Journal of Global Ecology and Environment
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DISTRIBUTION OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS AND WATER IN TIGRIS RIVER
No full textTigris River is surrounded by industrial plants, urban and agricultural activities. So, for this reason this study conducted was determine the amount of some heavy metals; Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Chromium and Lead in both, water and Sediments of the Tigris River and to identify potential pollution. Three sample sites were chosen, the first one (S1) was located at North of Baghdad before the entrance of the river into the city, this site is considered as the control site, and the second site (S2) is positioned in the middle part of the city, while the third site (S3) is located in the southern part. Subsurface water and sediments samples were collected from the middle of the Tigris River during 2013-2014 from each site. Based on the experimental results, the site (S3) was more polluted than other sites which reflect an increasing of pollutant trend from upstream to downstream
INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT OF DONGQIAN LAKE, NINGBO, CHINA
No full textIn this paper, the willingness to pay of the residents and tourists for environmental protection and the influencing factors in Dongqian Lake in Zhejiang province were analyzed by using Contingent Valuation Method. The results shows that the willingness to pay of the tourists and the local residents is from 30.6 to 34.7 Yuan RMB per person every trip and from 377.2 to 455.0 Yuan RMB per person every year, respectively. The amount of compensation that is accepted for the economic activity, which damages the Lake environment but is allowed by local residents, is 461.8 Yuan RMB every year. Applying SPSS19.0 software, the regression analysis shows that the major factor of the willingness to pay of tourists and residents are the incomes, including monthly income and annual household income. They are positively correlated. The higher the income is, the higher willingness to pay is
SHORT-TERM GIRTH INCREMENT IN TREE SPECIES OF TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN FOREST ON THE COROMANDEL COAST OF INDIA
No full textPermanent plots totaling 1.8 ha was established in October 2012 for tree girth increment assessment in nine tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEF) sites on the Coromandel Coast of India. All trees ≥ 30 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were measured, tagged and the point of measurement (POM) was paint-marked. Short-term girth increment of TDEF tree species was studied after two years in October 2014, by re-measuring all the tagged trees exactly at the same POM.  
ENHANCED BIODEGRADATION OF PAHs USING BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM A HUMIC FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM OF ENIONG RIVER, ITU-NIGERIA
No full textThis study on enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using biosurfactant producing bacteria from a humic freshwater ecosystem was carried out using standard analytical procedures. Screening for biosurfactant producing potentials of the bacterial isolates using hemolytic test, oil spread, drop collapse and emulsification capacity test revealed 4 biosurfactant producing bacterial strains with Micrococcus luteus being the best biosurfactant producer. This potential was also discovered to be plasmid mediated as well as enhance the crude oil and PAH degrading potential of Bacillus subtilis by 46.06% as against 19.65% obtained when degraded by Bacillus subtilis alone. The results also revealed a greater than 90% selective degradation of naphthalene anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, acenapthylene, benzo(a)anthracene, fluorene, acenapthylene, acenapthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and pyrene. Most degraded PAHs suite were Naphthalene followed by anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, acenapthylene and benzo(a)anthracene. The potentials of these bacterial communities can be explored for broader use in remediating crude oil-polluted environment and farmlands, a condition which is inherent and of high concern in the oil-producing Niger Delta region of Nigeria
ASSESSING THE IMPACT (ALLELOPATHY) OF Azadirachta indica EXTRACTS ON THE GROWTH AND TASTE OF Manihot esculenta
No full textComponent interaction is key in determining the success of every Agroforestry system. Allelopathy is a key determinant of the co-existence of different components of Agroforestry systems. This study was carried out to ascertain the effects of Azadirachta indica on the growth and taste of Manihot esculenta. The study was carried out at the Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources (FRNR) demonstration farm, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. Five different concentrations of A. indica (0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were obtained from dried and pounded parts of A. indica mixed with water. The aqueous mixture was watered onto M. esculenta for a period of six months. Generally, treatments with 75% A. indica concentration recorded the highest growth whilst treatments with 100% A. indica concentration recorded the lowest growth. In terms of taste, treatments with 100% A. indica concentration were most bitter while treatments with 0% concentration were the sweetest.
The study showed that the different treatments had a significant difference on both the growth and taste of M. esculenta. In general, A. indica had allelopathic effect on the taste of cassava and as such, further studies should be conducted to determine the appropriate planting distance that would minimise the effects of A. indica on M. esculenta taste and growth
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN THE SELECTED DRINKING WATER SUPPLY IN SAMOA
No full textThis study presents a baseline water quality data on the distribution and occurrence of potential chemical contaminants in the selected drinking water supply in Samoa. Water samples were collected and were analysed for nitrate, chlorides, fluorides, lead and copper. The concentration ranged from 0.24 mg/L to 0.29 mg/L (lead), 10 mg/L to 15 mg/L (chloride), 0.30 mg/L to 0.59 mg/L (fluoride), 1.10 mg/L to 1.90 mg/L (nitrate) and 0.19 mg/L to 0.39 mg/L (copper). All concentrations were below the permissible maximum concentration of environment quality standard – World Health Organisation (WHO) except for lead
ACCUMULATION OF SOME TRACE METALS IN TILAPIA FISH, WATER AND SEDIMENT IN MOD NEAR THE CENTER OF Al-NASSIRIYIA CITY
No full textThe present study was conducted to investigate the concentration and distribution of four trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) in different tissues (gills, liver, kidney, ovaries and muscle) of Oreochromis aureus collected from main outfall drain (MOD) during summer 2015, and in water (dissolved and particulate) phases also (exchangeable and residual) phases of sediment. Sediment texture and Total Organic Carbon (TOC%) were measured in the sediment of the study area as a percentage.
Distribution of studied metals showed that, station 1 generally was polluted more than station 2 and 3, which may be attributed to the impact of pollution sources in this station among them domestic sewage effluents without treatment from the residual region near the mentioned. In sediment, trace metals was recorded higher concentrations in the residual phase compared to exchangeable phase with exception for Cd and Pb at all stations during the study period.
The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in dissolved phase of water were 0.03, 0.46, 0.08 and 11.54 µg/l respectively, whereas their concentrations in particulate phase were 9.84, 22.11, 17.37 and 63.75 µg/g dry weight respectively. For sediment, the mean concentrations of these metals in the exchangeable and residual phases were as follows: Cd (4.40, 0.05), Pb (27, 1.64), Cu (5.54, 9.02) and Zn (2.65, 17.46) µg/g dry weight respectively.
In the fish tissues, the mean concentrations were oscillated for the studied tissues. These concentrations appeared in tissues (liver, gills, kidney, ovary and muscle) of Oreochromis aureus as follows: Cd (0.13, 0.15, 1.53, 0.06 and 0.02), Pb (10.23, 14.19, 13.01, 0.7 and 2.31) Cu (20.01, 15.61, 10.41, 9.10, and 16.00), and Zn (35.12, 25.01, 18.20, 70.71 and 20.11) µg/g dry weight respectively.
Results showed a difference in concentrations of studied metal in different tissues of fish. The tissues of same species showed differences in concentration of studied metals. According to the results of this study, the consumption of MOD fish can be safe for human health in spite of possible contamination with trace metals
ALUMINIUM CORROSION ABATEMENT USING NON TOXIC AND ECO-FRIENDLY ORGANIC INHIBITORS
No full textThe corrosion inhibition performance of the alkaloid and non alkaloidleaf extracts of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (AECAL and NAECAL) on the corrosion of aluminium in 1 M HCl solution at 303K and elevated temperatures of 303, 313 and 333K was investigated and compared. The experimental work was performed by the use of weight loss method (gravimetric), hydrogen evolution (gasometric) and electrochemical techniques respectively. The results indicate that both extracts inhibit the corrosion of mild steel in the medium. However, AECAL exhibits higher maximum inhibition efficiency (83.3%) than NAECAL (57.1%) at 2.0 g/L. Generally inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increase in concentration of both leave extracts but decreased with rise in temperature. However, 2.0 g/L concentration showed a better performance in the inhibition of 1M HCl for both samples. Inhibition mechanism was deduced from the temperature dependence of the inhibition efficiency as well as from activation parameters that govern the process. Adsorption of both extracts on the aluminium coupon was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The phenomenon of physical adsorption is proposed from the obtained thermodynamic parameters
SOIL-SPECIFIC IRRIGATION STRATEGIES IN THE 21st CENTURY – AN OVERVIEW
No full textApproximately 70% of the global water withdrawal and 85% of the consumptive water usage are for irrigation. Unfortunately, water use efficiency in the agricultural sector is very poor with more than 50% water loss. In most cases, the main goal in water management is to optimize irrigation water use efficiency not only to produce good quality, high-yield crops but also to ensure that the runoff and leaching are minimized. Most of the time climatic and phenological factors are used to regulate irrigation. However irrigation efficiency is also strongly influenced by soil properties.
To optimize irrigation practice economically and ecologically, it is essential to provide an objective basis for the irrigation process. However, atmospheric parameters as well as groundwater proximity must not be overrated: instead, close attention to the pedological conditions should be a primary consideration. Soil physical properties can change enormously over small distances but the composition and properties of the cultivated soils are rarely taken into consideration.
Based on comprehensive analyses of existing literature and author`s studies in this field of research, the review paper on hand will give an overview of the current development of irrigation strategies. Due to the fact that approaches of precision irrigation require precise knowledge of soil properties, this paper pays particular attention to soil site-specific irrigation methods
GROUNDWATER SALINITY OF KARHA RIVER BASIN AREA, INDIA
No full textSaline groundwater occurs in the Karha River basin area. Groundwater is one of the major resource for the peoples of River area for domestic and agricultural purpose. The physicochemical parameters of the groundwater are reported in the material and method. Salinity of groundwater is evaluated from these results. The groundwater samples from study area were collected in the period of post-monsoon (POM) winter 2014 and pre-monsoon (PRM) summer 2015 seasons. The various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity, Ca2+ , Mg2+, Na+, K+, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), HCO3-, Cl-, and SO42- were determined using standard procedures of APHA. The results of analysis were compared with the drinking water quality standards of Indian Standard Institute (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). For suitability of groundwater for agricultural purposes, groundwater data was compared with standard parameter of FAO.
The analyzed data were presented in the tabular form and discussed the results with the help of graphical presentation. The average annual values of the electrical conductivity of groundwater ranged from 504 to 8624 μS/cm in the study period. In Karha River basin area the salinity of groundwater was considerable. 24% samples were EC up to 750 μS/cm which is low salinity and suitable for all purposes such as drinking, domestic and agricultural. In rest of the area 76% groundwater samples showed high to very salinity (EC > 2250 μS/cm). Higher saline water is not suitable for drinking, domestic and agricultural purpose. The soluble sodium percentage values ranged from 7.68 to 92.83%. 18% groundwater samples from the study area showed higher soluble sodium percentage (>60%), indicating, groundwater in the study area was doubtful to unsuitable for irrigation purpose