Phaidra - University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
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Why Do People Choose a Particular Dog? A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Factors Owners Consider Important When Acquiring a Dog, on a Convenience Sample of Austrian Pet Dog Owners
No full textSelecting a dog that is incompatible with the owner\u27s expectations can negatively impact both parties. Previous studies on dog acquisition have primarily focused on shelter environments, using closed-ended questions to assess hypothetical preferences. In contrast, our study employed open-ended questions with a convenience sample of Austrian dog owners (N = 1077) to retrospectively explore why the owners chose their dogs. We also examined consistency in owners\u27 responses and the influence of owner characteristics (age, education, household composition, previous dog experience, purpose of acquisition) on their reasons. Content analysis revealed 24 codes; the frequency of codes was 2.4/response. The most frequent codes were breed-based choice (29%), choosing on a whim, without careful consideration (24%), work/sport skills (22%), and rescuing a dog (17%). The least frequent were the age (1%), health (1%), sex (1%), and guarding skills (0.6%) of the dog. Twelve codes were consistent over time, and ten were consistent across dogs, indicating that the owners showed a consistent preference for certain traits. Except for the owner\u27s education level, all characteristics affected the likelihood of mentioning at least one code. Most associations were found with the presence of children in the household: owners with children preferred friendly, easily manageable, and easy-to-train dogs and were less likely to adopt or rescue compared to owners living without children. Our findings also highlight discrepancies between spontaneous (free-text) reports and responses to closed-ended questions, underscoring the importance of qualitative data in better understanding the motivations behind and the factors influencing dog acquisition
Combinatory Effects of Acrylamide and Deoxynivalenol on In Vitro Cell Viability and Cytochrome P450 Enzymes of Human HepaRG Cells
No full textAcrylamide (AA) can be formed during the thermal processing of carbohydrate-rich foods. Deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp., contaminates many cereal-based products. In addition to potential co-exposure through a mixed diet, co-occurrence of AA and DON in thermally processed cereal-based products is also likely, posing the question of combinatory toxicological effects. In the present study, the effects of AA (0.001-3 mM) and DON (0.1-30 µM) on the cytotoxicity, gene transcription, and expression of major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were investigated in differentiated human hepatic HepaRG cells. In the chosen ratios of AA-DON (10:1; 100:1), cytotoxicity was clearly driven by DON and no overadditive effects were observed. Using quantitative real-time PCR, about twofold enhanced transcript levels of CYP1A1 were observed at low DON concentrations (0.3 and 1 µM), reflected by an increase in CYP1A activity in the EROD assay. In contrast, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 gene transcription decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after incubation with DON (0.01-0.3 µM). Nevertheless, confocal microscopy showed comparably constant protein levels. The present study provided no indication of an induction of CYP2E1 as a critical step in AA bioactivation by co-occurrence with DON. Taken together, the combination of AA and DON showed no clear physiologically relevant interaction in HepaRG cells
No negative effects of intra-abdominal bio-logger implantation under general anaesthesia on spatial cognition learning in a hibernator the edible dormouse
No full textThe effect of hibernation on cognitive capacities of individuals is not fully understood, as studies provide conflicting results. Most studies focus on behavioural observations without taking the physiological state of individuals to account. To mechanistically understand the effect of hibernation on the brain, physiological parameters need to be included. The implantation of bio-loggers can provide insights on i.e. body temperature without further manipulation of the animals. Surgeries and anaesthesia, however, can harm animals\u27 health and cause cognitive dysfunction, potentially biasing data collected through bio-loggers. We investigated the effects of bio-logger implantation surgery on cognitive performance and learning, controlling for animal and study design characteristics. First, juvenile dormice successfully learned to solve a spatial cognition task using a vertical maze. Distance, transitions, velocity, and duration were measured as indicators for performance. After training, bio-loggers were implanted intra-abdominally under general anaesthesia. Animals were re-tested in the maze two weeks after. We found no effect of bio-logger implantation and surgery on performance. This study is the first to show spatial cognition learning in edible dormice and provides a full description of the peri-anaesthetic management and a protocol for bio-logger implantation surgery in dormice. Importantly, measures were taken to mitigate common anaesthetic complications that could lead to post-operative cognitive dysfunction and influence animal behaviour. By pairing physiological measurements through bio-logger implantation with behaviour and cognition measurements, future research will significantly advance the understanding on mechanisms of learning and behaviour
Changes in the solid-associated bacterial and fungal communities following ruminal in vitro fermentation of winery by-products: aspects of the bioactive compounds and feed safety
No full textFeeding winery by-products (WBP) could affect the bovine microbiome because of their phenol compounds and a transfer of WBP-associated microbiota. This work examined changes in the underexplored solid-associated rumen microbiome following the inclusion of WBP.Using the rumen simulation technique, fermenters were inoculated with the inoculum of donor cows and were fed one of six dietary treatments including a control diet of 70 % hay +30 % concentrate (CON), control diet + 3.7 % commercial grapeseed extract (EXT), 65 % hay + 25 % concentrate + 10 % grape pomace (GP-low), 56 % hay + 24 % concentrate + 20 % grape pomace (GP-high), 70 % hay + 25 % concentrate + 5 % grapeseed meal (GS-low), and 65 % hay + 25 % concentrate + 10 % grapeseed meal (GS-high) (dry matter basis). The compositional changes of bacteria, archaea and fungi in the solid fractions were based on 16S and ITS2 rRNA sequencing.The alpha- and beta-diversity of the microbiota were unaffected. However, treatment modified the bacterial composition at low taxonomic levels. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Treponema bryantii, and bacterium MC2010 decreased in EXT, while Treponema berlinense was increased in GP-high and GP-low compared to CON. Concerning fungi, GS-high increased Candida spp., Lachancea spp., Microdochium spp., Mucor spp., Pichia spp., Saturnispora spp., and Zygosaccharomyces spp. compared to CON. Many non-Saccharomyces yeasts were detected in WBP samples but absent in donor cows and CON samples. The genera affected by treatment were not the major contributors to the ruminal degradation of nutrients.The results indicate a sensitivity of rumen solid bacteria to grape phenols when delivered as an extract and a transfer of WBP-associated microbiota into the rumen
Strangles vaccination: A current European perspective
No full textDevelopment of a subunit vaccine (Strangvac) from fusion of recombinant Streptococcus equi proteins offers a new tool in the management of infection with Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. Experience to date indicates that the vaccine is effective in limiting disease spread, and through inclusion of only the desired proteins needed for induction of an effective immune response, the safety profile appears far better than with previous vaccines. Published reports of the use of the vaccine are limited, and to date, vets have had limited information upon which to make informed decisions on the potential benefits of this novel vaccine. This article was developed to share the collective experience of the authors in using Strangvac and to highlight potential benefits of integrating vaccination alongside biosecurity measures in controlling \u27strangles\u27. This article reviews the use of vaccination prior to movement, in the face of outbreaks and also discusses use in mares and foals. Safety and the benefits of differentiating vaccinated from infected animals are also discussed. The reader should consider the level of evidence upon which the recommendations are based as it is frequently weak and limited to anecdotal reports or interpretation of unpublished data. The recommendations made are certain to be revised or replaced as new evidence comes forward but provide a basis for practitioners to implement vaccination strategies based on what is known currently. At times, the authors\u27 recommendations deviate from those that were initially put down in the summary of product characteristics. This comes as a result of clinical experience that has been gained since the initial experimental studies were performed prior to registration. Veterinary surgeons using the vaccine outside of the regimen set down in the summary of product characteristics should be cognisant of their local legal framework and should ensure that they have informed consent to do so
Ultrasonographic Measurement of Muscle and Subcutaneous Fat Thickness for the Objective Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Alpacas
No full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrasonographic measurement of the subcutaneous fat and muscle layers at two different body locations as an objective tool with which to determine the nutritional status of alpacas. The results of ultrasonographic measurement were related to body weight, determined by scale, and body condition score (BCS), determined by a scoring system. Differences between gender (female/male) and different reproductive statuses (castrated/intact males, pregnant, and early or non-pregnant females) were evaluated. In total, 160 alpacas were examined. Ultrasonography was performed first at the lumbar region, positioning a linear probe (8 MHz) between the second and third lumbar vertebrae perpendicular to the spinal column, and in the gluteal region, measuring the distance between skin, the subcutaneous fat layer, and the muscle layer. The results showed that the gender and pregnancy status of females had a significant influence on the ultrasonographic measurements at both localizations. Significant associations were found between body weight and the BCS. The BCS and ultrasonographic-measured soft-tissue thicknesses at both localizations were significantly associated for males and early or non-pregnant females. According to these results, ultrasonography can be recommended as an objective method with which to determine the nutritional status of alpacas
Schistosoma sex-biased microRNAs regulate ovarian development and egg production by targeting Wnt signaling pathway
No full textAdult Schistosoma produces a large number of eggs that play essential roles in host pathology and disease dissemination. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms of sexual maturation and egg production may open a new avenue for controlling schistosomiasis. Here, we describe that Bantam miRNA and miR-1989 regulate Wnt signaling pathway by targeting Frizzled-5/7/9, which is involved in ovarian development and oviposition. Additionally, Frizzled-7 could cooperate with SjRho to maintain normal ovarian development and egg productions and SjRho may interact with Hsp60 to potentially support Frizzled-7 trafficking and signaling. Further in vivo inhibition of SjRho in mice model infected with Schistosoma results in a remarkable decrease in worm burden and egg productions. Our findings not only broaden the functions of Bantam miRNA and miR-1989 as well as Wnt signaling pathway, but also imply that interruption of Bantam/miR-1989-Frizzled-5/7/9-SjRho axis may serve as effective targets against schistosomiasis
Detection of Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli with Biofilm Formation from Chicken Meat in Istanbul
No full textAntimicrobial resistance is one of the major public health problems worldwide. This study aimed to detect the presence of extended-spectrum ?-lactamase-(ESBL-)producing Escherichia (E.) coli in chicken meat in Istanbul, Türkiye. Raw chicken meat samples (n = 208) were collected from different sale points and analyzed for ESBL-producing E. coli. In total, 101 (48.5%) isolates were confirmed as E. coli by PCR, of which 80/101 (79.2%) demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was most frequent (87.1%). Eighteen isolates (17.8%) demonstrated phenotypical ESBL resistance, as assessed by the double disc synergy test (DDST). Isolates were tested for the presence of ?-lactamase genes and mobilized colistin-resistant genes. The blaTEM group was most frequently detected (97.02%), followed by blaCTX m (45.5%), blaSHV (9.9%), and blaOXA-2 (0.9%). However, mcr genes and blaNDM,blaKPC, blaVIM, and blaOXA-48 genes were not found in any isolate. E. coli strains were tested for biofilm formation in six different media [Nutrient broth, LB broth, Tryptone Soya broth (TSB), TSB containing 1% sucrose, TSB containing 0.6% yeast extract, and BHI]. Biofilm formation by E. coli isolates (44/101, 43.5%) was highest in TSB with 1% sucrose. It is worth noting that all biofilm-producing isolates were found to harbor the blaTEM-1 gene, which can indicate a high level of antibiotic resistance. This is the first report about ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry meat, the exposure of consumers in Istanbul metropolitan areas, and the ability of E. coli from this region to produce biofilms.Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major public health problems worldwide. This study aimed to detect the presence of extended-spectrum ?-lactamase-(ESBL-)producing Escherichia (E.) coli in chicken meat in Istanbul, Türkiye. Raw chicken meat samples (n = 208) were collected from different sale points and analyzed for ESBL-producing E. coli. In total, 101 (48.5%) isolates were confirmed as E. coli by PCR, of which 80/101 (79.2%) demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was most frequent (87.1%). Eighteen isolates (17.8%) demonstrated phenotypical ESBL resistance, as assessed by the double disc synergy test (DDST). Isolates were tested for the presence of ?-lactamase genes and mobilized colistin-resistant genes. The blaTEM group was most frequently detected (97.02%), followed by blaCTX m (45.5%), blaSHV (9.9%), and blaOXA-2 (0.9%). However, mcr genes and blaNDM,blaKPC, blaVIM, and blaOXA-48 genes were not found in any isolate. E. coli strains were tested for biofilm formation in six different media [Nutrient broth, LB broth, Tryptone Soya broth (TSB), TSB containing 1% sucrose, TSB containing 0.6% yeast extract, and BHI]. Biofilm formation by E. coli isolates (44/101, 43.5%) was highest in TSB with 1% sucrose. It is worth noting that all biofilm-producing isolates were found to harbor the blaTEM-1 gene, which can indicate a high level of antibiotic resistance. This is the first report about ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry meat, the exposure of consumers in Istanbul metropolitan areas, and the ability of E. coli from this region to produce biofilms
Entwicklung definierter Kennzahlen zur Eutergesundheit und Melkhygiene in einem Milchviehbetrieb nach Umzug in einen Liegeboxenlaufstall mit Einstreu von Güllefeststoffen und Umstellung auf ein automatisches Melksystem
No full textDiplomarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2024Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Auswirkungen von als Einstreu verwendetem Gülleseparat auf die Eutergesundheit von Milchkühen in einem Liegenboxenlaufstall mit automatischen Melksystem zu klären. Hierzu wurde ein Milchviehbetrieb in Oberösterreich bei der Umstellung von Anbinde- in Laufstallhaltung mit Liegeboxen und Einstreu von Güllefeststoffen wissenschaftlich begleitet: Bei insgesamt fünf Betriebsbesuchen wurden aseptische Viertelgemelksproben, Tupfer von Zitzenhaut und Zitzenspitze und Tupferproben der Melkbecher genommen. Weiters wurden Tankmilchzellzahlen und Milchleistungsdaten des Betriebes sowie Daten des Melkroboters, die Anzahl der Melkungen/Tier/Tag, Milchmenge/Melkung/Tier und die Anzahl der unvollständigen Melkungen/Woche in die Untersuchungen einbezogen. Als eine wesentliche Maßnahme wurden alle fünf positiv auf S. aureus getesteten Tiere vor dem Umzug in den neuen Laufstall aus dem Bestand ausgeschieden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Zellzahlen im Betrieb nach der Umstellung im Jahresverlauf kontinuierlich sanken und sich unter 100 000 Zellen pro Milliliter einpendelten. Der Prozentsatz der BU-negativen Tiere stieg von 75 % vor der Umstellung auf 81 % (BU im Juni 2022). Nach Umstellung auf Liegeboxenlaufstall mit Einstreu und Separatormaterial und Implementierung eines automatischen Melksystemes traten vermehrt umweltassoziierte Mastitiserreger auf (Nicht-Aureus Staphylokokken, Streptokokken, Coliforme). Die Untersuchung von Tupferproben der Zitzenhaut und Zitzenspitze ergab, dass die Gesamtkeimzahl an der Strichkanalmündung zwischen der ersten Untersuchung in der Umstellungsphase im Jänner und der dritten Untersuchung im Juni statistisch signifikant von 1,2 x 106 KBE auf 96 x 103 KBE (Median, n=10) absank (p<0,05). Gleichzeitig kam es zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Coliformen und Enterokokken in den Tupferproben der Zitzenhaut: die Coliformen stiegen von durchschnittlich (Median) 14 KBE/cm2 in der Umstellungsphase auf 120 KBE/cm2 im Juni, die Enterokokken von 38 KBE/cm2 auf 750 KBE/cm2 (p<0,05) im selben Zeitraum. Die Untersuchung von Tupferproben der Melkbecher ergab, dass durch Zwischendesinfektion mit Peressigsäure eine Reduktion der Keimbelastung von 87,1 % bis zu 99,6 % erzielt werden konnte. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie weisen darauf hin, dass Gülleseparat als Einstreumaterial zu einer vermehrten Besiedelung der Zitzenhaut mit umweltassoziierten Mastitiserregern führt, die durch ein konstantes Hygienemanagement niedrig gehalten werden muss.Diplomarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2024Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Auswirkungen von als Einstreu verwendetem Gülleseparat auf die Eutergesundheit von Milchkühen in einem Liegenboxenlaufstall mit automatischen Melksystem zu klären. Hierzu wurde ein Milchviehbetrieb in Oberösterreich bei der Umstellung von Anbinde- in Laufstallhaltung mit Liegeboxen und Einstreu von Güllefeststoffen wissenschaftlich begleitet: Bei insgesamt fünf Betriebsbesuchen wurden aseptische Viertelgemelksproben, Tupfer von Zitzenhaut und Zitzenspitze und Tupferproben der Melkbecher genommen. Weiters wurden Tankmilchzellzahlen und Milchleistungsdaten des Betriebes sowie Daten des Melkroboters, die Anzahl der Melkungen/Tier/Tag, Milchmenge/Melkung/Tier und die Anzahl der unvollständigen Melkungen/Woche in die Untersuchungen einbezogen. Als eine wesentliche Maßnahme wurden alle fünf positiv auf S. aureus getesteten Tiere vor dem Umzug in den neuen Laufstall aus dem Bestand ausgeschieden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Zellzahlen im Betrieb nach der Umstellung im Jahresverlauf kontinuierlich sanken und sich unter 100 000 Zellen pro Milliliter einpendelten. Der Prozentsatz der BU-negativen Tiere stieg von 75 % vor der Umstellung auf 81 % (BU im Juni 2022). Nach Umstellung auf Liegeboxenlaufstall mit Einstreu und Separatormaterial und Implementierung eines automatischen Melksystemes traten vermehrt umweltassoziierte Mastitiserreger auf (Nicht-Aureus Staphylokokken, Streptokokken, Coliforme). Die Untersuchung von Tupferproben der Zitzenhaut und Zitzenspitze ergab, dass die Gesamtkeimzahl an der Strichkanalmündung zwischen der ersten Untersuchung in der Umstellungsphase im Jänner und der dritten Untersuchung im Juni statistisch signifikant von 1,2 x 106 KBE auf 96 x 103 KBE (Median, n=10) absank (p<0,05). Gleichzeitig kam es zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Coliformen und Enterokokken in den Tupferproben der Zitzenhaut: die Coliformen stiegen von durchschnittlich (Median) 14 KBE/cm2 in der Umstellungsphase auf 120 KBE/cm2 im Juni, die Enterokokken von 38 KBE/cm2 auf 750 KBE/cm2 (p<0,05) im selben Zeitraum. Die Untersuchung von Tupferproben der Melkbecher ergab, dass durch Zwischendesinfektion mit Peressigsäure eine Reduktion der Keimbelastung von 87,1 % bis zu 99,6 % erzielt werden konnte. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie weisen darauf hin, dass Gülleseparat als Einstreumaterial zu einer vermehrten Besiedelung der Zitzenhaut mit umweltassoziierten Mastitiserregern führt, die durch ein konstantes Hygienemanagement niedrig gehalten werden muss.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of recycled manure solids (RMS) used as bedding material on the udder health of dairy cows in a free stall barn with an automatic milking system. For this purpose, udder health of cows in an Austrian farm changing from a tie stall with conventional milking to a free stall barn with automatic milking was investigated over a study period of nine month. Quarter milk samples, swabs from teat skin and teat orifice and swabs from the teat cups were taken aseptically during 5 farm visits and examined bacteriologically according to standardized protocols. In addition, data provided by the milking robot (e.g., milk yield, milking frequency), bulk milk somatic cell counts (BMSCC) and single cow SCC from the monthly Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) program were evaluated. Before transition to the new barn five cows tested positive for S. aureus were culled. SCC decreased continuously after transition to the new barn. Bacteriological examinations (BE) confirmed a shift from S. aureus to Non-Aureus Staphylococci and environmental streptococci in the follow-up herd visits in April and June 2022. BE of teat swabs revealed a significant reduction of total bacterial counts on the teat orifice between January and June 2022 (p<0.05) from 1.2 x 106 to 96 x103 (median, n=10) while bacterial counts of coliforms and enterococci on the teat skin increased significantly from 14 (median, n=8) to 120 CFU/cm2 teat skin (n=7) for coliforms, respectively from 38 (n=8) to 750 CFU/cm2 (n=8) for environmental streptococci (p<0.05). Swab samples of the teat cups showed that automated cluster disinfection with peracetic acid achieved a reduction in CFU between 87.05 % and 99.6 %. Our study suggests that RMS as bedding facilitate colonization of teat skin with environmental pathogens. It is concluded that strict hygiene measures as well as a proactive management of the dairy herd and the automatic milking system are necessary to ensure udder health in farm with recycled manure solids as a bedding material and robotic milking
Untersuchung von Lungengewebsproben von Wildwiederkäuern auf das Vorkommen von Pneumocystis spp. mittels In situ-Hybridisierung und PCR sowie Korrelation des Erregers mit histopathologischen Läsionen
No full textPneumocystis spp. are taxonomically classified as fungi and cause lung diseases. Severe cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia are generally associated with prior immunosuppression. In this study, the associations between Pneumocystis spp. and the resulting disease in wild ruminants were investigated. The pathogen was semiquantitatively assessed using in situ hybridization. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining allowed differentiation of lung lesions. Grocott methenamine silver (GMS) staining enabled semiquantification of fungal cysts, considered as the infectious stage. With PCR even small amounts of Pneumocystis DNA were detected. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis confirmed the affiliation with the genus Pneumocystis and the genetic relationship of Pneumocystis species. A total of 33 samples from roe deer, chamois, and red deer from six regions were examined. By in situ hybridization, seven of 33 samples tested positive for Pneumocystis, with generally low pathogen quantities. GMS staining identified eight of 33 samples as positive, and the infectious cyst stage was identified. Depending on the DNA extraction kit used, PCR targeting the mtLSU rRNA gene identified 18 (Qiagen) or seven (Nexttec) positive samples. PCR targeting the mtSSU rRNA gene yielded 22 (Qiagen) or eleven (Nexttec) positive results. Sequencing revealed five different Pneumocystis variants at the mtLSU rRNA gene and eight at the mtSSU rRNA gene, which were associated with the various host species. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed only partially the widely discussed Pneumocystis-host co-evolution. Due to their lifestyle, wild animals rarely undergo significant immunosuppression, explaining the limited proliferation of the fungus. Current data on wild ruminants, particularly regarding Pneumocystis genomes, is insufficient, indicating the need for further research in future.Diplomarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2024Pneumocystis spp. zählen taxonomisch zu den Pilzen und verursachen Lungenerkrankungen. Prinzipiell sind schwere Verläufe von Pneumocystis-Pneumonien mit einer vorhergehenden Immunsuppression assoziiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen Pneumocystis spp. sowie der daraus resultierenden Erkrankung bei Wildwiederkäuern untersucht. Mittels In situ-Hybridisierung wurde der Erreger semiquantifiziert. Hämatoxylin- und Eosin-(HE)-Färbung ermöglichte ein Differenzieren verschiedener Lungenveränderungen. Die Grocott-Methenamin-Silber-(GMS)-Färbung wurde zur Semiquantifizierung von Pilzzysten, die als infektiöses Stadium gelten, verwendet. Mittels PCR konnten selbst geringe Mengen an Pneumocystis-DNA nachgewiesen werden. Die phylogenetische Analyse verifizierte im Anschluss die Zugehörigkeit zum Genus Pneumocystis sowie die genetische Verwandtschaft der Pneumocystis-Spezies. Untersucht wurden insgesamt 33 Proben von Rehwild, Gamswild und Rotwild aus sechs Revieren. Bei der In situ-Hybridisierung wurden sieben von 33 Proben Pneumocystis-positiv getestet, wobei die Erregermenge generell gering war. Mittels GMS-Färbung waren acht von 33 Proben positiv und das infektiöse Zystenstadium konnte identifiziert werden. In der PCR am mtLSU rRNA-Gen wurden je nach verwendetem DNA-Extraktionskit von 33 Proben 18 (Qiagen) bzw. sieben (Nexttec) positiv getestet. Die PCR am mtSSU rRNA-Gen erbrachte 22 (Qiagen) bzw. elf (Nexttec) Positivnachweise. Mittels Sequenzierung konnten am mtLSU rRNA-Gen fünf und am mtSSU rRNA-Gen acht verschiedene Pneumocystis-Varianten festgestellt werden, die den verschiedenen Wirtsspezies zugeordnet werden konnten. Die allgemein diskutierte Pneumocystis-Wirt-Koevolution konnte in der phylogenetischen Analyse nur teilweise bestätigt werden. Wildtiere unterliegen aufgrund ihrer Lebensweise nur selten einer massiven Immunsuppression, was die geringe Proliferation des Pilzes erklärt. Die aktuelle Datenlage im Bereich der Wildwiederkäuer, und hier im Speziellen jene der Pneumocystis-Genome, ist mangelhaft und somit bedarf es in Zukunft weiterer Forschung