Asian Research Journal of Agriculture
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Performance of Chemical and Botanicals against Cercospora Leaf Spot (CLS) of Mungbean
No full textCercospora leaf spot is one of the major disease in Bangladesh and may be considered as one of the chief limiting factors where mungbean is cultivated. Advancement in resistant varieties are the positive approach for controlling the disease while several protective fungicides effectively control the disease. But sustainable resistance could not be activated so far. We conducted this experiment to know the effects of botanicals and chemicals on Cercospora leaf spot disease of mungbean and direct effects on mungbean yield. A high yielding, disease tolerant variety (BARI mung-4) was used as experimental sample and treatment plots were set in Sylhet in 2014. Total seven different treatments were applied randomly. Different variation in germination of mungbean seeds in the field were found. Minimum disease incidence (5.87%) and disease severity (2.30%) were found in combined treatment of Bavistin 50WP+Secure 600WP (T5) and gave better response in yield (1482.67 kg/ha). The result of the present study suggest that the integrated use of these treatments effectively minimize the incidence and severity of Cercospora leaf spot, as well as increase its yield
Growth and Development Response of Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f. to Aluminium Sulphate Treated Water
No full textThis study was conducted to examine the response of Telfairia occidentalis to aluminium sulphate treated water. The growth parameters (shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content) and mineral elements (Ca, Mg, Na, P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb) were determined using the recommended method of analysis. The result of this study showed that the shoot length, root length and moisture content of the crop significantly (P=0.05) decreased with increase in the concentration of aluminium sulphate treatment. The calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese and lead content of the crop decreased with increase in the concentration of alum treatment. While the phosphorous, potassium, zinc and copper increased with increase in the concentration of aluminium sulphate treatment. Therefore this study suggests that higher concentration of aluminium sulphate in water can pose toxic effect to Telfairia occidentalis
Comparison of Antagonistic Activity of Pseudmonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride against Selected Species of Fungal Pathogens
No full textAims: The antagonistic activities of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride have been evaluated by a number of studies. This research work was aimed to compare the antagonistic activities of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride against selected species of plant fungal pathogens viz, Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger.
Study Design: In vitro assay of antifungal activity.
Methodology: Dual culture method is conducted to compare the antagonistic activities of the bio control agents like Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride against selected species of fungal pathogens viz, Pythuim aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata. Three replicates were maintained for each treatment and mean percent inhibition of radial growth of pathogen in dual culture plate was recorded. Statistical analysis was done to know the significance of comparison.
Results: Out of the four fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum showed the highest inhibition of radial mycelial growth in the presence of both Pseudomonas fluorescens (49.41±0.4%) and Trichoderma viride (85.7±0.3%). Aspergillus niger recorded the least value. It was found that Trichoderma viride exhibited comparatively greater antagonistic activity compared to Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Conclusion: In vitro studies suggested that both the bio controls were effective against four fungal pathogens under the study and are promising biological control for Fusarium oxysporum
Role of Mutation Breeding in Crop Improvement- Past, Present and Future
No full textWith the inevitable risk posed by global climate change to crop yield and ever increasing demands of agricultural production, crop improvement techniques have to be more precise in developing smart crop varieties. This review reviews the past, current progress and assesses the future directions in mutation breeding for crop improvement. It provides a background to plant mutation breeding strategies, basic and advanced techniques, and provides a critical review of this approach in comparison to other methods for the genetic improvement of crops. Mutation breeding is a fundamental and highly successful tool in the global efforts of agriculture to feed an ever increasing and nutritionally demanding human population. The physical and chemical mutagens, their effects and their utility are discussed. The induction of mutations has been used to enhance the yield, better nutritional quality and wider adaptability of world’s most important crops such as wheat, rice, pulses, millets and oilseeds. The total area covered by commercially released mutant cultivars clearly indicates that they have played a significant role in solving food and nutritional security problems in many countries. Of all the mutant varieties developed, majority of mutants were produced through direct mutagenesis of the plant propagules, and also there are several reports of mutants derived by irradiating rooted stem cuttings, which paves the way for in vitro mutagenesis. The production of mutants by irradiation of in vitro cultured tissues provides a means to treat large populations which would not have been possible before. The accessibility of genomics information in the public domain combined with the recent advances in molecular biology techniques have paved the way for transforming old mutation techniques into the state of art technology for crop improvement and basic genomic research. The molecular tagging and molecular marker based identification shall bring new dimensions in gene technology. These would finally lead to rapid enhancement of crops with improved yield, increased biotic and abiotic stress and reduced agronomic inputs. Thus mutation assisted plant breeding will play a crucial role in the generation of designer crop varieties to address the threats of global climate change and challenges of world food insecurity
Field Assessment of the Potential Role of Fusarium Species in the Pathogenesis of Coffee Wilt Disease in Democratic Republic of Congo
No full textAim: To determine the probable role of 3 species of Fusarium (F. falciforme, F. solani and F. stilboides) in the pathogenesis of Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD).
Study Design: The field trial was performed using a Randomized Completed Block Design (RCBD) replicates three times.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conduct in the Experimental Garden of Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of Congo, between November 2005 and February 2006.
Methodology: Four Fusarium species (F. falciforme, F. solani, F. stilboides and F. xylarioides) were inoculated alone, or the first three strains were inoculated in combination with F. xylarioides in coffee seedlings 10 months old. Observations were focused on the time of expression of main CWD symptoms, the rate of each symptom observed, and the presence of each pathogen in dead woods of inoculated seedlings.
Results: Results obtained showed that all Fusarium species induced main symptoms of CWD at varying moment and degrees. Chronologically, leaf yellowing appeared an average 25 dai, followed by leaf browning (46 dai), leaf drying (61 dai), mortality (75 dai) and defoliation (77 dai). Significant differences (P = .05) were observed between treatments considered. All Fusarium induced seedlings mortality and were isolated in dead woods at 1 – 4 cm from the point of inoculation. In general, the search of synergistic interaction between Fusarium spp. inoculated in combination with F. xylarioides showed enhanced ability to induce various symptoms of CWD when species are used together.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that CWD could be reconsidered as a parasitic complex, and in natural conditions all Fusarium species used present a danger for coffee growing
Impact of Mixing Biogas Liquid Manure with Soil on Water Infiltration under Flood Irrigation System
No full textBiogas liquid manure is byproduct from biogas production projects. It is free from insects, flies, mosquitoes. Since the biogas projects are currently deployed in Egypt and the trend towards increased use, so the mixing such manure with soil can affect the water infiltration into the soil. The study assessed the contributions of biogas liquid manure on water infiltration of a sandy clay loam soil when using three water qualities. The biogas liquid manure was applied at rates of 0, 2, 4 and 6 lit/m2.The double-ring infiltrometer was used to get infiltration data. An electronic device was utilized to note the time the water begins to infiltrate. The results showed that the rate of biogas liquid manure and water quality had a significant effect on cumulative infiltration. The range of cumulative infiltration after 180 min was varied from 128 mm to 490 mm. The cumulative infiltration significantly decreases with the increasing of biogas liquid manure rate at any of water quality. The constants of the Kostiakov infiltration equation were influenced by biogas liquid manure and water quality. The highest constant () of 14.6832 was observed for application rate of 0 lit/m2 biogas liquid manure to the soil and the lowest constant () of 7.5895 was observed for application rate of 6 lit/m2.The highest constant () of 0.7217 was observed for application rate of 0 lit/m2 of biogas liquid manure to the soil and the lowest constant () of 0.4728 was observed for application rate of 6 lit/m2 biogas liquid manure to the soil. A multiple linear regression was employed to estimate final cumulative infiltration after 180 min based on the rate of biogas liquid manure and sodium adsorption ratio of used water with coefficient of determination of 0.9183. Moreover, a regression model was developed to estimate the cumulative infiltration at any time up to 180 min based on biogas liquid manure application rate and sodium adsorption ratio of water
Effects of NPK and Cow Dung on the Performance of Rice (Oryza sativa) in the Sudan Savanna Agro-ecological Zone of Nigeria
No full textThis study evaluated the effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK 20-10-10) and cow dung on the performance of rice at two locations (Sokoto and Talata Mafara) in the Sudan savanna zone of Nigeria, during the 2012/2013 dry season. The treatments consisted of nine different combinations of cow dung and NPK fertilizer with an absolute control, using rice (FARO 44) as a test crop. The treatments were laid out in a Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The combined application of cow dung and NPK fertilizer significantly (p < 0.05) increased most of the results obtained with regards to locations compared to the control plots. The growth and yield parameters of rice considered were significantly (p <0.05) affected by the treatments except one thousand grain weight. Application of 8 t ha-1 of cow dung in combination with 400 kg ha-1 NPK 20:10:10 gave the highest grain yield (5.77 t ha-1) at Sokoto, while application of 12 t ha-1 of cow dung in combination with 300 kg ha-1 NPK 20:10:10 gave the highest grain yield (6.50 t ha-1) at Talata Mafara. In conclusion, it is recommended that application of 12 t ha-1 of cow dung in combination with 300 kg ha-1 NPK 20:10:10 resulted in the best soil nutrient enrichment and yield of rice in Sokoto and Talata Mafara. The result showed that judicious application of cow dung with NPK fertilizers could be a useful practice for better performance of Rice in the study areas compared to the control plots which significantly recorded the least. 
Effect of Different NPK Levels on the Growth and Yield of Three Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Varieties in Sri Lanka
No full textExperiments were conducted from June to August, 2016 in fields at Attampitiya and Walimada in Sri Lanka. The aim was to obtain growth and yield parameters of three tomato varieties under three levels of NPK fertilizers. Treatment consisted of two tomato varieties (Roma, Thilina, and T 245), five levels of NPK fertilizer (recommended dosage of inorganic fertilizers as a control dosage (T1), ½, ¾, 5/4 and 3/2 fold of the control treatment laid in a split-plot design with two replications. T-245 tomato variety proved superior over Roma and Thilina on growth characteristics. It was evident that increased NPK levels resulted in higher growth performance in all three tomato varieties. Elevated NPK level did not respond significantly to yield increase, implying that such additions are not necessary as they increase the cost of production in terms of high cost incurred for fertilizer and pollution
Driving Sustainable Intensification System on Cocoa Farming Practices
No full textAgricultural development needs to pay more attention in the future in order to meet the rising demand of food due to the growing population rapidly in the world. On the other hand, increasing production is needed and land expansion will be considered if farm gate want to produce more food. Moreover, farming practices particulary in developing countries with 500 million smallholders in small-scale and poor-resource farmers are facing changing in climate wich has affected farm productivity. In the past, farming practices in developing countries has been pushed into intensification system without any concerns about environmental impacts. Thus, production has increased but resulting in land degradation, soil erosion, increasing GHG emission, and less ecosystem services. On the other word, this farming practices are not sustainable. Sustainable intensification is the new paradigma in farming practices with considering environmental impact without destruction the ecosystem to produce more food from the output use. This article discussed the potential benefits of future farming practices by performing a systematic review from body evidences elabotaring on sustainable intensification. Finally, this paper is intended to support the respective countries and the sectors in developing strategies for sustainable intensification. In summary, based on the study literature we found that cocoa agroforestry system combine with the indigenous technology suggest will be more sustainable for cocoa farming system
Characterization and Documentation of Factors Contributing to Production and Consumption of African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) in Kiambu and Kirinyaga Counties in Kenya
No full textThe aim of the study was to evaluate popular ALVs in two counties; i.e. Kiambu and Kirinyaga counties in Kenya. Focus group discussion (FGD) and a field survey were employed. The study was carried out in the two counties in Central Kenya between January and February; 2015. Purposive sampling method was used where 67 respondents (37 and 30) Kiambu and Kirinyaga counties respectively; were interviewed. One FGD was carried out in each county. The findings indicated that; about seven ALVs were cultivated and consumed in the two counties. Vegetable amaranth and nightshade were the most dominant indigenous vegetables in both counties (83.8% and 81.1%) in Kiambu and (93.3% and 83.3%) in Kirinyaga respectively. These were followed by, spider plants, pumpkin leaves, cow peas leaves and jute mallow at 54.1%, 35.1% 32.4% and 21.6% respectively in Kiambu and 30%, 56.7%, 30% and 6.7% in Kirinyaga respectively. Furthermore, large number of farmers (59% and 66.7%) in Kiambu and Kirinyaga respectively grew ALVs for nutrition or health benefit in both counties. The finding also revealed that over 50% of the respondents in both counties cultivated ALVs both for domestic and commercial purposes.
Conclusion: Two ALVs species (Amaranthus and Solanum spp) were most popular in the studied region. However a large diversity of cultivated and consumed ALVs seems to exist in Central Kenya. Production and utilization of the vegetables for nutrition and health benefit was major incentive to continual cultivation of ALVs