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Cost allocation in international commercial arbitration
No full textDie vorliegende Diplomarbeit widmet sich der Kostenentscheidung im internationalen Handelsschiedsverfahren. In einer zunehmend globalisierten Welt hat sich die Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit als präferierter Modus zur Beilegung grenzüberschreitender Handelsstreitigkeiten etabliert, wobei die im Rahmen von Schiedsverfahren anfallenden Kosten seit Jahren stetig ansteigen. Diese Entwicklung wird in Fachkreisen mit Sorge betrachtet, gleichzeitig ist darin die Relevanz des Themas für international operierende Unternehmen begründet. Zur Heranführung wird zunächst eine Unterteilung der Kosten des Schiedsverfahrens in zwei Kategorien vorgenommen: Auf der einen Seite finden sich die Schiedsgerichtskosten, zu denen die Honorare und Auslagen der Schiedsrichter sowie etwaige Verwaltungskosten der Schiedsinstitution zählen; auf der anderen Seite sind die Parteikosten zu verorten, die regelmäßig die finanzielle Hauptlast darstellen und überwiegend aus den Honoraren für rechtliche Beratung bzw. Vertretung bestehen. Es folgt eine Untersuchung der Rechtsgrundlagen, die Schiedsgerichte zum Ausspruch über die Kosten ermächtigen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der in nationalen Rechts- und institutionellen Schiedsordnungen enthaltenen Bestimmungen. In der Regel wird Schiedsrichtern bei der Kostenentscheidung ein breiter Ermessensspielraum eingeräumt, auf dessen Grenzen gesondert eingegangen wird. Zentraler Gegenstand dieser Arbeit bildet eine detaillierte Erörterung der grundlegenden Kostenverteilungsmethoden sowie eine Analyse der maßgeblichen Faktoren, die Schiedsgerichte bei ihrer Beurteilung berücksichtigen. Das weithin anerkannte Erfolgsprinzip „costs follow the event“ wird dabei der sogenannten „American rule“ gegenübergestellt, der zufolge die Schiedsparteien ihre eigenen Kosten zu tragen haben. Abschließend wird die Thematik der Erstattungsfähigkeit von Parteikosten aufgegriffen: In einem allgemeinen Teil wird zunächst die Anforderung der Angemessenheit behandelt, gefolgt von einem speziellen Teil, der sich mit der Bewertung strittiger Punkte wie etwa der Prozessfinanzierung und interner Kosten befasst.This diploma thesis explores the principles and practices governing the allocation of costs in international commercial arbitration. In an era of increasing global integration, arbitration has emerged as the preferred method for resolving cross-border disputes. However, the steady rise in costs incurred in the arbitral process is a matter of serious concern for the business community, thereby underscoring the relevance of the topic for large companies around the world. In an initial step, the author classifies the costs of the arbitration into two types: procedural costs, which include the arbitrators’ fees and expenses as well as the administrative charges of arbitral institutions, and—far outweighing the first category—party costs, predominantly consisting of attorney’s fees. What follows is an examination of the legal bases that authorize arbitral tribunals to decide on costs, specifically those found in national legislation and those arising from the parties’ agreement. As a rule, arbitrators are granted broad discretion with respect to costs, and the few limits that do apply are explicitly delineated. The central focus of this thesis is an in-depth discussion of the two principal allocation methods, along with a comprehensive analysis of the pertinent factors that arbitral tribunals consider when making decisions on costs. In this context, the predominant “costs follow the event” approach, which is predicated on the outcome of the proceedings, is juxtaposed with the so-called “American rule,” whereby each party is required to bear its own costs. Finally, the issue of party-cost recoverability is addressed from two perspectives. First, it is considered within the framework of the general requirements of reasonableness and proportionality; second, it is assessed in relation to the treatment of controversial items, such as third-party funded and internal costs.vorgelegt von Konstantin KlugDiplomarbeit Universität Graz 202
Innovative teaching tools : Hacking innovative Pedagogies (HIP)
No full textThis booklet contains 30 innovative teaching activities and tools that we have collected, developed and tested in university courses as part of the three-year "Hacking Innovative Pedagogies (HIP)" project. All of the teaching activities are based on our HIP framework, but can be used independently. The HIP Flowboard consists of 14 attributes, namely Entanglement, Resistance, Care, Access, Diversity, Inclusion, Non-doing, Empowerment, Community, Openness, Variation, Agency, Flexibility and Playfulness. The 30 HIP activities represent examples of the different attributes. A keyword index for the attributes can be found at the end of the book. The activities are described, the objectives are listed, and other aspects that should be considered. We have also referred to some external online resources - however, we are aware of the limitation how long some of these resources may be available. For this reason, these links are meant as examples only, as well as the activities that we present. The activities can be thought of as inspirations to be modified and adapted to suit local contexts.Version of recor
Innovative undervisningsaktiviteter : Hacking innovative Pedagogies (HIP)
No full textDenne pjece indeholder 30 innovative undervisningsaktiviteter og værktøjer, som vi har samlet, udviklet og afprøvet i universitetsuddannelser som led i det treårige projekt »Hacking Innovative Pedagogies« (HIP)" projekt. Alle undervisningsaktiviteter er baseret på vores HIP-rammeværk, men kan bruges uafhængigt. HIP Flowboard består af 14 værdier, nemlig Entanglement, Resistance, Care, Accessibility, Diversity, Inclusion, Non-doing, Empowerment, Community, Openness, Variation, Agency, Flexibility og Playfulness. I valget af de 30 HIP-aktiviteter har vi nøje overvejet, hvilke værdier der passer til hver aktivitet. En ordliste over værdierne findes i slutningen af bogen. Aktiviteterne er beskrevet, målene er angivet, og der er angivet aspekter, der skal tages i betragtning, når aktiviteten bruges i undervisningen. Vi har henvist til nogle eksterne online ressourcer – vi er dog opmærksomme på, at nogle af disse ressourcer kan være tilgængelige i en begrænset periode. Af denne grund er disse links kun ment som eksempler, ligesom de aktiviteter, vi præsenterer. Aktiviteterne kan betragtes som inspiration, der kan ændres og tilpasses til lokale forhold.Europäische Kommission .Version of recor
JRFM / Exploring the History of Cultural Interactions through Visual Material : Opportunities and Challenges in the Digital Age
No full textSince the end of the 20th century, images have been a crucial entry point for cultural studies, and sophisticated tools for their analysis have been developed. Given that images easily travel across all kinds of borders, they can be helpful guides in the study of transcultural processes. This is particularly important for the study of religion, as images – which often play a central role in rituals and are constantly recreated for each new context – reveal the influence that outside cultures exert on a tradition. In addition, digital tools have opened up new possibilities whose impact on the studyof images is not yet fully recognised. Based on these observations, this article addresses the following questions: How can the study of images contribute to the study of intercultural exchange in history, and what are the current trends? What dimensions should be considered when studying images in a cross-cultural or comparative context? How did the advent of digital tools change this research framework, with what advantages and what caveats? Finally, what is the impact of the dissemination of research results through Open Access journals on cultural exchanges, especially when visual material is involved? To illustrate these different questions, we follow the history of an image published in a previous issue of the Journal for Religion, Film and Media (JRFM), an image that was itself the product of complex cultural exchanges and has taken on a new role since its publication in the journal
JRFM / A Flor de Piel : Exploring Latin American Decolonial Aesthetics forReligious Studies: Sensing Puerto Rican Media
No full textA current opening for research in the field of religion, film, and media is the interpretation of cultural production through the sensing and knowing that stems from decolonial approaches. In this article, I argue for the use of a Latin American decolonial aesthetics in this field of study, specifically in exploring examples from Puerto Rican art and media that incite community-making practices in association with a religious/ theological imagination. I provide a list of eight key characteristics of decolonial aesthetics and introduce the expression a flor de piel (brought to, or sensed on, the surface) to describe the type of sensing that these works of art produce in an embodied dialectics between the medium and its audience
Österr. Religionspädagogisches Forum / Rezension zu: Baumert, Britta / Teschmer, Caroline: Konfessionell kooperativer Religionsunterricht. Eine Fachdidaktik, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 2024.
No full textÖsterr. Religionspädagogisches Forum / Rezension zu: Riegel, Ulrich u.a.: Der Umgang mit religiöser Vielfalt im katholischen Religionsunterricht. Eine explorative Studieim Mixed-Methods-Design, Münster/New York: Waxmann 2023 (= Glaube – Wertebildung– Interreligiosität. Berufsorientierte Religionspädagogik 30).
No full textOn the Role of International Courts
No full textInternational cooperation sometimes requires flexible agreements that permit temporary non-compliance in certain circumstances. Whether these circumstances occur is often only privately known by the non-complying partner. This paper analyzes how an international court that can only provide information without having any enforcement power can help sustain such flexible international agreements. We study this in a repeated game setting where the monitoring is public but imperfect. We find that for sufficiently patient governments there are in principle highly efficient self-enforcing agreements available. We then focus on the case of impatient governments and identify conditions under which an international court without enforcement power could indeed improve the efficiency of agreements.
JEL codes: C72, C73, D02, F13Oesterreichische Nationalbank. Jubiläumsfonds 18899Version of recor
Off Campus: Seggau School of Thought / Instances of Authority in Diaz’s The Brief and Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao
No full textThis article analyzes how Junot Diaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao exposes enduring mechanisms of traditional authority within the Dominican community both on the island and in the diaspora. Traditional authority is manifest through colonial legacies and machista narratives. The novel has two narrators: Lola, Oscar’s sister, who narrates only a few pages, and Yunior, who narrates the rest and can thus be considered the main narrator. Yunior’s account of the de Leon Family history epitomizes the inescapable tension between the individual actions and the community’s expectations. I argue that Diaz employs the main narrator of the novel as a reflection of the coercive power that a despotic master has over its oppressed subalterns.Drawing on theorists such as Hannah Arendt and Max Weber, authority is framed as a discourse-dependent construct that requires obedience to function. This analysis examines how the novel creates layered expectations for the reader that represent the resistance of the oppressed subaltern in the authority relation. I argue that Diaz’s cyclical, nonlinear storytelling (Hanna 2010: 500) subverts the dominant historical narratives in Hispaniola by offering a complementary historical account. This essay aims to illuminate literature’s capacity to subvert hegemonic respresentations of authority and cultural norms, as exemplified in The Brief Wondorous Life of Oscar Wao
Comparison of physical and synthetic replication in passive exchange-traded funds
No full textExchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einem beliebten Finanzprodukt entwickelt. Die überwiegende Mehrheit der verfügbaren ETFs wird passiv verwaltet und versucht daher, die Performance eines bestimmten Kapitalmarktindex bestmöglich nachzubilden. Die angewandte Strategie, um die Index-Rendite zu erzeugen, kann dabei variieren, wobei sich im Wesentlichen zwei Replikationsstile unterscheiden lassen: die physische und die synthetische Replikation. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Unterschiede zwischen physischer und synthetischer Replikation im Hinblick auf verschiedene Aspekte wie die anfallenden Kosten, entstehende Risiken und die steuerliche Behandlung herauszuarbeiten. Des Weiteren wird untersucht, ob sich bei einer der beiden Methoden eine höhere Genauigkeit in der Nachbildung, zumeist durch die Kennzahl „Tracking-Error“ ausgedrückt, empirisch feststellen lässt. Methodisch stützt sich die Arbeit dabei einerseits auf Literaturrecherche, andererseits auf eine eigene empirische Untersuchung mit einer Stichprobe von 49 physischen und synthetischen Aktien-ETFs, die einzelne Länder oder Regionen abbilden. Es zeigt sich, dass synthetische ETFs aus theoretischer Sicht im Nachbildungsprozess einige Vorteile aufweisen, was sich insbesondere im Wegfall von gewissen Transaktionskosten und Kosten der Liquiditätshaltung sowie einer höheren Steuereffizienz zeigt. Durch die Verwendung von Swap-Kontrakten bei synthetischen ETFs ist jedoch ein potenziell höheres Gegenparteirisiko zu berücksichtigen. Im Hinblick auf die Tracking-Performance physischer und synthetischer ETFs wurden in der Forschungsliteratur bisher sehr gemischte Ergebnisse festgestellt. Die eigene Analyse kommt zum Ergebnis, dass sowohl physische als auch synthetische ETFs geringe Tracking-Errors erzielen, wobei diese bei synthetischen ETFs in allen Jahren des Untersuchungszeitraums insgesamt niedriger ausfallen.Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have become a popular financial product in recent decades. The vast majority of ETFs available are passively managed and therefore attempt to replicate the performance of a specific market index as closely as possible. The strategy used to generate index returns may vary, with two primary replication methods being distinguished: physical and synthetic replication. The objective of this thesis is to examine the differences between physical and synthetic replication with regard to various aspects such as costs, associated risks, and tax treatment. Furthermore, it investigates whether one of the two methods achieves higher accuracy in tracking the index, commonly measured by the metric “tracking error.” Methodologically, the study is based on a review of existing literature as well as an empirical analysis using a sample of 49 physical and synthetic equity ETFs that track individual countries or regions. The findings indicate that, from a theoretical perspective, synthetic ETFs offer certain advantages in the replication process, particularly due to the elimination of specific transaction costs, reduced liquidity holding costs, and greater tax efficiency. However, the use of swap contracts in synthetic ETFs entails a potentially higher counterparty risk. With regard to the tracking performance of physical and synthetic ETFs, the existing literature has produced highly mixed results. The present analysis concludes that both physical and synthetic ETFs achieve low tracking errors, although synthetic ETFs exhibit consistently lower tracking errors throughout all years of the observation period.Lukas Kamper, BScEnthält Literaturangaben 63-69Masterarbeit Universität Graz 202