International Journal of Environment and Climate Change
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Understanding Leaching Behaviour of Landfill Leachate in Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria through Dumpsite Monitoring
No full textIndiscriminate disposal of solid waste in unauthorized places has become an increasing problem for most cities in Nigeria, especially Benin-City, Edo state. Benin-City one of the largest city in Nigerian is experiencing the problem of solid waste management despite the best attempt of waste avoidance, reduction, reuse and recovery. Use of dumpsites is still the ultimate disposal method of domestic and industrial wastes in Benin-City. Three dumpsites in Benin-City and environs were selected randomly to evaluate their leachates characteristics. Leachate samples were collected from the dumpsites at three months interval and were assessed for their quality through physico-chemical and elemental examination using standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. Physico-chemical analysis result showed pH range of 6.76±0.08 –7.49±0.02, EC (55212.0±2028.43 – 64344.33±1131.22 μS/cm), Temperature (26.03±0.25 – 26.60±0.35OC), Cyanide (0.08±0.04 – 0.46±0.01 mg/L), Sulphide (12.30±1.21 – 14.90±2.26 mg/L), BOD5 (61.23±1.39 – 98.60±3.41mg/L), COD (92.11±2.14 – 140.00±4.19 mg/L), NO3-N 0.41±0.03 – 0.75±0.09 mg/L), NO2-N (0.09±0.01– 0.30±0.03mg/L), TOC (506.67±230.94 – 573.33±370.05 mg/L). Metals with consequential environmental significance determined in the leachate samples recorded concentration in mg/L as: Cd(0.02±0.01 – 0.240.31), Cr(0.04±0.00 – 0.06±0.01), Cu(0.49±0.07 - 0.61±0.05), Hg(0.03±0.01 – 0.06±0.01), Mn(0.27±0.07 - 0.38±0.03), Ni(0.05 ± 0.01- 0.07 ± 0.01), Pb(0.05±0.01 – 0.12±0.010) and Zn(0.37±0.04 - 0.65±0.03). The physiologic and metabolic roles of the elements detected in the leachate are discussed. The concentrations of the elements detected were below the toxicity limits recommended by Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) limits. On the overall, the physico-chemical and elemental characteristics of leachates obtained in this study revealed that the three waste dumpsites generated leachates that were not as contaminated as those reported in some other parts of the world
Effect of Depth on Microbial Pollution of Shallow Wells in Makurdi Metropoilis, Benue State, Nigeria
No full textThis study looked at the effect of depth on the microbial pollution of shallow wells in the three floodplains of Makurdi metropolis of Benue State, Nigeria. Water samples from the wells were collected and analyzed monthly for seven months from February to August (covering both wet and dry seasons) using the pour plate technique. The assessment was for the presence coliform bacteria. The species isolated were Salmonella typhilis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus spp. and total coliform. The pollution of wells was found to increase with decrease in depth and decrease with increase in depth. The water table varied from 4.3m (in wet season) to 6.4m (in dry season). Generally pollution level in the floodplains was between 17cfu/ml and 297cfu/ml of bacterial population. No well studied met the limit by World Health organization (WHO) for drinking water which is 0cfu/ml and 10cfu/ml by the National Agency Food and Drugs Administration and Control, Nigeria (NAFDAC). This shows that wells must be up to 15m deep so as to be free from pollution. Screening the wells to the depth of 15m and treatment by disinfection before drinking were the recommendations made
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Termite Distribution in Africa
No full textTermites (Order: Isoptera) constitute an integral component of various ecosystems in Africa. Termites are also amongst the most difficult insects to study because of their cryptic behaviour and natural nesting habitat. There are around 2600 species of termites in 280 genera which have been described worldwide and about 39% of the total termite species are found in Africa. Termite identification is crucial to understanding termite distribution and their relationship to climate change. Some termite species are well known pests of agricultural crops, forest trees, wood products and timber-in-service causing considerable damage in Africa.This review paper attempts to collate information on African termite distribution and climate change and highlights some knowledge gaps. Africa is the origin of the termite family of Macrotermitinae. The paper focuses more on economically important termite species in Africa. The use of traditional identification methods coupled with molecular techniques in resolving some of the challenges in termite distribution with particular reference to climate change in Africa are discussed.There is scant information on published literature on the impact of climate change on termites with particular reference to termite distribution in Africa. However there is anectodal evidence to suggest that African termite species will be affected by changes in the local and global climate
Extraction of Chromium from Tannery Effluents Using Waste Egg Shell Material as an Adsorbent
No full textIn the present era, due to industrial revolution in the developing country like India, the ground water system has been largely polluted, especially with heavy metals like chromium. The removal of such heavy metals from industrial effluents and from wastewater has become a subject of keen interest. This paper deals with the removal of chromium from its aqueous solution using egg shell, a waste material as an adsorbent. Experimental results vividly demonstrate that this extraction method was found to be cheaper, quicker and more efficient than other conventional techniques. The results are interpreted in the light of Loggergren’s model
Estimation of Water Balance of Oyan Lake in the North West Region of Abeokuta, Nigeria
No full textThe paper presents results related to water balance of the Oyan Lake in the North West in Nigeria. The catchment covering an area of 9000 km2 includes a small dam called Oyan dam having an effective watershed area of 40 km2 with a gross storage of 270 million cubic meters. Hydrology of the area was characterized on the basis of land use, rainfall, temperature, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and runoff using meteorological data. Different methods like rainfall coefficient method is used to determine monthly distribution of rainfall including rainy and dry months; Penman method to calculate evaporation from the reservoir; Thornthwaite method and Thornthwaite water balance model to determine potential and actual evapotranspiration; and runoff coefficient method to estimate runoff. The catchment is characterized by one rainy season and two dry seasons during the year. The rainy season has five months duration and dry season seven months. The mean annual rainfall of the catchment is 1015.09 mm, out of which rainy season accounts for 96.% and the dry season for 3.9%. The total annual water loss by evaporation from the reservoir is 1178.5 mm. The mean annual actual evapotranspiration for the catchment is 899.3 mm. The mean annual runoff generated from the catchment is estimated to be 822.2 million cubic meters. The amount of water that percolates into the ground in the catchment as groundwater is estimated to be about 219.9 million cubic meters, and the same at the reservoir site is 826.9 million cubic meters. The total amount of water which is actually available to recharge the groundwater within the catchment is 1046.8 million m3
Evolution of Beninese Coastline from 1963 to 2005: Causes and Consequences
No full textThe coastal zone of Benin is the interface between the marine environment and the straightforward continental environment. It is constituted of sandy cords, lagoon system, lakes and flood plains. This zone shelters a population of about 3 million inhabitants that is more than 30% of the Beninese population. As all coastal regions of the world, this zone remains very sensitive to climatic changes (global elevation of the sea level, perpetual variations of the weather marines conditions) and to human activities (large inland dams, harbour infrastructures, urbanization) that drive to the rupture of the equilibrium in this coastal environment with enhanced risks of beach erosion as the main consequences. This study monitors the evolution of the Beninese shorelines around Cotonou and underlines the causes mainly human that negatively affect this naturally fragile environment. Natural factors (tempests and erosive processes) and human actions (building of the port of Cotonou (1962) then Lome (1967) and hydroelectric dams on Volta (1966) and on Mono (1987) rivers) aim the coastal evolution of the Benin. They procreate, on the sandy cords at East of ports and rivers mouths, an erosion about 10 m linked to the reduction of provisions in sand and the fragilisation of cords by farms, steps and of anarchic occupations