Journal of Global Ecology and Environment
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GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING OF WASTELAND CHANGE IN SRI POTTI SRIRAMULU NELLORE DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH
No full textA wide range of applications requires a detailed mapping of wasteland changes at a regional scale. Data on wastelands in the form of maps and statistics are needed for spatial planning and management. In the present study, the extent and changes in wastelands are evaluated during 2006-2016 in Sri Potti Sriramulu (SPS) Nellore district. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) data pertaining to Kharif, Rabi and Zaid seasons have been used for interpretation of wastelands during 2005-06, 2008-09, and 2015-16. Twelve wasteland categories were identified and delineated using on-screen visual image interpretation techniques in GIS environment. The geographical extent of wastelands was spread over constitute about 2433 sq. km (18.42%) in 2005-06, 2304 sq. km (17.44%) in 2008-09, and 2045 sq. km (15.48%) in 2015-16. It is observed that there is a reduction in the extent of wastelands during 2006-16 by an area of about 388 sq. km (2.93%). There is a considerable change in the extents of open scrub, dense scrub and scrub forest area; whereas little changes are observed in sands, barren rocky and other wasteland categories. The decreased in the district\u27s wasteland areas can be attributed to the implementation of various developmental initiatives. They include watershed development, industrial development and the influence of the industrial corridors in the district
USE OF ALKYL POLYGLYCOSIDES IN THE REMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS FROM HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATED SOILS
No full textHeavy metal contamination of soil is a global issue because of the accumulation of these compounds in the environment, endangering human health, plants, and animals. This research investigated surfactant enhanced remediation of heavy metals such as of Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cu in hydrocarbon contaminated soil samples from Eneka, Ozuoba and Rukpokwu. The soil samples were contaminated with medium and light crude oil, and the concentrations of heavy metals were analysed with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Results obtained from the medium crude contaminated soil samples before remediation showed: Cu: 5.82mg/kg, Fe:11897.00 mgkg-1, Zn :129.00 mgkg-1, Pb: 6.80 mgkg-1, Ni:11.60 mgkg-1, Cr: 20.70 mgkg-1 for soil samples from Eneka. The metal concentrations were reduced to 3.80 mgkg-1, 2013.00 mgkg-1, 29.40 mgkg-1, < 0.012 mgkg-1, <0.008 mgkg-1, and <0.005 mgkg-1 respectively after remediation. The results of the soil samples from Ozuoba were: Cu: 3.04 mgkg-1, Fe: 7197.00 mgkg-1, Zn: 51.80 mgkg-1, Pb: 3.10 mgkg-1, Ni: 11.90 mgkg-1, Cr: 37.90 mgkg-1 before remediation. The concentrations of the metals were reduced to 1.27 mgkg-1, 2017.00 mgkg-1, 19.40 mgkg-1, 0.012 mgkg-1, <0.008 mgkg-1 and < 0.005 mgkg-1 respectively after remediation. The results of soil samples from Rukpokwu were: Cu: 3.56 mgkg-1, Fe: 4188.00 mgkg-1, Zn: 111.00 mgkg-1, Pb: 1.04 mgkg-1, Ni: 9.50 mgkg-1, Cr: 34.50 mgkg-1 before remediation. The concentrations of the heavy metals were reduced to 1.57 mgkg-1, 2034.00 mgkg-1, 16.00 mgkg-1, <0.012 mgkg-1, <0.008 mgkg-1 and <0.005 mgkg-1 respectively after remediation. The soil samples contaminated with light crude showed the following results before remediation; Cu: 5.04 mgkg-1, Fe: 10495.00 mgkg-1, Zn: 97.50 mgkg-1, Pb: 4.70 mgkg-1, Ni: 8.44 mgkg-1, Cr: 19.00 mgkg-1 for Eneka:. The concentrations of the metals were reduced to 2.86 mgkg-1, 2080.00 mgkg-1, 27.20 mgkg-1, <0.012 mgkg-1, <0.008 mgkg-1 and <0.005 mgkg-1 after remediation. The results of soil samples from Ozuoba are as follows: Cu:1.13 mgkg-1, Fe: 5504.00 mgkg-1, Zn:43.00 mgkg-1, Pb: 2.70 mgkg-1, Ni: 12.10 mgkg-1, Cr: 17.20 mgkg-1 before remediation. The concentrations were reduced to 0.21 mgkg-1, 1909.00 mgkg-1, 12.20 mgkg-1, <0.012 mgkg-1, <0.008 mgkg-1 and <0.005 mgkg-1 after remediation. The soil samples from Rukpokwu showed the following results before remediation: Cu: 2.43 mgkg-1, Fe: 4572.00 mgkg-1, Zn: 65.30 mgkg-1, Pb: 0.86 mgkg-1, Ni 13.70 mgkg-1, Cr: 20.70 mgkg-1. These concentrations were reduced to 0.26 mgkg-1, 1841.00 mgkg-1, 15.30 mgkg-1, <0.012 mgkg-1, <0.008 mgkg-1, and <0.005 mgkg-1 after remediation. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of Pb, Ni, and Cr were removed to below the detection limit of the equipment. Fe and Zn showed a very high degree of success, achieving a 60% to 83% reduction in all soil. The removal of Cu from the Eneka sample showed the least removal tendency of 33.51% in medium crude contaminated soil and 43.25% in light crude contaminated soil. The use of alkyl polyglucoside surfactant enhanced the solubilisation and surfactant-metal complexation, resulting in the removal of these heavy metals from hydrocarbon contaminated soils
PHYTOKINETIC OF WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crassipes) TREATED CRUDE OIL-CONTAMINATED WASTEWATER
No full textThe activities of crude oil exploration and production have led to severe contamination of the soil and water environment in the Niger-Delta area of Nigeria. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of pollutant removal and phytokinetic of crude oil-contaminated wastewater (COCW) using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Crude oil-contaminated wastewater was treated for 6 weeks. The tested samples were collected weekly for physicochemical analysis, and the control sample was analysed at the beginning and end of the study. The following parameters were analysed, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total petroleum hydrocarbon (THC), lead (Pb2+), iron (Fe2+), total suspected solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) using American Public Health Association (APHA) standard methods.
The results showed that, the percentage reduction ranged from 87.8% for COD to 99.1% for Fe2+, while the percentage improvement was 14.7% for pH and 96.6% for DO. Also, the maximum percentage reduction in BOD5, COD, THC, Fe, and Pb was 86.3%, 87.8%, 93.9%, 99.1%, and 88%, respectively. The first-order kinetic model best fit the experimental data, and R2 ranged from 0.97 to 0.99. Besides, the kinetic rate k of COD, BOD5, Fe, Pb, and THC reduction ranged from 0.03 wk-1 to 0.89 wk-1, and the order is Fe2+>BOD5>Pb>THC>COD. The water quality parameters of the treated COCW after 6 weeks of phytoremediation were within or below the acceptable water quality standards for discharged effluent specified by WHO, 2006 and NESREA as maximum permissible limits. The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has excellent potential in remediating crude oil-contaminated wastewater. The first-order kinetic model gave a good fit and adequately described the kinetics of pollutants removal for the phytoremediation process
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, POLICIES AND REGULATIONS: EVIDENCES FROM ITALY
No full textResearch studies have demonstrated the importance of the environment to human health. However, the damage caused to the global environmental health demands the policy makers to find answer to the question: are we living in harmony with nature? Today, the facts remains is that environmental concerns, including threats resulting from global warming and climate emergency, are global phenomenon in the new millennium. In this context, the prime area of concern for the global community is that “environmental problems, especially in the 21st century planet which is marked by the phenomenon of rising average air temperatures, have become increasingly difficult to (a) understand, and (b) to evaluate. The author of this work argues that recently witnessed flood in Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and China and heat waves (including wildfire) in parts of the United States of America (USA) are reflections of extreme weather events that have close association with global warming, which is an aspect of climate change (reflecting long-term rise of the planet\u27s temperatures) [1]. Global warming, in turn, is an outcome of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly from human activities (such as burning fossil fuels). In today’s world, the fact remains is that no country or region on the planet is untouched by impacts of environmental degradation and climate change [2]. Italy is no exception to this, some of the major environmental concerns of the country are comprised of (a) “air pollution” (resulting from energy and heating, transportation, etc.); and (b) “water pollution”. Acid rain is another area of concern in Italy. It is due to these reasons that the country has formulated environmental policies and legislations [3]. The author, in this research work, primarily attempts to outline laws and regulations pertaining to environment in Italy. Secondary data have been used in the research, and method of data analysis is descriptive. The paper concludes that environmental policy in Italy is based on three principles, namely, (a) sustainable development, (b) prevention, and (c) precaution. The country has made significant progress. Further efforts are, however, needed in order to dissociate municipal waste generation from economic growth. Importantly, although institutional integration has significantly improved in the country, there is need to further strengthen co-ordination among different administrations, particularly at the technical level. Also, there is need for implementing existing environmental laws and legislations in more meaningful ways in order to secure sustainable and green earth in the days to come
SNAKE CONSERVATION AND ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERING IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
No full textThis study examined the strategies that should be employed in snake conservation as well as the roles that snakes play in ecosystem engineering. The sample size for this study was 12; 12 respondents with expertise on the elements of study from selected institutions of practice. Four research questions together with one null hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. The instruments adopted for this study were ‘naturalistic observations’ and a well ‘structured questionnaire.’ The observations were made following a consistently instigated order for a period of about four months while the questionnaire were administered to the respondents through purposive sampling technique. The researchers also analyzed the data collected using simple percentages and Pearson Product Moment Correlation of Relationship. The results of the analyses testified to the fact that snake conservation, in particular reference to Uyo Local Government Area, has a significant relationship with ecosystem engineering. Based on this authentic result, about 5 snake species were discovered to be common snake species in the study area, moreover, about 3 natural snake habitats were also delineated and appropriately mapped out. Thus, the researcher recommended among other things that the various highlighted strategies should be employed in the study area and that if snakes are conserved in the state, ecosystems will be modified and improved for the benefit of all components
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF OUED MEBOUDJA (ANNABA)
No full textWater pollution is a concept that is constantly evolving. It constitutes today a real threat for the environment and of course for the health of the man. The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of surface waters of oued Meboudja (Annaba- Algeria) and to characterize the different types of pollution while the composition of water plays an important role in determining its quality. As objective, this work consists at the beginning to realize a monthly follow-up in three sites (S1, S2, S3) of sampling in all the length of the Oued Meboudja (upstream, center and downstream), during the period of January to December 2020, with a complete analysis of the physicochemical parameters such as (Temperature, potential hydrogen, Electric Conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, Dissolved oxygen, Nitrite, Nitrate, Chloride, Ammonium, Suspended solid, Sodium, fatty oils, turbidity).
The results showed in the three sites (S1 upstream, S2 center, S3 downstream) that temperature ranged between 11°C and 18°C. Means of pH ranged between 7 and 9. Conductivity in our finding raged between about 1064 to 2300 µs/cm. Biochemical oxygen demand ranged between about 9.30 and 13.30 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen also balanced between 1.50 and 2.03 mg O2/l. Nitrite in this study ranged between 1.50 and 2.02 mg/l. Nitrate ranged between about 41 to 52 mg/l. Chloride ranged between 71 to 81 mg/l. Ammonium through the year ranged between 1.66 to 2.30 mg/l. Suspended matter ranged between 153 to 190 mg/l. Sodium ranged between 6 to 6.60 mg/l. fatty oils ranged between 95 to 115 mg/l. Finally turbidity ranged between 8 to 16 NTU. The highest means were observed in the summer (especially in August) of all parameters but the turbidity which augmented significantly in the winter (December to January). Waters of Oued Meboudja are loaded by various pollutants of several origins namely: industrial, chemical and also agro-food
EFFECT OF VINE CLIPPING ON FLOWERING AND SEX EXPRESSION IN WATERMELON PLANT DURING WINTER SEASON WITH AMBIENT AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURE BY LOW-TECH GREENHOUSE
No full textAlthough watermelon fruits have year-round demand to the all classes and ages people in Bangladesh but its cultivation is mostly concentrated to the summer season. Previously we failed to cultivate the watermelon in winter season by elevating temperature using low-tech greenhouse where fruit production was mostly limited due to the poor initiation of female flower. It is thought that apical dominance is responsible under warmer low-tech that’s why excessive vine growth was occurred along with poor initiation of pistillate flower. Therefore the present study was carried out in 2016/2017 autumn and winter season in the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh to investigate whether the vine clipping could facilitate the female flowering along with fruit setting through reducing the effect of apical dominance in growing watermelon plants. Four varieties of watermelon viz. Sonya, Black Dorin, Badsha and Dragon were grown both in low-tech and that at outside. Both low-tech plants and that grown at outside were treated with (i) no vine clipped (control), (ii) mother vine clipped following the emergence of fourth primary vine, and (iii) all primary vines regularly clipped allowing mother or cotyledonary vine only. Air and soil temperatures increased inside the low-tech than that at outside which significantly hastened all the phenophase events like days to appearance of first vine, first leaf, and first male and first female flowers, and first physiological maturity of fruit. Results showed that initiation of female flowering in low-tech watermelon plants slightly improved when primary vines were clipped allowing mother vine only, and there was no effect on female flowering when mother vine was clipped. Consequently, vine clipping treatments did not significantly improve fruit setting and yield in watermelon plants. Therefore, investigation using plant growth regulators is suggested for exploring watermelon cultivation using low-tech greenhouse during winter season in Bangladesh
SUSTAINABILITY OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY AA8011 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY USING Moringa Olifera LEAVES EXTRACT
No full textInhibition of corrosion of aluminium alloy AA8011in 1.0 M Hydrochloric acid (HCl)by Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves extract has been studied using weight loss and electrochemical techniques. A summary of corrosion rate at different concentrations over a range of time proved 0.5g/L concentration to give the least rate of corrosion for this grade of aluminium alloy. It was inferred from the obtained results that Moringa oleifera has inhibitory effect on aluminium alloy corrosion. In addition, the Nyquist plots of aluminium alloy for different concentrations of Moringa oliefera leaves extract were obtained through the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method. The electrochemical impedance measurements confirmed the inhibitive nature of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on the corrosion of aluminium alloy as the corrosion current density decreased with increased in concentration of the extract. Furthermore, for potentiodynamic polarization measurement of aluminium alloy, Tafel polarization technique results showed that the extract acted as a mixed type inhibitor. Based on the obtained results, Moringa oleifera leaves extract is a good inhibitor of aluminium corrosion in acidic medium. Hence, the implementation of this research findings will account for effective management of manufacturing sectors where metals such as aluminium alloys are in use
CHANGES IN LEGISLATION AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE GREAT CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax carbo) POPULATION INCLUDING ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGE OVER A PERIOD OF TEN YEARS (2010-2019)
No full textThe great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) is one of the most nimble fish predators in the bird class. Its nimbleness, tirelessness and success in hunting make it an unwelcome guest in any country with a well-developed tradition of pond farming. Cormorant flocks can kill most of a pond\u27s population by hunting. By the end of the 20th century, wild cormorants in the Czech Republic were so rare that they were listed as an endangered species. Due to this protection, the population increased. However, this increase caused damages to fish farms and moreover to wild fish population in rivers, which resulted in state-regulated hunting. Over the years, both resident and migratory cormorants have appeared more and more in the Czech Republic. Here we address the impact of recent changes in legislation on the abundance of this species and damages caused by them in this central European country in the last 10 years
GEOSPATIAL MONITORING OF THREATENED MEDICINAL ORCHID, Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze IN UTTARAKHAND, WESTERN HIMALAYA
No full textProfound field inventory and monitoring of threatened species habitats are cost-prohibitive, if there is little known about the distribution of species. Malaxis muscifera is a habitat specific, threatened medicinal orchid constitute of Astavarga which grows between 2500-3700 m in the alpine region of Himalaya. Its population decline is closely linked to overexploitation from wild and increasing habitat loss. The present communication attempted to assess its availability and potential habitat suitability for in-situ conservation and long-term monitoring in the alpine region of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya. Intensive field surveys and Rapid Mapping Exercise (RME) technique was used to evaluate species availability in the alpine meadows. MaxEnt computer package was used to predict the potential geographical distribution of the species by incorporating various environmental and physiographic parameters. The results reveal that the potential habitat of M.muscifera is higher in the alpine grassy slopes, meadows and adjacent to tree line. Out of the total vegetated area of 7116km2 area in the alpine region, about 296 km2 area is recorded highly suitable, 659 km2 less suitable and rest is not suitable to the species. Highest density (2.5 individuals/m2) was reported in Panwalikantha and Kunwari pass meadows while lowest density was observed in Martoli (0.6 individuals/m2) area. Land use land cover was the most influential variables which determine its distribution. This approach could be effectively utilized in knowing the potential distribution region, especially the high probability areas and can help in planning the land use management in and around the existing population. Also, it would help in discovering the new populations, identification of priority survey sites and in designing the conservation priority zone/resource management zone with an emphasis on species ecological boundary