Phaidra - University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
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Salmonella in Wild Boar Meat: Prevalence and Risk Assessment in Central Italy (Umbria and Marche Region)
No full textA survey was conducted from 2018 to 2023 to assess the presence of Salmonella in 280 hunted wild boar (carcasses after evisceration and skinning, N = 226; liver, N = 258; and fecal samples, N = 174). The overall prevalence was 2.86% (confidence interval 95%, 1.45-5.45%) with five positive samples detected in carcasses, three in the liver, and one in a fecal sample. This prevalence was in line with those found in nearby areas denoting a low number of positive samples. Positive animals were over 24 months of age and weighed, before skinning, 59.00 ± 9.11 Kg and no difference was detected in microbial loads between samples positive and negative for Salmonella (aerobic colony count of 4.59 and 4.66 log CFU/400 cm2, and Enterobacteriaceae count of 2.89 and 2.73 log CFU/400 cm2 (mean values) in positive and negative subjects, respectively). Salmonella Stanleyville was the most frequently isolated serotype. A semiquantitative risk assessment was conducted for the first time in game meat considering two products, meat cuts intended for cooking and fermented dry sausages. Only proper cooking can reduce the risk of ingestion of Salmonella to the minimum for consumers, whereas ready-to-eat dry sausages constitute risk products in terms of foodborne Salmonellosis (risk score of 64 out of 100)
Auswirkungen der Resektion der Seitenwand auf die mechanische Stabilität des Hufes als Therapie einer chronisch eitrigen losen Wand beim Pferd
No full textDiplomarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2024Die White Line Disease ist eine häufige Erkrankung des Hufes bei Pferden, die in den meisten Fällen durch korrekte Hufbearbeitung und Hygienemanagement gut behandelbar ist. Ist die Therapie jedoch nicht erfolgreich, kann sich die Ablösung der Hufwand weiter ausbreiten und zu einer losen Wand führen. Dieser Fallbericht beschreibt die Therapie und deren Ergebnisse einer 13-jährigen Noriker Stute, die mit einer chronisch eitrigen losen Wand an der Veterinär-medizinischen Universität Wien vorgestellt wurde. Um die anhaltende Infektion und Schädi-gung des Hufgewebes zu behandeln, wurde eine Resektion der lateralen Hufwand durchge-führt. Die Hufwand wurde reseziert und das infizierte Gewebe entfernt. Anschließend wurde der Huf mit Hilfe von Castverbänden und unterstützendem Beschlag stabilisiert. Die Resekti-onsstelle zeigte einen guten Heilungsverlauf, sodass die Hufwand nach einem Jahr wieder vollständig heruntergewachsen war. Trotz der unterstützenden Maßnahmen traten Komplika-tionen in Form einer persistierenden Lahmheit, einer Ostitis des medialen Hufbeinastes, einer Osteopenie des lateralen Hufbeinastes und einer fortschreitenden Hufbeinrotation auf. Die Diskussion in diesem Fallbericht befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen der Resektion auf die mechanische Stabilität, den Folgen einer veränderten Gewichtsverteilung auf die Strukturen im Huf, den Möglichkeiten einer Behandlung mit Bisphosphonaten und der Bedeutung des Körpergewichts auf die erforderliche Stabilität des Hufes. Obwohl die White Line Disease er-folgreich behandelt werden konnte, erreichte der Hufbeinträger nicht mehr seine ursprüngliche Funktionsfähigkeit, sodass die Belastbarkeit des Pferdes dauerhaft eingeschränkt ist.Diplomarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2024Die White Line Disease ist eine häufige Erkrankung des Hufes bei Pferden, die in den meisten Fällen durch korrekte Hufbearbeitung und Hygienemanagement gut behandelbar ist. Ist die Therapie jedoch nicht erfolgreich, kann sich die Ablösung der Hufwand weiter ausbreiten und zu einer losen Wand führen. Dieser Fallbericht beschreibt die Therapie und deren Ergebnisse einer 13-jährigen Noriker Stute, die mit einer chronisch eitrigen losen Wand an der Veterinär-medizinischen Universität Wien vorgestellt wurde. Um die anhaltende Infektion und Schädi-gung des Hufgewebes zu behandeln, wurde eine Resektion der lateralen Hufwand durchge-führt. Die Hufwand wurde reseziert und das infizierte Gewebe entfernt. Anschließend wurde der Huf mit Hilfe von Castverbänden und unterstützendem Beschlag stabilisiert. Die Resekti-onsstelle zeigte einen guten Heilungsverlauf, sodass die Hufwand nach einem Jahr wieder vollständig heruntergewachsen war. Trotz der unterstützenden Maßnahmen traten Komplika-tionen in Form einer persistierenden Lahmheit, einer Ostitis des medialen Hufbeinastes, einer Osteopenie des lateralen Hufbeinastes und einer fortschreitenden Hufbeinrotation auf. Die Diskussion in diesem Fallbericht befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen der Resektion auf die mechanische Stabilität, den Folgen einer veränderten Gewichtsverteilung auf die Strukturen im Huf, den Möglichkeiten einer Behandlung mit Bisphosphonaten und der Bedeutung des Körpergewichts auf die erforderliche Stabilität des Hufes. Obwohl die White Line Disease er-folgreich behandelt werden konnte, erreichte der Hufbeinträger nicht mehr seine ursprüngliche Funktionsfähigkeit, sodass die Belastbarkeit des Pferdes dauerhaft eingeschränkt ist.White line disease is a common disease of the hoof in horses. In most cases it can be treated with correct hoof trimming and hygiene management. If the treatment is unsuccessful, the de-tachment of the hoof wall can spread further and lead to a loose wall. This case report descri-bes the process and outcome of the treatment of a 13-year-old Noriker mare who was presented to the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna with a chronic purulent loose wall. In order to treat the persistent infection and damage to the underlying tissue, a resection of the lateral hoof wall was performed. The hoof wall was detached and the infected tissue removed. Afterwards the hoof was stabilised with the help of cast bandages and supportive shoeing. The resection site healed well, so that the hoof wall had grown back completely after one year. Despite the supportive measures, complications occurred in form of persistent lameness, osti-tis of the medial branch of the coffin bone, osteopenia of the lateral branch of the coffin bone and progressive capsular rotation of the coffin bone. The discussion section of this case report deals with the effects of partial hoof wall resection on mechanical stability, the consequences of altered weight distribution on the structures in the hoof, the possibilities of treatment with bisphosphonates, and the influence of body weight on the required stability of the hoof. Al-though the white line disease has been treated successfully, the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx has not regained its original functional capacity. Therefore, the use of the horse as a riding horse is permanently restricted
Futtermittelsicherheit und -qualität von rohem Heimtierfutter für Hunde (BARF), sowie ernährungsphysiologische Aspekte
No full textDie Fütterung von Hunden und Katzen mit rohem Material tierischer Herkunft („Bones and Raw Food“ = BARF, „Raw meat-based Diet“ = RMBD) wird verschiedentlich als artgerechte Art der Fütterung angesehen und stellt eine von mehreren Möglichkeiten der Verwertung von tierischem Material dar, das nicht als Lebensmittel genutzt wird. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden das allgemeine hygienische Profil von BARF sowie die „Sicherheit“ von Rohfutter in Bezug auf zoonotische Bakterien und Parasiten thematisiert und Fragen der Bedarfsdeckung und Rationsberechnung ergänzend angeführt. Die Gewährleistung der Futtermittelsicherheit ist durch das Auftreten zoonotischer Bakterien, insbes. Salmonellen, aus mikrobiologisch-hygienischer Sicht kritisch zu beurteilen. Die Möglichkeit der Exposition des Menschen ist sowohl durch Ausscheidungen kolonisierter Hunde als auch durch den Umgang mit den Futtermitteln gegeben. Dies und die Notwendigkeit, bei dieser Fütterungsmethode eine adäquate Supplementierung zur Sicherstellung einer bedarfsgerechten Versorgung der Tiere durchzuführen, sind nachteilig.Feeding pets, dogs and cats with raw material of animal origin ("Bones and Raw Food" = BARF, "Raw meat -based Diet" = RMBD) is sometimes regarded as a "biologically appropriate", and thus suitable approach to feeding and represents one of several ways to use animal tissue that is not destined for human nutrition. This review considers the "safety" of raw feed with regard to zoonotic bacteria and parasites and the gen- eral hygienic profile of BARF products. In addition, nu- tritional adequacy and ration calculation issues are dis- cussed. The presence of zoonotic bacteria, especially Salmonella, is critical for reasons of microbiology and hygiene. Human exposure to such bacteria through excreta from colonized dogs is as likely as exposure through handling the feed. This, and the need to add supplements to BARF to fulfil nutritional requirements, represent disadvantages of feeding with BARF.Die Fütterung von Hunden und Katzen mit rohem Material tierischer Herkunft („Bones and Raw Food“ = BARF, „Raw meat-based Diet“ = RMBD) wird verschiedentlich als artgerechte Art der Fütterung angesehen und stellt eine von mehreren Möglichkeiten der Verwertung von tierischem Material dar, das nicht als Lebensmittel genutzt wird. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden das allgemeine hygienische Profil von BARF sowie die „Sicherheit“ von Rohfutter in Bezug auf zoonotische Bakterien und Parasiten thematisiert und Fragen der Bedarfsdeckung und Rationsberechnung ergänzend angeführt. Die Gewährleistung der Futtermittelsicherheit ist durch das Auftreten zoonotischer Bakterien, insbes. Salmonellen, aus mikrobiologisch-hygienischer Sicht kritisch zu beurteilen. Die Möglichkeit der Exposition des Menschen ist sowohl durch Ausscheidungen kolonisierter Hunde als auch durch den Umgang mit den Futtermitteln gegeben. Dies und die Notwendigkeit, bei dieser Fütterungsmethode eine adäquate Supplementierung zur Sicherstellung einer bedarfsgerechten Versorgung der Tiere durchzuführen, sind nachteilig
Kea, bird of versatility. Kea parrots (Nestor notabilis) show high behavioural flexibility in solving a demonstrated sequence task
No full textSocial learning is an important aspect of dealing with the complexity of life. The transmission of information via the observation of other individuals is a cost-effective way of acquiring information. It is widespread within the animal kingdom but may differ strongly in the social learning mechanisms applied by the divergent species. Here we tested eighteen Kea (Nestor notabilis) parrots on their propensity to socially learn, and imitate, a demonstrated sequence of steps necessary to open an apparatus containing food. The demonstration by a conspecific led to more successful openings by observer birds, than control birds without a demonstration. However, all successful individuals showed great variation in their response topography and abandoned faithfully copying the task in favour of exploration. While the results provide little evidence for motor imitation they do provide further evidence for kea\u27s propensity towards exploration and rapidly shifting solving strategies, indicative of behavioural flexibility.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10336-023-02127-y
Radiological features of arterial channels in the equine third phalanx measured using a novel customized software represent changes of laminitis
No full textTo identify and measure radiolucencies at the solear margin of the distal phalanx in radiographs of healthy and laminitic hooves.Clinical records and dorsoproximal-palmarodistal radiographs of equine forelimbs with radiological diagnoses of either laminitis (n = 40, L) or navicular syndrome (n = 40, NS).Outlines of the radiolucent structures at the solar margin were drawn in ImageJ, and a customized novel plugin "Arteries Analyzer/ImageJ" was used for measurements. The diverging radiolucencies outside the terminal arc of the distal phalanx were differentiated as arterial channels (open at the solear margin) and ellipses (closed at the solear margin). Comparisons between L and NS, between distal phalanges with and without ellipses, and of arterial channels and ellipses in areas were compared using Wilcoxon and the Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. The reliability and repeatability of the method were tested using Friedman\u27s test.Fewer arterial channels but more ellipses were identified in L than in NS. In phalanges with ellipses (n = 47), the number of ellipses and the number of arterial channels were negatively correlated (PCC -0.181, P = .224). The number of ellipses correlated positively with the severity of laminitis (PCC 0.495, P < .001; n = 80) and with the degree of rotation of the distal phalanx (PCC 0.392, P < .001; n = 80).The software tool successfully measured arterial channels and ellipses outlined by the evaluators. Results indicate that healthy arteries develop into pathological ellipses in laminitic feet. This may be used to complement the interpretation of radiographs and support clinical decision-making
Characterizing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Cattle
No full textIn the field of cattle medicine in Austria, to date, few studies have investigated the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum ?-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Austria. For this reason, milk and nasal samples were examined for the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as well as fecal samples for extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli. The nasal and fecal swabs were collected during the veterinary treatment of calf pneumonia and calf diarrhea. For the milk samples, the first milk jets were milked into a pre-milking cup and then the teats were cleaned and disinfected before the samples were taken. The cows were selected during the veterinary visits to the farms when treatment was necessary due to mastitis. Depending on the severity of the mastitis (acute mastitis or subclinical mastitis), antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were given immediately (acute disease) or after completion of the antibiogram (subclinical disease). Isolates were characterized by a polyphasic approach including susceptibility pheno- and
genotyping and microarray-based assays. No methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found in the milk samples, but one nasal swab was positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-two Escherichia coli isolates were detected among the fecal samples. All the Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to ceftazidime. In all the Escherichia coli isolates, genes from the blaCTX family were detected with other bla genes or alone; the most frequently observed ?-lactamase gene was blaCTX-M-1/15 (n = 20). In total, 63.6% (n = 14) of the isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype and one E. coli isolate (4.5%) harbored the AmpC gene. Precisely because the presence of data regarding extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in calves and cows in Austria is rare, this study further expands our understanding of antimicrobial resistance in Austrian cattle, which is highly relevant for successful antibiotic therapy in sick cattle
Mass Mortality in Terns and Gulls Associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Caspian Sea, Kazakhstan
No full textMass mortality in Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia), Pallas\u27s gulls (Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus), and Caspian gulls (Larus cachinnans) was recorded on the northeastern shores of the Caspian Sea in June 2022. More than 5000 gulls and terns died due to the outbreak. The outbreak was investigated in the field, and representative numbers of samples were collected and analyzed using pathological, virological, and molecular methods. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses were detected and isolated from samples collected from dead birds. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the hemagglutinin (HA) genes belonged to the clade 2.3.4.4.b of the H5Nx HPAI viruses, B2 sub-lineage, and were closely related to the highly pathogenic influenza viruses, caused an outbreak in wild birds with a high mortality rate in the western part of the Caspian Sea
Effects of a Gastroscopic Procedure on Salivary Cortisol Release and Fecal Cortisol Metabolites in Young Racehorses
No full textIn this study, gastroscopy was performed twice in 31 two-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Salivary cortisol (SC) and fecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) concentrations were determined to measure the stress impact. One gastroscopy was performed at the beginning and one six months later at the end of the horses\u27 first training season. According to the Wilcoxon signed rank test, a mild but significant increase of SC (1st gastroscopy: p = 0.0045, 2nd gastroscopy: p< 0.0001) and FCM (1st gastroscopy: p< 0.0001, 2nd gastroscopy: p = 0.0006) values after gastroscopy compared to basal values was detected
Prolonged feeding of high-concentrate diet remodels the hindgut microbiome and modulates nutrient degradation in the rumen and the total gastrointestinal tract of cows
No full textThe aims of this research were to evaluate how prolonged feeding of a high-concentrate diet affects the ruminal degradation kinetics of fiber and starch, and to evaluate the effects of the high-concentrate diet on apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. We also investigated the dysbiotic effects and the remodeling of the hindgut microbiome with prolonged high-concentrate feeding. Nine Holstein cows were used in 2 experimental periods; in each period, cows were first fed a 100% forage diet for 1 wk, followed by stepwise adaptation during one week to a high-concentrate (HC) diet (65% concentrate), which was then fed for 4 consecutive weeks. The kinetics of in situ ruminal degradability of grass silage (DM and NDF), corn grain and wheat grain (DM and starch), as well as the apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility were evaluated in the forage feeding and in wk 4 on the HC diet. Whereas the hindgut microbiome and fermentation profile were evaluated on a weekly basis. Regarding the in situ ruminal degradability due to grain type, the rate of degradation of the potentially degradable fraction and the
effective rumen degradability of wheat grain were greater compared with corn grain. The in situ ruminal degradability of NDF decreased with the HC diet. However, the apparent total-tract digestibility of CP, fat, starch, NDF, ADF, and NFC increased with the HC diet compared with forage feeding. In addition, the HC diet increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the hindgut, lowering fecal pH by 0.6 units, which correlated positively with microbial ? diversity. This resulted in lower ? diversity with the HC diet; however, ? diversity (number of amplicon sequence variants) showed recovery in wk 3 and 4 on HC; in addition, microbial ? diversity did not change from wk 2 onward on the HC diet. Two microbial enterotypes were identified: one for the forage diet with abundance of Akkermansia and Anaerosporobacter, and another enterotype for the HC diet with enrichment in Bifidobacterium and Butyrivibrio. Overall, results show that major microbial shifts and hindgut dysbiosis occurred in wk 1 on the HC diet. However, the hindgut microbial diversity of cows adapted after 3 wk of consuming the starch-rich ration. Thus, feeding the HC diet impaired fiber degradation in the rumen, but increased apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. Likely, the forage diet contained less digestible NDF than the HC diet due to greater inclusion of forages with lower NDF digestibility and lower inclusion of more digestible nonforage NDF. Results also suggest that the adaptation of the hindgut microbial diversity of cows observed 3 weeks after the diet transition likely contributed to enhance total-tract nutrient digestibility
Salivary oxytocin response of dairy cows to nursing and permanent separation from their calves, and the influence of the cow-calf bond
No full textOxytocin is a hormone involved in milk let-down, facilitating maternal behavior and parent-young bonding, and attenuating the stress response under challenge, but the release of oxytocin also appears to be dependent upon the social context. Dairy cows are commonly separated from their calves at birth, preventing maternal behavior and the establishment of a social bond. The growing interest in maintaining cow-calf contact provides a practically relevant context to study how oxytocin is affected by differing levels of cow-calf contact. Furthermore, the oxytocinergic system is likely affected by the stress of permanent cow-calf separation, depending on weaning method and strength of the cow-calf bond. Dairy cows were managed with full-time (23 h/d of calf contact), parttime (10 h/d of calf contact) or no calf contact (separated 48 h after birth), and then weaned by either: 50 % reduction in original calf contact time in wk 8 and 9 (\u27reduced-contact\u27), or calf contact time remained unchanged (\u27unchanged-contact\u27). Permanent separation from their calves occurred at wk 10 (n=14 for each treatment combination). Saliva was sampled in wk 8 before and after a nursing event over 3d, and in wk 10 before and after permanent separation (2 h after, and every 24 h thereafter for 3d), and analysed for oxytocin concentration. Cow-calf bond was measured as: motivation for cows to reunite with their calves (pressure cows were willing to exert on a weighted gate), and frequency and duration of social interactions between dam and calf. Cows with the most opportunity for calf contact (full-time; unchanged-contact) tended to have higher oxytocin concentrations around nursing, and oxytocin concentration around nursing tended to be positively related to proportion of total daily time together spent in physical contact. Over the 4-d post separation period, oxytocin response was generally stable for cows with male calves, but the pattern was variable for cows with female calves and in opposing directions for full- and part-time cows. Reduced-contact cows had greater oxytocin concentration over the separation period than unchanged-contact cows, but only if they had a male calf. In unchanged-contact cows, the oxytocin response to separation tended to increase if the
cow-calf bond was stronger. These results highlight the complexity of the oxytocin response to different social situations, which depended on prior level of calf contact, calf sex, and strength of the cow-calf bond. Future research should explore how management practices influence social bonds and the oxytocinergic system, given their role in modulating stress resilience