Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research
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Differential Changes in Some Antioxidant Enzymes and Biomolecules in Leaves of Tomato Infected by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary
No full textIn Cameroon, tomato yields remain low due to attack by pathogens and insects. Phytophtora infestans (PI) is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for the downy mildew of tomatoes, a fungal disease responsible for enormous economic losses. To contribute to the search for means of control, the stimulatory effect of the tomato defence system by extracts of some plants was evaluated. Tomato plants were treated with the aqueous macerates of Callistemon citrinus (C. citrinus) and Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) at 10% (W/V). After 4 days of spraying with the macerates, plants were inoculated with a virulent strain of PI. Tomato leaves collected at 2-day intervals for 10 days were used to determine the contents of chlorophyll a, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proline. The activities of the main antioxidant enzymes were also assessed: Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), Peroxidase (POX), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD). The results showed that treatment of tomato plants with aqueous macerates of C. citrinus and C. citratus and their inoculation with PI induced an increase in chlorophyll a, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid and proline contents in tomato leaves; an increase in APX, PAL, POX, and SOD activities. Our results suggested that increased metabolite synthesis on the one hand, and increased enzymatic activities, on the other hand, could mitigate the oxidative damage that occured during pathogen expansion. Aqueous macerates of C. citrinus and C. citratus could be used as natural products to stimulate the defence system in tomato against Phytophtora infestans
BRRI dhan104: BRRI’s Basmati Type Aromatic Rice Variety for Irrigated Ecosystem in Bangladesh
No full textAn enhancement over already available premium quality enriched aromatic rice varieties for Bangladesh is the recently announced BRRI dhan104 type of rice, which has long slender grain and is high yielding and ideal for Bangladesh's irrigated ecology. The variety has satisfactorily passed the Proposed Variety Trial (PVT) conducted in the farmers’ field in Boro 2021-22 season. As a result National Seed Board (NSB) approved this variety for commercial cultivation in the Boro season (dry season) in 2022. It has modern plant type with 92 cm plant height and matures by 147 days. The proposed variety showed 0.68 t/ha higher yield than check variety BRRI dhan50. Identifying characters of this variety are green leaf, intermediate plant height, erect flag leaf, long slender grain, and intermediate leaf senescence. In average, it can produce 7.30 t/ha grain yield but it has potentiality to give 8.71 t/ha grain yield under favorable climatic condition and appropriate agronomic management. Thousand grain weight of the variety is 21.5 gm and head rice yield is 57.2%. It is strong aromatic basmati type rice variety (according to GCMS system the value of volatile aromatic compound is 2.12 ppm), 29.2% amylose content with 8.9% protein content. Farmers can benefit financially from growing the premium quality enriched aromatic rice variety BRRI dhan104 and the total rice production will be increased along with possible to earn foreign currency by export this variety. Among the released variety by BRRI, the BRRI dhan104 is the only variety of aromatic basmati type
Efficacy of Azadirachta indica and Datura stramonium Extract with Ethanol against Different Life Stages of Tribolium castinium
No full textTribolium castinium is a devastating stored grain pests of many cereals. Both the larval and adult stages of insect are considered as voracious feeder of cereals. The adult of T. castinium secrete certain type of excretion that give foul smell from grains and make it unfit for consumption. The recent study was conducted in Department of Entomology College of Agriculture Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur sub campus Layyah. Neem (Azadirachta indica)L. and Datura (Datura stramonium)L. ethanol extracts were tested for their repellant and toxicological effects against the larval and adult stages of T. castinium at varying concentrations of 10, 15, and 30ml. The results showed that D. stramonium plant extract recorded highest repellency (86.66%) and the lowest repellency (4.50%) against T. castinium. Minimum mortality was reported at 65% in plant extract of A. indica after an interval of 24 hours at 10ml concentration, and maximum mortality was recorded (90.69%) in plant extract of D. stramonium at 30ml concentration after an interval of 72 hours. The results showed that neem and Datura plant extracts were more effective at repelling and toxicologically acting against T. castinium. The larval stage of T. castinium was also particularly vulnerable to D. stramonium and A. indica ethanol extract
Solids Reduction Process for Agricultural Effluent – A Laboratory Feasibility Study
No full textProcess steps of flocculation, filtration and centrifugation are investigated to better utilizing existing storage capacity of agriculturally based effluents and at the same time minimize the environmental impact of agricultural operations.
As flocculant Ca(OH)2 as a 20% solution, FeCl3 as a 30% solution, and Al2(SO4)3 as a 20% solution were used.
The solids content of the liquid manure, having a preadjusted pH of 9.5, resulted in a solids reduction of up to 46.8% with centrifugation.
For all flocculants, the 20% Ca(OH)2 solution, the 30% FeCl3 solution, and the 20% Al2(SO4)3 solution resulted in a decrease of the solids content of the liquid manure.
FeCl3 as flocculant reduced the solids content by 45%, Al2(SO4)3 and Ca(OH)2 as flocculant by 21.0% after the second centrifugation process. Filtration as the fourth process step reduced the solids content further by 31.6% for the Ca(OH)2 flocculant, whereas for FeCl3 and Al2(SO4)3 as flocculant and increase of the solids content by 18.2% and 2.5% respectively resulted.
The flocculant Ca(OH)2 outperformed FeCl3 and Al2(SO4)3 by 71.2%, 65.4%, and 56.9% respectively.
A Maximum COD removal rate of 47/8% could be realized without flocculant and 70.6% COD removal rate could be utilized using FeCl3 as flocculant applying a second centrifugation process
Response of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Uptake of Primary Nutrients by Maize
No full textA field experiment was accomplished from November 2018 to April 2019 at the site for agricultural research of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on uptaking of primary nutrients by maize plant. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications was used to execute the experiment. Four irrigation treatments (I1, I2, I3 and I4: irrigation concerning 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of soil available water, respectively) as factor A and three nitrogen doses [N1, N2 and N3: Nitrogen application at 75%, 100% and 125% of prescribed dose (PD) as per fertilizer recommendation guide (FRG)] as factor B was implemented. The crop responded significantly in uptaking N, P, K to different levels of irrigation and nitrogen. The uptake of N at its highest level (141.66 Kg ha-1) was observed in treatment I3N3 but the maximum uptake of P (49.17 Kg ha-1) and K (159.39 Kg ha-1) were found under the treatment I4N2. The addition of irrigation and nitrogenous fertilizer also enhanced the N (0.08%), P (8.75 ppm) and K (0.18 meq/ 100g) content of post-harvest soils. The maximum total consumptive use of water of the crop was found to be 446 mm in I4 treatment regardless N levels. Irrigation at 80% of soil available water using 100% N on prescribed dose (I4N2), appeared to be the most acceptable combination for optimal nutrient absorption by maize in the specified region. 
Growth and Yield Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Integrated Nutrient Management of Biochar, Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers
No full textAims: Maize yield is largely influenced by integrated nutrient management of biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizers application. In view of this, field study to evaluate varying rates of chicken manure (CM), Gliricidia sepium biochar (GB) and NPK fertiliser on growth and yield of maize was carried out.
Study Design: The study design was a 2 x 6 factorial arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications.
Place and Duration of Study: The field study was carried out at Mampong- Ashanti in the Forest-Savannah transition zone of Ghana over 2 years in 2021 minor and 2022 major cropping seasons.
Methodology: The study treatments were different rates of amendments using biochar, chicken manure and NPK (15-15-15) fertiliser; [10 t ha-1 CM, 300 kg ha-1 NPK, 2.5 t ha-1 GB, 150 kg ha-1 NPK + 1.25 t ha-1 GB, 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM and No fertiliser (Control)] which were applied to two maize varieties (Omankwa and Obatanpa). Physiological growth parameters (crop growth rate and relative growth rate) were determined. Vegetative growth parameter (leaf count) as well as yield and yield traits (number of lodged plants per plot, husked cob weight per plot, number of filled and unfilled cobs per plot and grain yield) were estimated.
Results: The results revealed that the application of 10 t ha-1 chicken manure and 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM to Omankwa and Obatanpa maize outperformed in crop growth rate (RGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf count compared to the unamended plots in both seasons. Omankwa had significantly higher filled cobs per plot than Obatanpa across seasons. The interaction of Omankwa and 10 t ha-1 CM and 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM gave higher number of filled cobs per plot than Obatanpa on same although not significantly different in both cropping seasons. The grain yield of maize was enhanced by soil amendments in the major and minor cropping seasons, especially with interaction of Obatanpa and 10 t ha-1 CM (7474.0 kg ha-1), (3473.4 kg ha-1) respectively. Obatanpa x 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM (6802.1 kg ha-1) interaction followed closely in grain yield in the major season.
Conclusion: Both biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizers have varying effects on growth and yield of different maize varieties. For optimize maize grain yield, 10 t ha-1 CM or 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM application is recommended
Effects of Various Fertilizer Doses on Mustard Crops under Zero Tillage System
No full textA field experiment was conducted at the BINA substation farm, Ishurdi, Pabna during 2018-2019, 2019-2020 to see the effects of various fertilizer doses on mustard plant under zero tillage system after harvest of T.aman rice. Nine treatments combination were used in the experiment. The treatments were T1: Native soil fertility only (no fertilizer), T2: 50% recommended N, T3: 100% recommended N, T4: 100% recommended NPKS, T5:125% recommended N, T6:125% recommended NPKS, T7: 50% recommended NPKS, T8: 50% recommended PKS+100%N, T9: 50% recommended PKS+125%N. Yield and yield contributing characters were recorded. Yields and yields contributing characters of mustard were significantly influenced with the different treatments. The treatment T4 (100% recommended NPKS) gave the highest seed yield followed by the treatment T5 (125 % recommended NPKS) in zero tillage condition. The results indicated that 100% NPKS (T4) or 125% NPKS (T6) enhanced more crop growth which influenced on greater seed yield of mustard. Partial cost-benefit analysis indicated that the treatments T8 and T9 was greater profitable than the treatments T4 and T6. However, considering at maximum yields and highest net return, the treatments T4 or T6 could be recommended for more production of mustard in zero tillage system. Therefore, fertilizer doses of the treatment T4 (N, P, K and S @ 90, 27, 32 and 15 kg ha-1) or the treatment T6 (N, P, K and S @ 113, 34, 40 and 19 kgha-1 ) could be adopted in the cultivation of mustard for getting maximum yields under zero tillage system in late sowing condition
ACC Deaminase Containing Plant Growth Promoting Agrobacterium larrymoorie Strain MZ 3-ABF Confers Tolerance to Drought Stress in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seedlings
No full textPlant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase can alleviate plant growth constraints caused by water scarcity. In the present study, six PGPR strains were evaluated to produce several plant growth promoting, and ACC deaminase enzyme isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in arid regions of Telangana State, India. According to their 16S rDNA sequencing analysis, only one of the six strains, MZ 3-ABF, belongs to Agrobacterium larrymoorie. A drought tolerance experiment revealed two PGPR strains with high phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indoleacetic-3-acid (IAA), and ACC deaminase enzyme secretion potential were constrained to only MZ 3-ABF and MZ 5-ABF. One strain MZ 3-ABF was chosen for use in a pot experiment to assess their growth-promoting effects on chickpea under drought conditions. This PGPR strain inoculation into chickpea seedlings was expected to alleviate the overall growth inhibition caused by drought stress. The inoculation was thought to have the greatest growth-promoting effects. Inoculation with strain MZ 3-ABF altered plant height, root length, dry biomass, and net photosynthetic rate of leaves, allowing chickpea seedlings to cope with drought better. They had an indirect effect on the biochemical and physiological properties of chickpea seedlings in order to alleviate drought stress. These findings suggest that the MZ 3-ABF PGPR may be useful for effectively weakening the growth inhibition caused by drought in chickpea. The strain could also be used as effective bioinoculant to maintain pea quality
Production of Glucose Syrup and Energy Bar from Blends of Malted Sorghum and Cocoyam Flour
No full textBackground and Objective: Roots and tuber crops such as Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), yam (Dioscorea alata), taro (Colocasia esculenta) etc are highly grown in tropical Africa and processed into staples such as garri, fufu, lafun etc. which only bring marginal income to the farmers. Reports showed that these tubers may be used as novel substitutes for industrial production of glucose syrups, modified starches and malto dextrins etc. This study evaluated the potentials of using cocoyam flour and malted sorghum in making glucose syrup and the application of the glucose syrup in energy bars production as sweetener.
Materials and methods: The cocoyam cormels were processed into flour while sorghum grains were malted and milled into flour. Glucose syrup was produced from cocoyam and malted sorghum flours mixed at ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 respectively. The energy bars were produced using a composite of cocoyam flour and malted sorghum at the same ratio with the glucose syrup. The glucose syrup was used as sweetener. The products were evaluated for proximate; functional and sensory properties. Data obtained were analyzed statistically.
Results: The results showed that the glucose syrups had dextrose equivalent 26.36-36.64%; brix0 15.05 -16.35; energy bars calorific value 364.35-367.065 kJ/100g. The sensory evaluation showed that the energy bars performed satisfactorily as rated by the panel in taste and overall acceptability.
Conclusion: Based on the result, cocoyam flour could be usefully employed in production of glucose syrup and further applied as sweetener in the production of biscuits and energy bars
Influence of Phosphorus Fertilization and Seed Rates on Yield Components and Yield of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.)
No full textThe experiment was carried out at the “Horticulture Farm” of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from November 2019 to March 2020 to study the influence of phosphorus fertilization and seed rates on yield components and yield of black cumin. The experiment consisted of two factors. Factor A: Four levels of phosphorus viz., P0= control, P1= 35 P kgha-1, P2= 40 P kgha-1 and P3= 45 P kgha-1and Factor B: Three seed rates viz., R1= 8 kg seeds ha-1, R2= 10 kg seeds ha-1and R3= 12 kg seeds ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were recorded on growth, yield components and yield of black cumin and significant variation was observed for most of the studied characters. Growth related data was maximum on P3 (45 P kgha-1) treatment but in case of seed yield, P2 (40 P kgha-1) treatment showed the best result. In case of growth characters, R1 (8 kg seeds ha-1) treatment revealed the best result but in case of seed yield, R2 (10 kg seeds ha-1) treatment showed the best result. The highest seed yield (1.27 t ha-1) was obtained from P2R2 (40 P kgha-1+ 10 kg seeds ha-1) treatment combination. On the other hand, the lowest seed yield (0.94 t ha-1) was obtained from of P0R3 (control + 12 kg seeds ha-1) treatment combination. So, it was revealed that the P2R2 treatment combination appeared to be best for achieving the higher growth and seed yield of black cumin