Journal of Global Ecology and Environment
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Design and Construction of a Waste Exchange for the Management of Crop Residues in the Departments of Issia, Soubre, Daloa and Sassandra, Ivory Coast
No full textThe management of crop waste remains a major concern in countries with high agricultural potential such as Côte d\u27Ivoire, due to the pollution of environmental components resulting from its poor management. This work aims to set up a waste exchange to provide real information on crop residues produced in the departments of Soubré, Sassandra, Daloa and Issia to operators wishing to recover them. The modeling of the system was carried out following the approach of the MERISE method which is characterized by three levels: Conceptual, Logical and Physical. The interface of the exchange was developed with the PHP language. The software implemented uses the database that we have implemented in accordance with the data model that we have created. This software effectively takes into account the modules of a waste exchange. It guarantees data security and minimizes possible errors. The stock exchange database was generated by a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), designed around the concepts of the SQL language. The waste exchange is available. It can be consulted through a user-friendly homepage. It can provide real-time information to all economic operators wishing to recover crop residues, it displays offers, gives the possibility of contacting the residues holder. The departments of Soubré, Sassandra, Daloa and Issia have a very great potential for the production of agricultural residues that may be of interest to economic operators for recovery in processing units or "recovery units"
Chi-square Test and Its Utility in Forest Ecology Studies
No full textIn forest ecological studies, the data are often collected as nominal variables which can be summarized as frequency data. For this kind of nominal data, the chi-square test statistic can be used to evaluate whether the study groups are independent or not in their occurrence. This frequency data are arranged in a 2 x 2 table or with more rows and columns tabular format to undertake Chi-square test. Frequency or counts data of exclusive categories are used to test their independence/association by testing their proportion of occurrence in the rows and columns of the Chi-square table. The article includes the details on the data that can be used under Chi-square test through case studies, assumptions associated with the test, how the test and associated p-value can be achieved by simple manual calculation without any statistical program
Trend Analysis of Particulate Matters Over Kathmandu Valley, 2020
No full textAir pollution has been a major problem of 21st century both for developed and developing countries. It has negative impact on various environmental aspects which directly or indirectly affect the quality of human health. This study analyzed daily and monthly variation of Particulate matter; PM2.5 and PM10 in air pollution at four different locations Sankhapark, Bhaktapur, Ratnapark, and Bhaisipati of Kathmandu Valley in year 2020. The data calculated has been compared to the data of United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) standard. The results shows that the PM10 and PM2.5 varies in between Good to Unhealthy zone. Because of lockdown due to COVID-19 (From 24 March), pollution in Kathmandu decreased to minimum values being in Good zone and started to move towards moderate and USG –Category after lockdown is over. The Air quality Index lies in Good range from April to August. Values of AQI (PM2.5) and AQI(PM10) are well correlated and nature of variation of PM2.5 and PM10 are nearly same but magnitudes are changing in corresponding month of year 2020
Molecular and Agro-physiological Study Associated with Net Blotch Resistance at Seedling and Adult Plant Stages in Some Egyptian Barley Genotypes
No full textNet blotch infection is the most widespread and harmful disease for barley that caused substantial losses grain yield and quality, in this study Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out to recorded the net blotch reaction at seedling and adult stage of twenty barley genotypes during two growing seasons 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 .Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers were used to study the genetic variances and relationships among barley genotypes against net blotch reaction. The expression of severity to net blotch infection based on agro- physiological traits and net blotch reaction studied showed that Line 3 and Giza 2000 genotypes appeared the highest net blotch infection response that had lowest phenol content, chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM ratio) and total chlorophyll content SPAD were (42.52 mg/100g 0.510, 39. 53 SPAD reading and 43.76 mg/100g, 0.543 and 40.50 SPAD reading) respectively. However Giza 132, Giza 134, Giza 137, Giza 136, Line 4, line 5 and line 7 were proved to be the most resistant genotypes for net blotch that showed high average mean performance values for all studied agro- physiological traits over all the tested barley genotypes and scrod one under greenhouse at seedling stage with lowest net blotch infection that they were related to type R. Genetic changeability and associations among 20 barley genotypes based on using ten SCoT markers showed 77 amplified fragments, out of them 61 (77.92%) were polymorphic. The primer (SCoT -9) was highly informative marker which had higher values of total number of bands, number of polymorphic bands, polymorphism percentage, Polymorphism information content, diversity index, marker index and discriminating power DP were ( 10 ,9, 90.0, 0.389, 0.489, 0.499 and 0.692 ) respectively, so we could consider that useful primer to confirm the genetic differences among barley genotypes for net blotch reaction. The dendrogram based on SCoT showed clear pattern of clustering among the twenty barley genotypes with the resistant and susceptible for net blotch. These results could be useful for barley improvement in terms of biodiversity protection and design of new crosses for disease resistance to net blotch resistance in Egypt
Modelling Above-ground Biomass Using Machine Learning Algorithm: Case Study Miombo Woodlands of Malawi
No full textMalawi’s Miombo Woodlands provide critical wood products and ecosystem services, including carbon storage through above ground-biomass (AGB). However, accurate and efficient estimation of AGB and C remains a huge challenge due to the complexity of heterogeneous natural and anthropogenic environmental factors exacerbated by choice of data collection and analysis techniques. A study was conducted to explore the potential of Machine Learning (ML) algorithmic on modelling AGB in Malawi’s Miombo Woodlands using remotely sensed data. A combination of AGB field measurements and Sentinel 2 Multi-Spectral Instrument (S2 MSI) imagery, and environmental data were employed to train and evaluate the performance of Random Forest (RF) regression ML model, thus against the backdrop of traditional simple linear and multiple linear regression models used in the past. The randomForest package in Rstudio R-3.6.1 software was used to model the S2 median seasonal composite band imagery datasets acquired in 2019 over Ntchisi Forest. Results demonstrate an outstanding performance of the RF with Mean Decrease in Accuracy (MDA) importance of >80 acquired from the Green, Blue and Near-Infra-Red (NIR) bands of the post-rainy season imagery while the dry season scene registered a MDA importance of >52 obtained from the Red, Blue and NIR bands. These findings underscore the superiority of the RF, revealing its ability to model AGB using different spectral bands, and more importantly, in different seasons. The outcomes have also revealed the better accuracy that the RF render in generating AGB maps (providing a minimum range of 25-33 tCha-1, which is in line with the ground reference estimates). Overall, the study has shown that RF Regression is a better technique to estimate AGB in Miombo Woodlands using the S2 MSI imagery under the given conditions. In conclusion, the research has further shown that the optical band combination of NIR and the Red regions of the Electro-Magnetic Spectrum are indispensable variables for successful modelling of AGB as well as delineating forest cover from non-forest attributes in the Miombo Woodlands. However, the study recommends exploring modelling the AGB using averaged vegetation indices i.e., NDVI, SAVI, and MSAVI, for robust results
Toxic Metal Concentrations and Exposure Risks Associated with Surface Water, Seafood (Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus, Cottus gobio) and Vegetable (Telfairia occidentalis) from Elebele River, Nigeria
No full textHuman exposure to elevated levels of environmental contaminants is an important concern of health toxicology. This study assessed the toxicity level of toxic metals including Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Nickel (Ni) in samples of water, seafood (Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus, Cottus gobio) and vegetable (Telfairia occidentalis) from the adjacent area of Elebele River, Nigeria, bioconcentration and toxic metal exposure posed to communities consuming these foodstuffs. The following indices: single-factor index and the comprehensive pollution index, metal pollution index, estimated daily and weekly intakes, hazard index and lifetime cancer risk were applied. Samples of water, seafood and vegetable were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that the concentrations of metals except for Cd in water samples were higher than the permissible limits by international organisations. Results also revealed that the concentrations of metals in foodstuff samples were within limits. Furthermore, the values of estimated weekly intakes calculated were lower than the limits of provisional tolerable weekly intakes established by the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization. This suggests no health risks and is consistent with the HI results. However, As was a major contributor (96.9%) to health risks associated with the ingestion of water. Lifelong consumption of T. occidentalis might be hazardous in the study locality. The carcinogenic risk was > 1 × 10‒4 for As and Ni. Therefore, to reduce the health risk and the extent of metal contamination, steps must be taken for the efficient removal of metals from the water body
Assessment of Changes in Climatic Variables in Hadeja-Nguru Wetlands
No full textThe study assessed the changes in climatic variables in Hadeja Nguru wetland. Parameters evaluated includes; variations in climatic variables over a 40-year window (1979-2019) Data on climatic variables on daily basis were obtained for a period 40years and Satellite imageries of the study area were officially downloaded from the United State Geological Survey website. Paired sample T-test and chi-square test of association were used in assessing the variation in climatic factors. Result showed that indicated sparse distribution as a major effect of climate change. Decreased in crops production, land shade, destruction of harvested crops, increase in insect population and shortened seed germination period were thought to be the consequences of reduction in rainfall, excessive rainfall, irregular rainfall pattern and increase in temperatures, Food scarcity, reduction in income due to depletion of crops were also pinpointed as impacts of climate change.. Maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity and solar intensity between 1979 and 2019 were 40.07 and 36.46, 1180.36mm and 58.18mm, 2.97m/s and 2.29m/s, 0.33g/kg and 0.22g/kg and 23.68w/m2 and 20.70w/m2 respectively. There was also a significant Chi-square value (33.481a) between respondents’ effect of climate change and increase in farm sizes. The paper concluded that there were fluctuations in climatic variables. There is the need to put in place right policies to protect and preserve wetlands to enhance their sustainability and resilience to climatic changes and variability
Farmer’s Readiness to Buy, Adopt and Participate in Growing Buffer Crops to Mitigate wild Animal Damage on Crops around Kibale National Park, Western Uganda
No full textFarmers participation in growing buffer crops can act as a strategy to mitigate crop damage by wild animals. Some 56.53% of the farmers that participated in growing of buffer crops were sensitized about which type of buffer crop to grow, their economic and social values guided by appropriate agricultural policies. Farmers\u27 knowledge of buffer crops to grow, and the choice of the buffer crop to be grown versus the type of crop-damaging wildlife species they deter are essential components of crop farmers\u27 participation. More men (50.6%) were ready to adopt buffer crops compared to 31.7% who were women. Farmers owning crop gardens in <500 metres were ready to adopt and plant buffer crops at (70.4%), buy them at 45.06% to mitigate crop damage by wild animals. The major source of buffer crop planting materials was Local Government at (77%). Some 19.2% of the farmers who were not growing buffer crops proposed that Uganda Wildlife Authority through Kibale National Park management should support communities in ecotourism and apiary as alternatives to mitigate crop damage by wild animals. The study proposes sensitization of farmers about the value of buffer crops as means to increase farmer’s readiness to buy, adopt and participate in growing buffer crops to mitigate wild animal damage on crops around Kibale National Park
Changes in the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) Population Including Assessment of Damage in the Last Decade: Is Their Protection Still Necessary?
No full textMonitoring wildlife populations requires trustworthy assessment methods to get reliable data to be able to make reasonable management decisions. The Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) experienced a dramatic population decline throughout Central Europe during the twentieth century but is currently recovering in both distribution range and population size. Their numbers are regularly monitored by the relevant authorities, who issue an annual report on the occurrence of Eurasian Otters and the financial damage caused by them. These data for the last decade show that the abundance of Eurasian Otters in 2020 was 72% higher than in 2011 and that financial losses on fish farms has increased by 148% over the same period. In view of these facts, it is appropriate to discuss whether the Eurasian Otter is still an endangered species in Central Europe or whether the time has come for government regulation of their numbers, as has already happened with other initially protected animal, great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
INSECTICIDAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF Dennettia tripetala (G. Baker) FRUIT OIL EXTRACT USED AS COWPEA GRAINS PROTECTANT AGAINST Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) INFESTATION
No full textDennettia tripetala fruit ethanolic oil extract was investigated for its insecticidal property. Bioassay was conducted at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0ml/20 g of susceptible cowpea. Results indicated that 1.0 ml dosage was the most effective as it evoked 100% beetle mortality within 24 h of application and its effect was significantly (p<0.05) different from other treatments except the positive control that recorded up to 94% mortality of the beetles. All dosages displayed significant lethal effects on the insect as compared with the untreated check. Insect mortality was dosage dependent. Probit analysis showed that, fruit oil extract required 2.46 and 6.66ul to achieve 50 and 95% highest insect mortality within 24 hours. Treated seeds with highest dose of 1.0 ml D. tripetala extract prevented oviposition, adult emergence as well as ability of the insect to cause damage and weight loss, hence reduced infestation and subsequent damage of treated cowpea seeds. Thus, Dennettia tripetala extract could be a potential toxicant and of great importance in storage protection of stored cowpea against the bruchids. The bilirubin, GGT and Uric acid were high as the dosages increased. Positive control showed significantly higher concentration of Bilirubin - 69.11g/dl, GGT - 38.02g/dl Uric acid - 50.25g/dl while Total protein was at its least (0.06g/dl) when compared to other groups. The low values of AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), ALP (Alkaline Phosphate), ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) and Creatine concentrations recorded at 1.0ml of 2% concentration of D. tripetala oil extract has no hepatotoxic effect on animals