Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research
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Empirical Analysis of the Growth Dynamics and Instability of Cotton, Jute, and Mesta in India
No full textThe present study focuses on exploring the scenario of instability and growth rates in area, production, and yield of commercial crops viz., cotton, jute and mesta in India, on utilizing Cuddy-Della Valle (CDV) instability indices and compound growth rates (CGRs). For the empirical analysis, secondary time series data pertaining to area, production, and yield of the concerned crops have been collected for the period 2000-2021. Furthermore, to carry out the comparative assessment, the concerned period has been classified into period-I (2000-2010), period-II (2011-2021), and the pooled (or overall) period (2000-2021).The statistical coefficients viz., coefficient of variation (CV) and coefficient of determination have been evaluated. The key findings of the investigation reveal that, during the overall period, cotton reported highest instability in terms of production (i.e., 17.89 %) and yield (i.e., 17.12 %) as compared to the area (i.e., 7.36 %). Moreover, jute and mesta reported low instabilities in area (i.e., 3.30 %), production (i.e., 5.05 %) and yield (i.e., 3.07 %). Furthermore, in terms of growth rate of cotton, the period-I witnessed significant growth in area (i.e., 2.80 %), production (i.e., 13.24 %) and yield (i.e., 10.16 %), as compared to the period-II. However, jute and mesta witnessed negative growth rates in terms of area and production during the period-I, period-II and the overall period of investigation. Hence, focus of attention is required for enhancing the production of cotton, jute and mesta, and future policy formulation
Arthropod Diversity and Succession of Insect Pests in Black Gram Ecosystem
No full textA field experiment was conducted at Agronomy farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during Kharif, 2019 and 2020 with an objective to study the diversity and pest succession based on crop growth stages in black gram. The results revealed that a total of eight insect pests and two natural enemies belonging to five orders and eight families were recorded in black gram. Besides, population of sucking pests viz., whitefly and jassid observed from seedling stage till maturity stage of the crop. While flower thrips were noticed from flower bud stage to pod formation stage. The population of green stink bug was observed from vegetative stage to pod formation stage. Among the lepidopteran pests, the incidence of semilooper was observed from vegetative stage to pod maturity stage. Bihar hairy caterpillar and leaf eating caterpillar were observed from seedling stage to pod maturity stage. Whereas, spotted pod borer population was observed with the initiation of flowering and remained till pod maturity stage of the crop. The natural enemies viz., coccinellids and spiders were observed from vegetative stage to pod maturity of the crop. Moreover, correlation studies indicated that whitefly, jassids, flower thrips, green stink bug, semilooper, leaf eating caterpillar, Bihar hairy caterpillar and spotted pod borer were significant positively associated with each other. Besides, there was a significant positive companionship exhibited between natural enemies viz., coccinellids and spiders with insect pest population in black gram ecosystem
Assessment of Adoption Levels of Recommended Cotton Cultivation Practices in Jamnagar District, Gujarat
No full textThis study investigates the assess adoption level of cotton growers in the Jamnagar district, where cotton is a major cash crop that generally yields better returns than expected despite several factors hindering profitability. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 120 farmers from the Jamnagar district. Primary data was gathered through structured questionnaires. The adoption levels of recommended cotton cultivation practices were analyzed by three point scale measure and categorized in low, medium and high adoption, revealing a mean adoption index of 18.02 with a standard deviation of 1.96. The results show that majority of farmers that is 57.50% had a medium level of adoption, while education playing a key role in influencing adoption of recommended practices among cotton growers. Effective pest initiation spraying, pink bollworm management, and fungal foliar disease control have been significant barriers. Enhanced on-field demonstrations and reinforced extension services for pest control will improve adoption, leading to higher yields and increased profitability in the region
Relationship between Profile and Knowledge Level of Farmers about Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Scheme in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India
No full textAgriculture has always been a risky profession. Unlike the industrial sector it is subjected to the vagaries of the nature. It is facing so many difficulties such as drought, floods, cyclones, pest, diseases etc. The present need is protecting the famers from financial losses arising due to natural calamities. The government gives protection to farmers in the way of crop insurance scheme. The recently launched crop insurance scheme is the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, which is a kind of a “One Nation-One scheme” launched in the year 2016. Crop insurance is an important risk management tool used by farmers for stabilizing farm income against crop failure due to different types of natural calamities which reduce the production. Keeping in mind the importance of crop insurance scheme, the present study was undertaken to study on relationship between profile characteristics and knowledge level of farmers about Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana scheme in Cuddalore district. The study revealed that about 40.84 per cent of the respondents had medium level of knowledge regarding PMFBY scheme. The variables educational status and farming experience were found to be significant at 1 per cent level of probability
AP2/ERF Transcription Factors in Crop Plants' Disease Resistance Response
No full textBiotic stresses include the infestation of crops by an array of pathogenic microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, and insect pests. Pathogenic microbes have always threatened crop plants and their produce. With the growing global population and changing environmental conditions, there is a need for crops that can tolerate stress. Over the years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the functional role of the major transcription factors (TFs) families in plant disease resistance. Among the TFs, the APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) family members have emerged as pivotal regulators of plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. AP2/ERF transcription factors are key regulators of plant disease resistance, integrating pathogen signals to mediate salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) pathways, activate defense genes, enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and modulate cell wall defenses for effective immune responses. They influence immune responses by modulating hypersensitive reactions and serving as virulence targets for pathogen effectors. By enhancing defense responses, AP2/ERF TFs contribute to developing genetically improved crops with increased resistance to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, thereby reducing crop losses and improving yield stability under disease pressure. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of AP2/ERF transcription factors in defense responses to microbial pathogens to plant disease resistance by acting downstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. It also emphasizes recent developments and outlines future research directions to enhance disease resistance
Impact of NPK on the Ecophysiological Attributes of Thespesia populnea
No full textA field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of NPK on the performance of Thespesia populnea. A total of 17 treatments consisted of four levels of Nitrogen (50, 75, 100 and 125 g N plant-1), two levels each of Phosphorus (50 and 75 g P plant-1), and Potassium (25 and 50 g K plant-1) were tried in RBD replicated three times, to standardize the fertilizer schedule for the tree crop taken for investigation. The experimental soil was red sandy loam, non-calcareous, neutral in reaction, low in available nitrogen, phosphorus and medium in available potassium with low organic carbon content. Ecophysiological parameters viz., photosynthestic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs) and Intercellular CO2 concentration (CINT). Growth attributes were influenced by N, P and K at different levels. Among the various treatments application of 100 : 75 : 50 g NPK plant-1 (T12) significantly influenced the growth attributes followed by 100 : 75 : 25 g NPK plant-1 (T11)
Constraint Analysis of Accessibility and Utilization of Agricultural Credit and Associated Socio-economic Traits in Puri District of Odisha, India
No full textThe study aimed at investigating constraints in access to institutional agricultural credit and pattern of utilization of the credit obtained by the farmers in the state of Odisha. With the application of multi stage random sampling technique, 175 farmers are selected for the analysis of the study. Descriptive statistics, Credit Adequacy Ratio have been employed in the study to identify the constraints in accessibility of credit for different groups of farmers. An index used by Lalhunthara & NVR [1] is employed in the study to find out major difficulties faced by the farmers. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression technique have been incorporated in the study to examine the credit utilization pattern and its relationship with other farm related socio-economic variables. The study found that credit gap is high for landless and marginal farmers while smaller for large farmers. As per the opinion of the farmers, red tapism in the bank is the biggest problem faced by them in access to institutional credit followed by certain collateral problems. The study depicts that nearly half of the credit accessed by the farmers is utilized for unproductive purposes of which the proportion of marginal and small farmers is more. Productive credit utilization is mostly made for machinery implementation and payment to the hired labour. Similarly, unproductive uses are in favor of building houses, social functions and ceremonial purposes. The study also reveals that there exists a positive relationship between agricultural productivity and productive utilization of agricultural credit
Effect of Different Concentrations of Auxin as Well as Cytokinin on Shoot Initiation, Formation and Multiplication of Pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.) cv. Valentia with MS Semi-solid Medium
No full textThe pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) is conventionally propagated through vegetative means. But, this approach of propagation is not feasible for commercial production of plants and has at more time the chances of reduction yield. Therefore, the availability of quality planting material is of urgent need. Recently, there has been a promising approach for pepino multiplication at large scales through tissue culture because it generates a large number of contamination free plantlets in a minimum space and time. The combination of different growth regulators may be tried to maximize the initiation, growth and development of shoot in commercial propagation of pepino plants. The Minimum days taken for shoot initiation (5.21 days) was noted under BAP 3.00 mgl-1 + IBA 0.50 ppm, and minimum days taken for shoot development (40.82 days) was noted under of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm. The highest length of shoot (9.52 cm) was produced in media supplemented with BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm. Maximum percent of developed shoots obtained from the established culture (67.79) was noted under the treatment of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm; While maximum shoots per explants/ innoculums from the established culture (4.06) was noted under the treatment of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm. Maximum number of leaves / plantlet from the established culture (10.85) was noted under the treatment of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm and maximum fresh weight (mg) of shoot / plantlet obtained from the established culture (26.05 mg) was noted under the treatment of BAP 3.00 ppm + IBA 1.00 ppm
Microcontroller Implementation in Precision Planting: A Review
No full textPrecision farming, also known as precision agriculture, is a crop management method that optimizes agricultural production by utilizing technology and data for precise placement of seed, fertilizer and pesticides. It enhances increase crop yields, reduce waste, and reduce environmental impact by applying the appropriate amount of inputs, such as seed, water, fertilizer, and pesticides for each crop. Farmers can reduce expenses by reducing the usage of expensive inputs while increasing yields and crop quality by employing precision farming techniques. Commercially available planters normally use mechanical metering systems which have many limitations including, skidding of the wheel, non-uniform seed rate, wastage of the seed and higher maintenance cost. It is evident from recent researchers that irregularly in seed placement, which is generally caused due to wheel slippage and seed metering systems powered by electric or hydraulic motor can maintain accurate seed placement and can work at higher speeds compared to traditional planters
Roadblocks to Hybrid Wheat Seed Production: An Analysis of Constraints
No full textThere is great pressure on wheat, a crucial staple crop of global importance due to issues such as climate change, rising population numbers, and both microorganismic (biotic) and mineral (abiotic) stress. Heterosis can be employed in developing superior characters in hybrid wheat resulting from crosses between highly divergent parents. However, hybrid wheat has been beset with problems such as self-pollination, low heterosis, prohibitive production cost, and small scale of consumer acceptance. It explores how hybrid wheats are produced such as chemical hybridising agents, cytoplasmic male sterility and genomic selection. This aspect entails difficulties and complexity associated with hybrid wheat production such as hybrid incompatibility, unstable genetics, diverse heterotic families and requirement for genomic prediction of hybrid vigour. Hybrid wheat’s lag of adoption in India is discussed with a special view put on particular problems associated with that country alone. Nevertheless, there are still some issues associated with heterotic grouping and sterility systems specific for the Indian situation. Nevertheless, significant efforts, including the hybrid network of ICAR or transgenic methods, give hope to future. Finally, it should be noted that although hybrid wheat appears to have a great promise of high yield and good grain quality, bio-genetic limitations must be sorted first. Addressing these hurdles is essential if hybrid wheat is expected to increase food security and improve nutrition amid dwindling water resources due to growing populations worldwide