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Validation of the Horse Grimace Scale: Exploring the effects of training and previous experience
Get PDFlimited number of validated pain assessment tools for horses to date can complicate welfare decisions. The Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) uses different elements of facial expression (facial action units) to score the degree of pain experienced by horses. However, the potential impact of previous equine knowledge on the use of the HGS, as well as the effectiveness of training in the use of the scale, has not yet been explored.
My study used an anonymous online survey to investigate the effect of training as an equaliser of scoring between participant groups with different previous knowledge and experience of horses, comprised of veterinary professionals, equine physical therapists, horse owners and riders, animal welfare inspectors, and a participant control group. Before and after they received training, participants visually rated the HGS using short video clips of horses 24 hours after castration (treatment subjects), and horses not known to be in pain (non-treatment subjects).
Participant group, exposure to training and the condition (non-pain versus 24 h post castration) of the horse had a small but significant effect on scoring of the HGS. All participant groups scored pain in treatment horses (24 h post castration) higher than non-treatment (pain free) horses both pre and post training. Training resulted in HGS scores of both treatment and pain free horses to increase. Contrary to expectations, the control group (limited or no exposure to horses) scored treatment horses at a higher HGS score than other participants groups, although this difference reduced post training. The reason for the increase in HGS for pain free horses after training remains obscure but may arise from participant biases, with participants more likely to score pain in horses after training explicitly conducted to evaluate pain. Participant agreement (ICC) was strong particularly for ears back before and after training. However, this does not necessarily reflect accuracy of HGS scoring. In sum, my results indicate that training led to decreased uncertainty of participants when scoring HGS scores, training resulted in increased HGS ratings whether the horse was expected to be in pain or not, and the nature of the training used in this study was not sufficient for raters to score the HGS accuratel
Covid-proof: The Social Practice Fono – going from strength to strength despite lockdown
No full textPacific success is a target that all 10 Schools at Unitec strive to achieve; however, it is not always an easy target to attain. The approaches applied by the different Schools to respond to Pacific success targets vary. One of these, an initiative from both Unitec’s Bachelor of Social Practice programme and the Pacific Centre, a weekly Fono, has been created to provide an opportunity for Pasifika students to find a space to belong and congregate within this four-year degree programme. This presentation will explore the rationale behind the formation of Fono and how it operates. There will be opportunity for a small number of its regular students to describe how this initiative provides a safe place to learn, belong, and cater for best practice when supporting Pasifika learning. Research has found that Pacific students engage best when they have a sense of belonging and safety in their learning spaces. The presentation also aims to provide an account of an initiative within the Social Practice programme that has successfully supported its Pacific students. In addition, having some of the regular students of Fono present their perspective makes this authentic and reinforces the importance of creating safe spaces for Pacific learners. This presentation will also reflect on evidence gathered through qualitative methodological approaches including Talanoa and individual narratives which are culturally appropriate for data collection. In addition, an analysis of relevant literature has been done to support this work. The findings outlined in this presentation will undoubtedly add to the body of knowledge that exists. However, this research provides an evaluative learner perspective from the sources themselves, as co-author/ co-presenter/ co-owner, which enriches the data shared
Using green infrastructure to improve water quality in Napier
No full textRESEARCH QUESTION
How can we use green infrastructure to improve the stormwater quality in the suburb of Ahuriri?
ABSTRACT
Due to changes in the world climate, Napier, a city on the west coast of New Zealand is facing stormwater pollution problems.Perfume Point which is a costal park at the downstream of Ahuriri surbub, suffered from stormwater pollution.This study have shown that some of Napier's stormwater flows through surface runoff, residential areas, and industrial areas and finally merges into Ahuriri and the surrounding harbour. In addition to this, stormwater collected from the roads flows into the estuary along with pollutants. As a result, the Health Authority in Hawkes Bay warns people against any contact with the water in Ahuriri. In particular, untreated rainwater can pose a more severe risk to the environment and people's health.
The study aims to use green infrastructure to help improve water quality in Perfumr Point. It sets a series of objectives based on the current situation, including assessing and analysing existing problems with the Napier stormwater system and development around the Ahuriri River. The current study collects data relating to land use, natural conditions and infrastructure around the city by analysing existing theories and case studies. Furthermore, the study will conduct a site survey around the site to analyse specific locations, conditions, issues and opportunities for future development.
Building on existing issues, the research question was posed: How can we use green infrastructure to improve the stormwater quality in the suburb of Ahuriri?
Based on a literature review of green infrastructure, water sensitive urban design and low impact urban design and development, the creation of rain gardens, depressions, roof gardens, permeable facilities and artificial wetlands throughout the catchment area could help to purify stormwater. A site analysis of the entire catchment area was carried out using ArcGIS. The results showed that stormwater problems will become more of a problem. However, the creation of wetland parks at the Perfume Point, rain gardens, permeable pavements and green infrastructure throughout the catchment can effectively reduce the impact of stormwater pollution. In addition, it is also essential to provide a space for residential activities at Perfume Point
First record of Zwackhia viridis (Lecanographaceae) from the Chatham Islands
No full textOur knowledge of the Chatham Islands lichenized mycobiota is steadily growing from the 48 species recognized from the islands by Galloway (2007). Since 2008 there has been a concerted effort to collect lichens from the islands by visiting lichenologists resulting in a current, as yet unpublished, listing for the islands of c.352 lichen taxa (de Lange unpubl. data). Along the way a new, seemingly endemic lichen, Lecanora kohu, has been described from the Chathams (Printzen et al. 2017), a fitting replacement for the previous assumed endemic Caloplaca maculata (Galloway 2004) which has since been found on the coastline south of Dunedin, New Zealand (de Lange 2019)
A woman’s place is in the House…of Representatives: How Labour women can use Direct Voter Contact to support their election campaigns
No full textThis thesis discusses barriers to and pathways to election for women at local and central government level. The thesis also discusses the use of Direct Voter Contact in a New Zealand environment
Yacon concentrate NZFOS+, its phytochemical contents, health-related properties and potential applications
No full textYacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), a sustainable foodstuff, is perceived as a functional food because it contains biologically active components, e.g., fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulin, and phenolic compounds that may provide physiological benefits beyond basic nutrition to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. There is a growing public interest in why and how to use yacon. Yacon, originally from South America, has been grown in New Zealand (NZ) since the 1980’s. NZ-produced yacon concentrate NZFOS+ contains the purest natural prebiotic FOS. Our study aimed to examine the phytochemical contents of NZFOS+ and its health-related properties. The glycemic index of yacon concentrate was measured by ISO 26642:2010(E) (n = 10). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured by the spectrometric method. The chlorogenic acid content and phenolic profiling were measured using the liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The antioxidant activity of the yacon concentrate and Manuka honey were compared using the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The results indicated that compared to Manuka honey, yacon concentrate has a lower glycemic index (40 vs. 52); a higher content of total phenolic (5430 mg vs. 744 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid (329 mg vs. 22 mg QE/100 g), and chlorogenic acid (11.88 μg vs. 0.08 μg CA/g); and across all assays observed, a significantly higher antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC assay, 892 mg vs. 52.6 mg TE/100 g; FRAP assay, 633 mg vs. 47 mg TE/100 g; DPPH assay, 383 mg vs. 22 mg TE/100 g, respectively). Yacon concentrate has proven potential health benefits and applications associated with the maintenance of health and wellbeing and prevention of chronic diseases. Further investigations are needed for human studies and new applications and use of yacon concentrate. Yacon concentrate (NZFOS+) has potential markets in the development of new food products and new diet therapy applications, e.g., in the form of syrup, and functional prebiotic drink
The upper class Māori
No full text[...] the assumption that Māori are primarily interested in trade or apprenticeship training conforms to old ideas about the kinds of talents, abilities, and interests of Māori. Such a view undermines the so-called ‘progress’ that has been made in our education system, and it continues to communicate to Māori, and the wider population, that as long as Māori have a job, the box has been ticked. Māori have put up with this type of stereotyping for generations. Not only from our most senior leaders, but within the education, health, and justice systems, all of whom have impacted Māori capability and hindered Māori with a lack of self-esteem, courage, and ambition
Rukuhia tō ora
No full textResearch question: How might Oriori Tāwaiwaiā inform māmā and pēpi relationships today in the twenty-first century, using an old process in a new way?
The title of this project is called Rukuhia tō ora, which means to dive into your well-being; the central part of this project is a four-part methodology called Oriori Tāwaiwaiā. Oriori Tāwaiwaiā is an art process that consists of,
Oriori - The revitalisation of oriori as heritage-inspired lullabies for babies.
Tā - Painting of emotional release through colour symbolism and association combined with gestural painting techniques.
Waiwaiā - The cathartic release of emotion, acknowledging pent-up or repressed emotions stimulated by the performance of oriori.
Hongihongi te whaiwhaiā - It is healing the trauma that comes with becoming a single mother as a result of producing oriori tā waiwaiā, as thoughtful expressions of wāhine whai mana (acknowledgment, reconnection, and empowerment). A holistic approach to replenishing māmā and pēpī relationships today, as rongōa Māori, connecting māmā and pēpi using an old process in a new way of Oriori Tāwaiwaiā
Revitalisation of carbon fibre from composite waste
No full text• Introduction to carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites and its demand
• CFRP waste and maintaining material circula reconomy
• Review of CFRP recycling and challenges
• Research gap– focus– revitalisation of carbon fibre
• Experiments
• Results and discussion
• Conclusio