ADAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE
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Gender Differentials in the Processing of Kolanuts for Marketing in Southwest Nigeria
Get PDFThis study determined the gender differentials in the postharvest processing of kolanut. The study was carried out in Ondo State of Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select respondents. Two kolanut producing local government areas (LGAs) Ife East and Ondo East were purposively selected from the state. From Ife East, Ifekola was selected while Bolorunduro community was selected in Ondo East. A total of 150 kolanut processors were randomly selected from the two communities. Structured questionnaire was used to collect information from the respondents. The data retrieved from the information collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Most (70.67%) of the respondents are 50 years and below while 29.33% of the respondents are above 50 years of age. About 64.67% of the marketers are females while 89.33% of the processors are married with 83.33% of the respondents having formal education. Ninety percent of adult females were involved in the soaking of kolanuts in preparation for peeling and 10% of adult males were involved in the same activity. Also, for peeling of kolanuts activity, 96.0% of adult females were involved and 4% of adult male were involved. Ninety seven percent of adult female and 3% of adult male were involved in washing of the peeled kolanut. In the preservation of the peeled kolanut, 86% of adult female and 14% of adult male were involved. Forty six percent of the processors agreed that it is always very difficult to get fresh kolanut to buy. In a similar manner, 52.67% of the respondents agreed that preservative chemicals are not always available to buy. As regards the labour availability for peeling, 45.33% of the respondents are of the opinion that labour for peeling is always very difficult to attract. Some of the processors (32.67%), confirmed that leaves for storing kolanut is always very difficult to get. As regards the preservative chemicals, 54.67% of the processors believed that the chemicals are not always available to buy. In the study, more women are involved in all the activities involving kolanut processing than men. Women involved with kola production and marketing need to form groups to work together and purchase their materials in bulk from towns/cities near them
Phytogenic effect of garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on the keeping quality of shredded meat
Get PDFThe qualities of meat during storage are deteriorated by microbial growth, oxidation and enzymatic autolysis. Garlic and ginger are recipes used in meat product preparation as antimicrobial and antioxidant substances. .A total of sixty 6-week old broiler chickens were sacrificed and meat removed from the breast muscle where meat chunks were randomly distributed into six treatments. Treatments comprised of shredded meat prepared with a standard recipe containing ginger and garlic (SR-GaG), standard recipe without ginger and garlic (mGaG), standard recipe with ginger (pGin), standard recipe with roselle (pRos), standard recipe with garlic (pGar) and standard recipe with vitamin E (pvE) replacing ginger and garlic respectively. Data were obtained for Moisture, Crude Protein, CP, Crude Fat, CF, Ash, Thiobarbituric Reactive Substances, TBARS) for 0, 7 and 14days refrigerated (4oC) storage including Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Total Fungi Count (TFC) and Total Coliform Count(TCC) for 7, 14 and 21 days refrigerated storage. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using IBM SPSS version 21.. Reduced (p < 0.05) moisture content was observed in group mGaG followed closely by pGin group over 14 days of storage. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) CP was recorded in pGin and pvE groups. Reduced (p < 0.05) CF was observed in pvE group at 7thday while pRos group showed reduced CF among the phytogenics and through the storage periods. The TBARS of pGin, pRos, and pGar reduced (p <0.05) along storage periods. The TBC, TCC, and TFC significantly reduced for shredded meat (mGaG and pGin) while elevated values were observed for other treatments across the storage periods. Listeria salivarius and Micrococcus varians were isolated in SR-GaG throughout the storage periods. Therefore, single addition of ginger and garlic to recipe of shredded meat is recommended for oxidative stability, improved meat quality and meat preservation
Evaluation of the impact of Acacia nilotica and Annona senegalensis as potential sources of phytogenic compounds on performances of commercial broiler chickens
Get PDFThe study investigated the impact of Acacia nilotica and Annona senegalensis leaves, as potential sources of phytogenics in broiler diets through a completely randomized design experiment. For both plants, chickens in control were fed diets without phytogenic sources, while the chicken in the test groups T2, T3, and T4, were fed with diets containing 200 g leaves per kg of feed, 200 g seed (ANS) per kg of feed, and 100 g each of both leaves and seeds per kg of feed, respectively. Performance parameters including body weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio was recorded while haematological parameters including white blood cells, haematocrit, platelets, haemoglobin, and red blood cells of the chickens were assessed at the end of the study. The results showed that broilers fed diet containing both Acacia nilotica leaves and seeds (T4) had the highest body weight at 8 weeks (5011.10g, p<0.05), total feed intake (4100.00g, p<0.05), weight gain (4298.70g, p<0.05), and the most efficient feed-to-gain ratio (0.95, p<0.05). The broiler chickens fed diets containing Annona senegalensis leaves and seeds showed no significant differences in final body weight or weight gain compared to the control group (p = 0.414), with T3 having the highest average final body weight (3480g). However, feed intake patterns varied significantly, with T2 having the lowest average feed intake (2993g, p<0.05), and the control group having the highest feed intake, while no significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratios (FCR) among all groups, indicating similar feed efficiency across diets. Supplementation with Acacia nilotica leaves and seeds significantly increased white blood cell counts (p<0.05) in broiler chickens, with T2, T3, and T4 showing higher values (98.78 x 106/μL, 101.08 x 106/μL, and 101.24 x 106/μL, respectively) compared to control (82.98 x 106/μL). Conversely, Annona senegalensis leaves and seeds did not significantly affect white blood cell counts or other haematological parameters (p>0.05). This study demonstrates the potential of Acacia nilotica and Annona senegalensis as promising phytogenic alternatives for enhancing broiler chicken performance. However further research is warranted to explore the specific bioactive compounds in the test ingredients for these effects and optimize their use in poultry diets for sustainable and productive poultry production
Effects of Moringa oleifera, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale on the haematological parameters and histopathological changes in visceral organs of Clarias gariepinus infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Get PDFBacterial resistance to synthetic antibiotics is been a worrisome issue globally resulting in the search for alternative medicament for the treatment of bacterial infection in man, fish and other livestock. The study investigated the histological changes caused by selected medicinal plant extracts on sub-adults of the sharp tooth African catfish Clarias gariepinus experimentally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical screening of test plants was done using standard methods. Agar well diffusion method was used to screen susceptibility of P. aeruginosa; ATCC 27853 to extracts of Moringa oleifera, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale and oxytetracycline at 1000 mg/ml, 750 mg/ml and 500 mg/ml. Three fish samples from each group were tested for immune response and histopathological alterations. Saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, anthraquinone and alkaloids were present in test plants. Values of packed cell volume was 29.33%, 30.67%, 34.33%, 25.33% and 22.33% in fish exposed to oxytetracycline, Z. officinale, M. oleifera, A. sativum and untreated fish respectively. Similar trend was observed in the levels of red blood cell, haemoglobin and lymphocyte. White blood cell and neutrophil values were comparatively high in the untreated than treated fish. Organs of untreated fish showed degenerations in gill lamellae, gastric glands and hepatocytes while treated fish organs showed slight regeneration. The studied medicinal plant extracts showed significant antibacterial activity and compared with oxytetracycline in the treatment of P. aeruginosa diseases in fish. Use of these medicinal plants enhanced cultured fish immune responses.
 
Marketing analysis of snails in selected snail markets in Ibadan, Nigeria
Get PDF The study was carried out investigate marketing of snails in selected snail markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Information was collected with the use of structured questionnaires and oral interview. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage and regression were applied to analyze the socio-economic variables. For the regression analysis, linear function had F-ratio that was significant and highest co-efficient of multiple determination (R2) values of 0.971. The study revealed that more females (92.5%) than males (7.5%) were involved in snail marketing in the study area. Majority of the respondents (80.0%) were married while 46.2% were within age bracket of 50-59 years. The result further revealed that 82.5% sourced for capita through personal savings. Per annum profit of N 340,200.00/marketer indicates the profitability of sales. Marketing constraints facing the snail marketers in the study area are price fluctuation, inadequate credit facilities irregular supply and snail mortality. Enhancement of snail marketing can be through cooperative group formation to access credit facilities and good road network provision by government to convey product to market
 
Efficacy of plant extracts in the control of rodent infestations and their effects on the nutritional contents of sweet potato tuber
Get PDFThe use of plant extracts has been described as credible alternative to synthetic insecticides in the protection of field crops. This research work was conducted at Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology during the planting seasons of 2015 and 2016 to determine the efficacy of plant extracts – Tephrosia vogelii, Moringa oleiferia, Petiveria alliacea and Annona squamosa in the control of rodent infestation. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated three times. Synthetic insecticide (Lambdachyalothrin) and control were included in the experiment for comparison. Data were collected on plant stands attacked, vine length, yield and nutritional components of sweet potato tuber. The result showed that plant extracts treated sweet potato plants had significant lower rodent infestations when compared with unsprayed plant stands. Also, applied treatments had no negative effect on the vine length meanwhile yield obtained from botanical insecticides treated plants was two times higher than that of untreated plants which had the least tuber yield (0.90 t/ha). The tested plant extracts significantly improved the proximate contents of the harvested sweet potato tubers. Therefore, these plant extracts can be used in the field management of rodent infestation without any adverse effects on the nutritional components of the sweet potato tuber
Effect of banditry on the livelihood of maize farmers in Katsina State
Get PDFIn recent years, Nigeria witnessed a spate of bandit attacks which affected the livelihood and agricultural productivity of farmers. This research assessed the effect of armed banditry on the livelihood of maize farmers in Katsina state. The study employed a cross sectional design and multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 196 maize farmers. Statistical tools used for the study were mean, frequency, percentages and t-test. The mean age of the farmers was 37years, majority (88.8%) were male while 11.2% werefemales, 87.8% were married, and their mean farm size was 2.45hectares. Their mean farming experience was 14years and 90% had farming as their major occupation. The findings unveiled the effect of banditry in the study area. Employing a 5-point Likert scale, challenges encountered by farmers were displacement of settlements, with mean score of 4.55, psychological toll inflicted by banditry, with a score of 4.41. Also, the disruption of economic activities, scarcity of basic amenities, and limited provision of social services which ranked 3rd, 4th and 5th respectively. Furthermore, the research employed T-test results to analyse the disparities in income and yield before and after the onset of banditry. Income witnessed a significant decline from a mean of N529,180.68 to N372,757.08 yield, too, experienced a substantial reduction, dropping from 6,751.5kg to 3,069kg in the aftermath of banditry. The findings revealed that banditry affected the livelihood of maize farmers, hence, recommends that government should enhance the security of farmers, provide psycho social and financial support, and provide social support programmes to boost their livelihood
Determination of the chemical composition of the ripe and unripe ballnut kernel (Calophyllum inophyllum) meals
Get PDFThis research was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition of ripe and unripe ballnut kernel meals. The ripe and unripe samples were harvested, decorticated and the kernels oven dried at 50oC for 24 hours before milling and storage at room temperature in labelled containers. The proximate, mineral, amino acids and phytochemical composition of the ballnut kernel meals were determined. Data generated were subjected to analysis of variance procedures using SPSS 17.0 Windows computer software package with t-test as a statistical tool. The results showed that unripe ballnut kernel was superior in metabolizable energy (3707.60±2.64 kcal/kg), sodium (0.25%), potassium (0.88%), magnesium (0.29%), calcium (0.19%) and iron (107.45%) to ripe ballnut kernel meal. The phytochemicals in the two samples were phytic acids, oxalic acid, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and hydrogen cyanides. The concentration of the phytochemicals in the two samples was not significantly (P>0.05) different. The concentration of amino acids between the two samples was statistically (P>0.05) similar. From this study, it was concluded that the ripe and unripe ballnut kernel meal was similar in their composition and could therefore serve as potential animal feed resources owing to high energy level, amino acids profile as well as low fibre and other anti-nutritional factors
Marketing of bambara nut (okpa): Unlocking its potential for food and income security in Udenu Local Government Area, of Enugu State, Nigeria
Get PDFThe work was carried out to analyze marketing of Bambara nut : unlocking its potential for food and income security in Udenu Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Considering its perceived high consumption in the study area and following some challenges in the supply of the produce. The specific objectives of the study described the various marketing functions performed by the marketers; estimated the cost and returns associated in bambara nut marketing in the study area; ascertained the factors that influence the net return from bambara nut marketers and identified the constraints faced by bambara nut marketers in the study area. Two (2) major markets in the study area were purposively selected; random sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents for the study. Data were collected from 80 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as; percentage, mean and frequencies, budgetary techniques and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression. The most common marketing functions performed by the marketers were identified to include exchange and physical functions. Result showed that mean net return from bambara marketing was ₦205251.12; cost benefit ratio was 1.26 and profitability index of the marketers was 0.21. The significant variables that affect net returns include household size (1%), marketing experience (1%), sex (1%), access to credit (10%), cooperative membership (1%), purchase cost (1%). However, high cost of transportation was the major constraint to marketing in the area. Marketers were recommended to undertake facilitating function which is used to describe those activities which make the exchange and physical distribution processes possible such as product standardization and grading, market promotion, financing, risk bearing and market intelligence
Performance of rabbits fed diets containing different levels of orange waste meal as energy source during the reproductive phase
Get PDFThe study assessed the reproductive performance of rabbits fed different levels of orange waste meal (OWM). The orange waste was gathered, sun-dried, and milled before feed formulation. Four experimental diets were formulated to supply 18% crude protein and 2600 ME (Kcal/kg). Diet 1 was the control, while OWM replaced maize at 20, 40, and 60% in treatment diets 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Forty (40), eight weeks old rabbits (32 does and 8 bucks) of a cross between American Chinchilla and New Zealand white rabbits used for the experiment were weighed and distributed into four groups with ten rabbits (8 does and 2 bucks). Groups were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Animals were fed the diets and raised under the same experimental condition until sexual maturity at five months. At sexual maturity, does and bucks of the same treatment groups were crossed, and does kindle within thirty-two (32) days. Four parities were obtained during the experiment. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and significant means separated by Duncan’s multiple range test. Rabbits fed control and treatment diets recorded similar (p>0.05) values for the average daily feed intake, average litter size at birth and average litter size at weaning. The average weekly weight gain and the average litter weight at weaning were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the treatment diets. It was therefore concluded that orange waste meal could replace 60% of maize in the diets of rabbits without adverse effects on reproductive performance