Phaidra - University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
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Evaluation of ocular surface parameters before and after cryo- and laser therapy for distichiasis in dogs: A pilot study
No full textObjective
The aim of this pilot study was to establish a satisfactory, scientific approach to effectively compare quantitative measurements of various ocular surface parameters before and after surgical treatment in dogs suffering from distichiasis.
Methods
An ophthalmic examination was conducted on 12 dogs (23 eyes) before and after surgical treatments for distichiasis, at four different time points, (t0 = before surgery, t1 = 1–2 h after surgery, t2 = 1 week after surgery, t3 = 1 month after surgery, and t4 = 6 months after surgery) between 2021 and 2022, and analyzed retrospectively. The examination included Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), interferometry, noninvasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), tear meniscus size (TMS), and meibography.
Results
No statistically significant changes were found in STT-1 (t0: 22.2 ± 6.5 mm, t2: 22.5 ± 5.7 mm, t3: 20.8 ± 5.1 mm, and t4: 22.6 mm ± 4.8 mm) before and after surgery. Mean interferometry scores showed a slight, not statistically significant, decrease from t0 to t3 and t4 (t0: 2.1 ± 0.8, t1: 2.1 ± 0.7, t2: 2.1 ± 0.9, t3: 1.8 ± 0.6, and t4: 1.9 ± 1.1). Mean NIBUT did not change significantly between time points (t0: 3.9 ± 1.3 s, t1: 4.0 ± 1.3 s, t2: 4.0 ± 1.4 s, t3: 3.5 ± 0.7 s, and t4: 3.5 ± 0.9 s). TMS showed a slight, not statistically significant increase (t0: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t1: 0.5 ± 0.3, t2: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t3: 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, and t4: 0.7 ± 0.3 mm). There were no changes in the gross morphology of the meibomian glands (MG).
Conclusion
This pilot study could not detect a negative effect of different forms of treatment of distichiasis on the precorneal tear film parameters in dogs. However, due to the study\u27s retrospective nature and small sample size, no definitive conclusion can be drawn regarding the changes at the different time points
Untersuchung unterschiedlicher Fischarten auf das Vorhandensein des Carp Edema Virus (CEV) und aus den Ergebnissen resultierende Schlussfolgerungen
No full textDiplomarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2024Ausbrüche der Ödemkrankheit der Karpfen (Carp Edema Virus Disease, CEVD, oder Koi Sleepy Disease, KSD) treten üblicherweise mit hoher Morbidität und Mortalität auf und stellen eine große Bedrohung für Koi- und Karpfenpopulationen auf der ganzen Welt dar. Seit dem ersten Nachweis des verursachenden Poxvirus in Japan 1974, konnte sich das Carp Edema Virus (CEV) auch in weiten Teilen Europas und Amerika verbreiten. Obwohl diese Viruserkrankung somit eine der bedeutendsten Karpfenkrankheiten weltweit ist, ist immer noch wenig über Faktoren der Virusübertragung und das Wirtsspektrum von CEV bekannt. Während die Pathogenität nur in Verbindung mit Cyprinus carpio nachgewiesen wurde, könnten andere Fischarten, die üblicherweise zusammen mit Karpfen gehalten werden, ebenfalls eine Rolle als Reservoir, Wirt und/oder Vektor des Virus spielen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Übertragung von CEV unter natürlichen Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Dafür wurden sechs Fischarten (n = 76 Fische insgesamt) getestet, die in europäischen Gewässern häufig zusammen mit Karpfen gehalten werden. Alle Fische stammen aus einem kleinen österreichischen See, dem Ritzensee, wo es in den letzten Jahren zu Frühjahrssterben von Karpfen aufgrund von KSD gekommen war. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Gewebeproben von Haut und Kiemen dieser Fische mittels Real-Time qPCR auf das Vorhandensein von CEV-DNA untersucht. Bei keinem der heimischen Fische oder Karpfen konnte CEV nachgewiesen werden.Emerging outbreaks of the carp edema virus disease (CEVD, or koi sleepy disease, KSD) with high morbidity and mortality rates are a major threat to common carp and koi populations all over the world. Since the discovery of the carp edema virus (CEV) in Japan in the 1970s, the poxvirus was able to spread to large parts of Europe and America as well. Although KSD is one of the most important common carp diseases with considerable risk to the productivity of common carp and koi worldwide, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning factors of virus transmission and host range. While pathogenicity is only known in relation to carp and koi, other fish species commonly kept together with carp, may also act as reservoirs, hosts and/or vectors. In this study the aim was to further investigate a possible transmission of CEV under natural conditions. We investigated six fish species (n = 76 total fish) commonly kept together with carp in European waters. All fish originated from a small Austrian lake called “Ritzensee”, where spring mortalities of carp due to KSD had happened in recent years. Tissue samples from the skin and gills were tested for the presence of CEV-DNA with Real-Time qPCR. There was no detection of CEV in any native fish or common carp
Non-Contrast-Enhanced Multiparametric MRI of the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment Allows Molecular Subtyping of Breast Cancer: A Pilot Study
No full textTumor neoangiogenesis is an important hallmark of cancer progression, triggered by alternating selective pressures from the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Non-invasive, non-contrast-enhanced multiparametric MRI combining blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI, which depicts blood oxygen saturation, and intravoxel-incoherent-motion (IVIM) MRI, which captures intravascular and extravascular diffusion, can provide insights into tumor oxygenation and neovascularization simultaneously. Our objective was to identify imaging markers that can predict hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and to validate our findings using multiplexed immunohistochemical analyses. We present an in vivo study involving 36 female athymic nude mice inoculated with luminal A, Her2+, and triple-negative breast cancer cells. We used a high-field 9.4-tesla MRI system for imaging and subsequently analyzed the tumors using multiplex immunohistochemistry for CD-31, PDGFR-β, and Hif1-α. We found that the hyperoxic-BOLD-MRI-derived parameter ΔR2* discriminated luminal A from Her2+ and triple-negative breast cancers, while the IVIM-derived parameter fIVIM discriminated luminal A and Her2+ from triple-negative breast cancers. A comprehensive analysis using principal-component analysis of both multiparametric MRI- and mpIHC-derived data highlighted the differences between triple-negative and luminal A breast cancers. We conclude that multiparametric MRI combining hyperoxic BOLD MRI and IVIM MRI, without the need for contrast agents, offers promising non-invasive markers for evaluating hypoxia-induced angiogenesis
Preventing Microbial Growth in Game Meat by Applying Polyphenolic Extracts from Olive Mill Vegetation Water
No full textWe studied the efficacy of different formulations of polyphenol extracts (mainly containing hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol) from olive mill vegetation water on the microflora on the surfaces of game meat cuts with high or low initial bacterial loads. Meat with a high microbial load (>5 Log cfu/g; mean value = 6.83 ± 0.45 standard deviation) was immersed for 10 or 60 sec into 25% and 10% solutions of microencapsulated freeze-dried and non-encapsulated polyphenolic extracts. Aerobic colony, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., and lactic acid bacteria counts were determined on treated samples compared to controls after 7 days of storage (in vacuum-packed conditions at +3 °C). Significant differences were registered only for aerobic colony count for a 10% liquid extract treatment (0.64 log reduction). In contrast, the dipping or immersion of game meat with low initial microbial loads (<5 Log cfu/g; mean value = 3.58 ± 0.72 standard deviation) in 10% solutions of the polyphenol extracts effectuated significant reductions in all bacteria counts (p< 0.002) at 7 and 14 days of storage for different extracts, independently from the application methods. The use of the extracts to inhibit bacterial growth in game meat should only be considered if a good hygienic baseline is guaranteed
Sexual dimorphic miRNA-mediated response of bovine elongated embryos to the maternal microenvironment
No full textAbstract: A skewed male-to-female ratio in cattle is believed to be due to the biased embryo losses during pregnancy. The changes in biochemical secretion such as miRNAs by the embryo due to altered maternal environment could cause a sex biased selective implantation resulting in a skewed male to female ratio at birth. Nevertheless, it is still not clear whether the male and female embryos could modify their miRNA expression patterns differently in response to altered physiological developmental conditions. Therefore, this study was focused on identifying sex specific miRNA expression patterns induced in the embryo during the elongation period in response to the maternal environment. For this, in vitro produced day female and male embryos were transferred to Holsteins Frisian cows and heifers. The elongated female and male embryos were then recovered at day 13 of the gestation period. Total RNA including the miRNAs was isolated from each group of elongated embryo samples were subjected to the next generation miRNA sequencing. Sequence alignment, identification and quantification of miRNAs were done using the miRDeep2 software package and differential miRNA expression analyses were performed using the edgeR bioconductor package. The recovery rate of viable elongating embryos at day 13 of the gestation period was 26.6%. In cows, 2.8 more viable elongating male embryos were recovered than female embryos, while in heifers the sex ratio of the recovered elongating embryos was close to one (1.05). The miRNA analysis showed that 254 miRNAs were detected in both male and female elongated embryos developed either in cows or heifers, of which 14 miRNAs including bta-miR-10b, bta-miR-148a, bta-miR-26a, and bta-miR-30d were highly expressed. Moreover, the expression level of 32 miRNAs including bta-let-7c, bta-let-7b, bta-let-7g, bta-let-7d and bta-let-7e was significantly different between the male and female embryos developed in cows, but the expression level of only 4 miRNAs (bta-miR-10, bta-mR-100, bta-miR-155 and bta-miR-6119-5p) was different between the male and female embryos that were developed in heifers. Furthermore, 19 miRNAs including those involved in cellular energy homeostasis pathways were differentially expressed between the male embryos developed in cows and heifers, but no significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were detected between the female embryos of cows and heifers. Thus, this study revealed that the sex ratio skewed towards males in embryos developed in cows was accompanied by increased embryonic sexual dimorphic miRNA expression divergence in embryos developed in cows compared to those developed in heifers. Moreover, male embryos are more sensitive to respond to the maternal reproductive microenvironment by modulating their miRNA expression
Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches
No full textExtracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its \u27Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles\u27, which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly
Cross-Species Comparison of the Pan-RAF Inhibitor LY3009120\u27s Anti-Tumor Effects in Equine, Canine, and Human Malignant Melanoma Cell Lines
No full textMalignant melanomas (MMs) are the abnormal proliferation of melanocytes and are one of the lethal skin cancers in humans, equines, and canines. Accordingly, MMs in companion animals can serve as naturally occurring animal models, completing conventional cancer models. The common constitutive activation of the MAPK and PI3K pathways in MMs has been described in all three species. Targeting the related pathways is considered a potential option in comparative oncologic approaches. Herein, we present a cross-species comparative analysis exposing a set of ten melanoma cell lines (one human, three equine, and six canine) derived from primary tumors or metastasis to a pan-RAF and RAF dimer inhibitor (LY3009120). Cellular response (proliferation, biomass, metabolism, early and late apoptosis/necrosis, and morphology) and the presence of pathogenic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the mutational hotspot genes BRAF exon 11 and 15, NRAS exon 2 and 3, KRAS exon 2, and KIT exon 11 were analyzed. This study showed that equine malignant melanoma (EMM) cells (MelDuWi) harbor the KRAS p.Q61H mutation, while canine malignant melanoma (CMM) cells (cRGO1 and cRGO1.2) carry NRAS p.G13R. Except for EMM metastasis cells eRGO6 (wild type of the above-mentioned hotspot genes), all melanoma cell lines exhibited a decrease in dose dependence after 48 and 72 h of exposure to LY3009120, independent of the mutation hotspot landscape. Furthermore, LY3009120 caused significant early apoptosis and late apoptosis/necrosis in all melanoma cell lines except for eRGO6. The anti-tumor effects of LY3009120 were observed in nine melanoma cell lines, indicating the potential feasibility of experimental trials with LY3009120. The present study reveals that the irradiation-resistant canine metastasis cells (cRGO1.2) harboring the NRAS p.G13R mutation are significantly LY3009120-sensitive, while the equine metastases-derived eRGO6 cells show significant resistance to LY3009120, which make them both valuable tools for studying resistance mechanisms in comparative oncology
RNAi-directed knockdown in the cnidarian fish blood parasite Sphaerospora molnari
No full textRNA interference (RNAi) is an effective approach to suppress gene expression and monitor gene regulation. Despite its wide application, its use is limited in certain taxonomic groups, including cnidarians. Myxozoans are a unique group of cnidarian parasites that diverged from their free-living ancestors about 600 million years ago, with several species causing acute disease in farmed and wild fish populations. In this pioneering study we successfully applied RNAi in blood stages of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari, combining a dsRNA soaking approach, real-time PCR, confocal microscopy, and Western blotting. For proof of concept, we knocked down two unusual actins, one of which is known to play a critical role in S. molnari cell motility. We observed intracellular uptake of dsRNA after 30 min and accumulation in all cells of the typical myxozoan cell-in-cell structure. We successfully knocked down actin in S. molnari in vitro, with transient inhibition for 48 h. We observed the disruption of the cytoskeletal network within the primary cell and loss of the characteristic rotational cell motility. This RNAi workflow could significantly advance functional research within the Myxozoa, offering new prospects for investigating therapeutic targets and facilitating drug discovery against economically important fish parasites
Datasets and codes to Pastres et al. ICB, 2024
No full textDatasets and codes used in the study:
Maia Pastres, Ivan Maggini, Massimiliano Cardinale, Leonida Fusani, Andrea Ferretti, Sleep Posture Influences Metabolic Rate and Vigilance in the Common Whitethroat (Curruca Communis), Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2024;, icae031, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icae03
Literaturübersicht zur Gewichtsgrenze im Reitsport
No full textBachelorarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2024Im Rahmen der Bachelorarbeit „Literaturübersicht zur Gewichtsgrenze im Reitsport“ werden die maximale Gewichtsbelastung des Pferdes, deren Einflussfaktoren, sowie Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit des Pferdes untersucht. Es wurde eine ausführliche Literaturrecherche von November 2023 bis einschließlich April 2024 durchgeführt. Angewandt wurde die Heuristische Suchstrategie, das heißt eine tiefergehende Recherche fand ausgehend von bereits gefundener Literatur statt. Die Tragfähigkeit eines Pferdes ist von seinem Röhrbeinumfang und seiner Lendenpartie abhängig. Zudem spielen weitere Faktoren wie Ernährungs-, Trainingszustand und Alter des Pferdes mit dazu. Auch die Passfähigkeit des Sattels ist von hoher Bedeutung, da das Reitergewicht nur so optimal über den Pferderücken verteilt werden kann, ohne Druckstellen zu erzeugen. Die reiterlichen Fähigkeiten nehmen ebenfalls Einfluss auf die Belastbarkeit des Pferdes. Es wird angenommen, dass Reiter*innen mit hohem Gewicht und geringen Fähigkeiten eine vorübergehende Lahmheit induzieren können. Daher ist besonders bei der Pferdewahl für Reitanfänger*innen auf ein passendes Verhältnis von Gewicht und Proportionen zu achten. Durch das aufliegende Gewicht dehnt sich die Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule aus und wird nach ventral durchgedrückt. Ebenso werden die Fesselgelenke, besonders der Vorhand, weiter durchgestreckt, wodurch eine höhere Spannung auf das unterstützende Gewebe entsteht. Eine gesteigerte Gewichtsbelastung geht mit einer Erhöhung der Herzfrequenz, des Laktatwerts im Blutplasma und der oberflächlichen Körpertemperatur einher und kann Schäden an der Skelettmuskulatur verursachen. Die maximale Belastbarkeit eines Pferdes ist je nach Körperbau beziehungsweise Rasse, allgemeinem Zustand und der Reiter*in unterschiedlich. Es muss noch genauer untersucht werden, inwiefern sich eine zu hohe Gewichtsbelastung langfristig auf die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden des Pferdes auswirkt.Bachelor thesis - University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna - 2024The bachelor thesis “literature review of weight limitation in equitation” investigates the maximum permissible load, possible influences and consequences of exceeding weight limitations of horses. An extensive literature search was conducted from November 2023 to April 2024 based on heuristic search strategies. The maximum weight a horse can carry depends on cannon bone circumference and loin width of the horse. Body Condition Score, age and saddle fitting also take influence on the load-bearing capacity, as well as the rider’s abilities. It is assumed that riders with higher body weight and less abilities can cause temporary lameness in horses. Because of the presence of rider weight, the thoracolumbar spine and the fetlocks extend. Heart rate, respiratory rate, plasma lactate concentration and body temperature increase significantly with added weight load. Exceeding a horse’s maximum weight carrying capacity can cause muscle soreness and sceletal muscle damage. The maximum permissible load varies from horse breed and physical condition of the individual horse. Further investigation is necessary to ensure if too much weight load has longterm implication on horse welfare.Bachelorarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2024Im Rahmen der Bachelorarbeit „Literaturübersicht zur Gewichtsgrenze im Reitsport“ werden die maximale Gewichtsbelastung des Pferdes, deren Einflussfaktoren, sowie Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit des Pferdes untersucht. Es wurde eine ausführliche Literaturrecherche von November 2023 bis einschließlich April 2024 durchgeführt. Angewandt wurde die Heuristische Suchstrategie, das heißt eine tiefergehende Recherche fand ausgehend von bereits gefundener Literatur statt. Die Tragfähigkeit eines Pferdes ist von seinem Röhrbeinumfang und seiner Lendenpartie abhängig. Zudem spielen weitere Faktoren wie Ernährungs-, Trainingszustand und Alter des Pferdes mit dazu. Auch die Passfähigkeit des Sattels ist von hoher Bedeutung, da das Reitergewicht nur so optimal über den Pferderücken verteilt werden kann, ohne Druckstellen zu erzeugen. Die reiterlichen Fähigkeiten nehmen ebenfalls Einfluss auf die Belastbarkeit des Pferdes. Es wird angenommen, dass Reiter*innen mit hohem Gewicht und geringen Fähigkeiten eine vorübergehende Lahmheit induzieren können. Daher ist besonders bei der Pferdewahl für Reitanfänger*innen auf ein passendes Verhältnis von Gewicht und Proportionen zu achten. Durch das aufliegende Gewicht dehnt sich die Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule aus und wird nach ventral durchgedrückt. Ebenso werden die Fesselgelenke, besonders der Vorhand, weiter durchgestreckt, wodurch eine höhere Spannung auf das unterstützende Gewebe entsteht. Eine gesteigerte Gewichtsbelastung geht mit einer Erhöhung der Herzfrequenz, des Laktatwerts im Blutplasma und der oberflächlichen Körpertemperatur einher und kann Schäden an der Skelettmuskulatur verursachen. Die maximale Belastbarkeit eines Pferdes ist je nach Körperbau beziehungsweise Rasse, allgemeinem Zustand und der Reiter*in unterschiedlich. Es muss noch genauer untersucht werden, inwiefern sich eine zu hohe Gewichtsbelastung langfristig auf die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden des Pferdes auswirkt