermented. The economic analyses of the PBMC inclusions in broiler starter diets revealed a net loss in returns as PBMC inclusions increased across the experimental diets. The incorporation of PBMC into broiler starter diets is not recommended especially for commercial production of broilers at the starting phase (0-28 days) of production.
 
Selection of Resistant Varieties of Okra to Yellow Vein Clearing Mosaic Virus and Its Management
No full textA two-factorial field experiment on okra was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka from April to August 2015. The aim of the study was to find out the resistance of okra varieties against the Yellow vein clearing mosaic virus (YVCMV) and its management. Four varieties viz. BARI dherosh-1, Green finger, Nuffield and Orca onamika were selected as the first factor and two insecticides (Imidacloprid and Sobicron) and one botanical nutrient namely Peak performance nutrients (PPN) were used as the second factor. The plants were grown and natural inoculum was relied upon for the infection of YVCMV. Growth parameters, yield attributes, and physiological features were significantly affected by okra varieties and two selected insecticides and PPN combinations. YVCMV incidence was significantly varied with these combinations. Among the varieties, the lowest disease incidence was found in BARI dherosh-1 which showed high resistance. Green finger and Nuffield provided moderate resistance where Orca onamika was highly susceptible to the disease incidence. Application of Sobicron with PPN gave the lowest disease incidence while the control under the application of no insecticides and PPN gave the highest disease incidence. The availability of resistance sources against the virus is very limited among the cultivated okra varieties. Though BARI dherosh-1 provides resistance mechanism against the virus, Green finger and Nuffield which are moderate resistant can be developed as resistant cultivars through genetic regulation along with the molecular mechanism of resistance to YVCMV
Performance Evaluation of Elite Gladiolus Cultivars under Agro Climatic Conditions of Rawalpindi
No full textPerformance Evaluation of Elite Gladiolus Cultivars under Agro Climatic Conditions of Rawalpindi
Cut flower production is a fast growing sub-sector of horticultural industry in Pakistan. Among the numerous flowering crops available for exploitation on commercial scale, gladiolus (Gladiolus alatus L.) is one of the premier bulbous ornamental crops. Performance of seven exotic cultivars of gladiolus namely; Jack gold, Nova, Invi, Porterdale, Eiaia, Fado and Madriver were evaluated for their growth and floral characteristics under agro-climatic conditions of Rawalpindi. The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Among the cultivars, Porterdale recorded the best result for plant height (139.33 cm), number of leaves per plant (9), leaf length (56.67 cm), leaf area (139 cm2) and floret length (10 cm). Cultivar Fado showed superiority in spike length (73.19 cm), floret width (11.33 cm) and number of florets per plant (16.41). Early flowering (105.33) was observed in Invi, while longevity of open floret (4.33 days) was best for cultivars Invi and Nova. Keeping in view the performance the most adapted gladiolus cultivars for cut flower production were Porterdale and Fado
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Improved and Local Accessions of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus and Abelmoschus callei) Using RAPD Markers
No full textAims: The work was conducted to ascertain the level of genetic diversity in some local and improved accessions of okra in Ibadan. This is to contribute to the conservation of plant genetic resources efforts by breeders.
Place and Duration of Study: Improved accessions of okra were collected from National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB), Ibadan; National Institute of Horticulture, (NIHORT), Ibadan; and Agronomy Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan; while local accessions were collected from local farmers in Ibadan between January and June, 2012.
Methodology: Nine accessions of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus and Abelmoschus callei), which cut across improved and local accessions, were assessed for genetic diversity. Genomic DNA was extracted from the 9 okra accessions, and thirteen (13) RAPD markers in the OPB, OPT and OPH series; which exhibited a high level of DNA polymorphism, were used to PCR amplify it (DNA). The PCR products were checked on 1% agarose gel and the banding pattern visualised under UV-light and then photographed. Presence and absence of bands on the gel were scored ‘1' and ‘0' respectively to generate a binary data matrix. Using NTSYS-pc, a pair wise distance matrices was calculated and a dendogram generated by UPGMA cluster analysis.
Results: All the 13 primers used showed polymorphism across the 9 accessions. The genetic similarity of the studied accessions ranged from 76% to 88%. At 88% similarity level 55.6% of the accessions were distinct while 44.4% displayed minimum genetic variation. Maximum genetic variation was observed between A. callei UI accession (an improved accession) and Igala (a local accession).
Conclusion: The accessions displayed genetic diversity. The maximum genetic diversity observed between an improved and local accession, and the minimum genetic diversity observed between two local accessions and two improved accessions shows RAPD markers are still very much useful for genetic diversity study
Anther Culturing a Unique Methodology in Achieving Homozygosity
No full textAchieving homozygosity and uniformity has been the goal of breeders for a long time and the task was really time to take and laborious. After performing the selection for 6-7 year breeders were not even confirm about the homozygosity of that genotype. The Double Haploids have made this tedious work easier and more efficient to a great extent. At present, anther culturing is a ground-breaking methodology for plant breeding. Haploids are plants with a gametophytic chromosome number and Double haploid DHs will be haploids that have experienced chromosome duplication. The development of haploids and DHs through gametic embryogenesis permits a solitary advance improvement of homozygous lines from heterozygous guardians, shortening the time required to create homozygous plants in correlation with the current strategies such as quantitative trait loci(QTL) and marker-assisted background selection(MABS) that take lesser time (almost one year) than conventional methods. The anthers of plants are taken and treated with cold temperature. Further, the explant is sterilized with disinfectants such as 70% Ethanol, 20% chlorox and 0.1% HgCl2, dissected in laminar flow and placed on the media. At a specific interval of four-week culture was transferred on the regeneration, shooting and rooting media, and then chromosomes are counted for confirmation. Chromosomes are doubled with colchicine treatment. There are a few accessible techniques to acquire haploids such as Pollen culture, Ovary culture and Wide hybridization of which in vitro anther culture is the best and widely utilized. Final, DHs plays important role in product enhancement through genome mapping, quantitative locus investigation, hereditary manipulation and focuses for genome change programs. This review article deals with the complete methodology of double haploid production by anther culture, its effectiveness over other techniques and its uses in breeding programs