International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
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Effect on Temperature Influences of the Life Table Studies for Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. in Cowpea under Laboratory Condition
No full textAim: To study the life table aphid, Aphis craccivora in cowpea at different temperature.
Study Design: Simple random sampling design with two treatments and 12 replications.
Place and Duration Study: Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai and 2019-2020.
Methodology: We used a simple random sampling design, which included two temperature variables (30 and 35°C) and 12 repetitions for A. craccivora. The female adult aphids were placed in dishes with leaf dishes and 12 hours light appropriate temperature. Female adult aphids were placed in dishes containing leaf discs and incubated at the appropriate temperature, with a 12-hour light phase. They were transferred to new dishes as needed. We evaluated the pre-reproductive and reproductive periods under a stereomicroscope every 24 hours, and we determined the number of nymphs produced and their longevities at each temperature.
Results: Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. is most important pest in Pulses ecosystem and life table studies on cowpea, the net reproductive rate (22.53 individuals / female at 300 C; 14.23 individuals / female at 350 C, mean generation time 11.41days at 300C; 10.39 at 350C, population doubling time (2.710 days at 300C, 2.539 at 350C in Cowpea. The age specific survivorship curve revealed that the population followed Type III curve and 50 per cent mortality of A. craccivora 9 days at 300C and 7.5 days at 350C in cowpea.
Conclusion: The life table aphids insects parameters of net reproductive rate, population doubling time, mean generation time and age specific curve was maximum in 300C than 350C in Cowpea
Soil Fertility Dynamics and Identify the Most Limiting Nutrients Affecting Walnut Productivity in Nepal
No full textThis study aimed to assess the soil nutrient status in walnut orchards of different ages in Jajarkot district, Nepal, to understand soil fertility dynamics and identify the most limiting nutrients affecting walnut productivity. The research employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three treatments representing different age groups of walnut orchards (1-5 years, 6-10 years, and 11-15 years), each replicated seven times across various municipalities. The study was conducted in Jajarkot district, Karnali Province, Nepal, encompassing municipalities including Nalgad, Junichadey, and Barekot, from March to April 2023. Soil samples were collected from multiple depths (1, 2, and 3 feet) in each orchard and analyzed for pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation analyses to explore relationships between soil parameters and orchard age. The study showed that significant variations were observed among different age groups of walnut orchards for soil pH, SOM, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels. Soil pH decreased with orchard age, while SOM, nitrogen, and phosphorus tended to increase with orchard age. Phosphorus was identified as the most limiting nutrient across all sampled soils, followed by nitrogen and potassium. Moreover, strong correlations were found between orchard age and soil N (r = 0.894, p < 0.01) and P (r = 0.776, p < 0.01), underscoring age-dependent nutrient dynamics. The study highlights the critical role of orchard age in shaping soil nutrient dynamics in walnut orchards. Older orchards exhibited higher levels of SOM, nitrogen, and phosphorus, indicating the accumulation of organic matter and nutrients over time. Phosphorus emerged as the primary limiting nutrient, essential for root growth, flowering, and fruiting in walnut trees. These findings underscore the importance of targeted fertilization strategies to optimize soil fertility and sustain long-term walnut productivity in the region
Effect of Nano DAP on Growth and Yield Performance of Triticum aestivum (L.) East Nimar Region, Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh, India
No full textThe study was to evaluate the impact of Nano DAP on the growth and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), specifically on the HI-1634 (Pusha Ahilya) variety, through foliar application. The experiment laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The field experiment was carried out during the Rabi season of 2023/24 at the School of Agriculture, Research farm of DR. C.V. Raman University in Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh, India. There were seven treatments consisting of different doses of T1-100% NPK, T2-75% N and P and 100% K, T3- 50% N and P and 100% K, T4- T2 + ST with Nano DAP @ 5 ml/kg seed + FS with Nano DAP @ 2 ml/litter of water, T5-T3 + ST with Nano DAP @ 5 ml/kg seed + FS with Nano DAP @ 4 ml/liter of water, T6- T2 + ST with Nano DAP @ 5 ml/kg seed + FS with Nano DAP @ 4 ml/litter of water at and T7- Control. The findings revealed that treatmenT1 resulted in the highest number of tillers and yield, followed by T6, which significantly higher performance with the application of 100% NPK. The foliar sprays of Nano-DAP in T1 treatment showed promising outcomes in terms of tillers, grains earhead-1, spikelet earhead-1, earhead-1 length, and yield ha-1. It is evident that utilizing Nano DAP in place of half of traditional DAP, as well as treating seeds with Nano DAP, leads to superior root growth and overall crop development
Field Efficacy of Biocapsules of Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Management of Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae)
No full textMany agro-ecosystems have been seriously undermined using synthetic pesticides, and are losing incentive in terms of productivity, with substantial loss of biodiversity. To reclaim ecosystem health and protect global health, there is an important need to put the ecology standards back at the core of crop protection. Biological control methods are favourable alternative methods to the chemical method. In the evaluation of the efficacy of biocapsules of Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Zare and Gams and L. saksenae (Kushwaha) Kurihara and Sukarno for the management of cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae), it was revealed that foliar application of L. saksenae and L. lecanii three capsules L-1 sprayed twice (at weekly intervals) were similarly effective in causing 94.38 and 92.28 per cent reduction in the population of A. craccivora and with lower dose at two and one capsules L-1 population noted was 37.51 to 63.96 per cent. The spore suspensions of both fungi were more effective than the lower doses (78.73 - 83.53 per cent reduction) in cowpeas. While Thiamethoxam 25 WG, was 95.79 per cent. Biocapsule treatment did not affect the natural enemy populations significantly. The yield recorded in the plots with L. saksenae capsules at two and three L-1 was higher than other treated and untreated plots. Therefore, the need-based creation of biocontrol formulations in capsules, tablets, powder, etc. should be popularized
Correlation and Path Analysis of Yield and Seedling Vigour Related Traits in Wild Introgression Lines
No full textEarly establishment of crop plants are highly influenced by resource availability in its environment. Seedling early vigour refers to the ability of seeds to germinate quickly and uniformly, resulting in the robust crop establishment especially under stress environments. Modern cultivars which are bred for transplanting under irrigated conditions with semi-dwarf architecture lacks early seedling vigour, required under stress situations. Vigorous seedlings have additional advantage of better nutrient uptake by smothering weed plants and inhibit their growth. Improving rice plant architecture with high seedling vigour is a major breeding objective in the context of climate change effect. Backcross Introgression Lines derived from interspecific crosses were screened for seedling vigour traits and yield related traits and correlation analysis was employed to assess the trait association. Among all the 31 traits studied for correlation concluded that positively significant correlation was observed for panicle length, panicle weight, filled grains, total number of grains. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation revealed that the traits panicle length, panicle weight, filled grains, total number of grains, days to 50% flowering have shown significant correlation with single plant yield. Path analysis concluded that days to 50% flowering, number of tillers, fresh weight, dry weight, germination percentage and total number of grains had shown a positive direct effect with single plant yield. Days to 50% flowering, panicle weight, total numbers of grains had a positive significant and direct contribution towards yield improvement. Therefore, these traits are given more weightage while selecting the genotypes, for further utilization in crop improvement programmes
Influence of Liming and Phosphorus Application on Growth of Soybean in Acidic Soil of Chandauli, Uttar Pradesh, India
No full textThe objective of this research is to solve problem due to acidity and phosphorus deficiency in soybean crop grown in acidic soils. As acidic soils have an abundance of exchangeable forms of aluminum and hydrogen and a low supply of basic cations, they limit the productive potential of crops. The retention of phosphorus (P) is usually high in acidic soils. At the study area, soil acidity is well-known for limiting the productivity of crop. This study was conducted to determine the influence of liming and phosphorus application on growth of Soybean in acidic soil of Chandauli district. Factorial combinations of four levels of lime (0, 25, 50 and 100% of lime requirement) and four sources of phosphorus (No phosphorus, triple super phosphate, Mussoorie rock phosphate and phosphate rich organic manure) were laid out in completely randomized design with three replications. The results revealed that lime x phosphorus interaction were significant for plant height and relative chlorophyll content SPAD. Findings shows that lime @100% significantly increased the plant height and SPAD values of soybean plant and remained at par with lime @50%. Similarly, application of phosphorus source PROM significantly increased the plant height and SPAD value and remained at par with TSP. Combined application of lime @100% + PROM significantly increased the growth of soybean crop. It remained at par with lime @100% + TSP, lime @50% + PROM, lime @50% + TSP, indicating saving of 50% lime and PROM can be considered as a sustainable alternative that contributes to both phosphorus availability and soil health. The results of the study verified that application of lime and phosphorus sources improved growth and growth related traits of soybean crop
Advanced Vermicomposting Modality: Microbial Acceleration to Improve Micronutrient Profile of Agricultural Residue Derived Compost
No full textAdvancing circular economies and self-reliant agricultural systems will critically depend on innovative strategies to optimize resource utilization and agro-waste recycling for the sustainability of food production. The present study is focused on the potential of vermitechnology with diverse substrate compositions in bioconverting lignocellulosic agricultural residues into nutrient-rich amendments. Trials of vermicomposting were carried out exploiting Eudrilus eugeniae and a fungal decomposer consortium, Pusa Decomposer. Treatments included T1: Gliricidia sepium leaves (GL), T2: Banana pseudostem (BP), T3: Rice straw (RS), T4: Rice husk (RH), T5 (RS + BP – 8:1 w/w), T6 (RH + BP - 8:1 w/w), T7 (RH + RS + BP – 4:4:1 w/w) and T8 (RH + RS + BP + GL – 4:4:0.5:0.5 w/w) with 3 replications in CRD. T2 expressed peak Mn, Zn and Cu values at 418.40 mg kg-1, 247.50 mg kg-1 and 55.12 mg kg-1, respectively. T3 reported summit Fe and B at 8669.50 mg kg-1 and 37.00 mg kg-1, respectively. It was found that the combination of RS and BP reported excellent nutrient solubilization and enhanced EC, which ratiocinates the role of substrate mix in determining vermicompost quality. These findings emphasize the importance of substrate selection and microbial augmentation with fungal decomposer consortia such as Pusa decomposer, which optimize the vermicomposting process for nutrient recovery and improved soil health
Yield of Turmeric Varieties [Curcuma longa (L.)] Under Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) Based Agroforestry System in Chhattisgarh Plain, India
No full textThe experiment was conducted during the year 2022-23 and 2023-24 in Kharif seasons at the Herbal Garden of IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Two production systems were studied: F1 involved sole Turmeric, while F2 involved Eucalyptus intercropped with Turmeric in both the production system used FRBD (Factorial Randomized Block Design). Eight turmeric varieties were used: T1 - Suranjana, T2 - Selam, T3 – Chhattisgarh Haldi-1, T4 – Chhattisgarh Haldi-2, T5 – Roma, T6- Ranga, T7- NDH-98 and T8- Sonali. The pooled rhizome fresh yield data for year 2022-23 and 2023-24 year shows that F2 (Eucalyptus + turmeric) (19.76 t/ha) yielded significantly less than F1 (Sole turmeric) (21.73 t/ha). Among varieties, Chhattisgarh Haldi-2 (25.18 t/ha) and NDH-98 (24.65 t/ha) recorded the maximum yield, while the lowest yield was recorded in Sonali (16 t/ha). A significant result found in production system and crop variety which showed that performance of varieties depended on the cropping system
Seed Dormancy and After-ripening Mechanisms in Seed Germination: A Comprehensive Review
No full textA review on seed dormancy and after-ripening mechanism on seed germination was conducted. After-ripening is an important post-harvest phase in seeds that causes physiological and biochemical changes that reduce dormancy and promote germination. It is a time based and environment regulated process that occurs in dried seeds and determines germination potential. This post-harvest period is characterized by a series of biochemical and molecular changes that modify the seeds internal environment, ultimately breaking dormancy and enabling germination. The process of after ripening is mediated by several key mechanisms, including hormonal balances, particularly the reduction of abscisic acid levels and the increase in gibberellins and reactive oxygen species serve a dual function in both signalling and oxidative damage repair, contribute to dormancy associated barriers. Unlike other dormancy breaking methods, such as stratification, which requires external factors like light or temperature fluctuations, after-ripening primarily occurs under dry storage conditions. Molecular studies have shown that after-ripening involves gene expression with transcriptional regulation of dormancy related genes and activation of germination promoting genes are observed. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications also contribute to the regulation of these genes during after-ripening. Understanding the after-ripening mechanism is very important for improving seed storage, enhancing germination rates and optimizing crop yields and helps in management of seed banks, minimizing unwanted in-situ germination before harvest and also elucidates the complication of seed dormancy and germination, providing valuable information for both basic plant biology and applied agricultural sciences. Hence, understanding the interaction of external factors, internal seed biology, and after-ripening conditions are critical for optimizing seed germination rates and crop productivity
Diagnosis of Viral Diseases in Pepper (Capscium sp.) within Bouaké and Abidjan localities and Characterization of Associated Begomoviruses
No full textObjective: This study aims at gaining a better understanding of Pepper Begomovirus diseases in order to improve yield in a sustainable way.
Study Design: Demonstrate the symptoms associated with viral diseases, as well as the agent responsible for this disease in peppers, in order to set up an effective and efficient control method.
Location: Abidjan and Bouaké (Côte d\u27Ivoire); Study duration: 12 months
Methodology: A phytosanitary survey was carried out in Abidjan and Bouaké, and symptomatic samples were collected. A total of 60 samples with single and complex viral disease symptoms were observed and collected from the two study areas. Results: The severity of symptoms observed was virtually identical in both localities, in contrast to prevalence, which was higher in the Bouaké locality. Two of the samples from Bouaké reacted positively to the PCR test for Begomovirus. The Pepper Yellows Vein Mali Virus was thus identified as a potential cause of the viral diseases observed. The sequences of this virus recorded a similarity rate of 97.16 and 99.42% with its homologues found on GenBank under accession numbers MH460532 and MH778694, respectively.
Conclusion: A clear identification of pepper pathogenic viruses could better guide the control of these viral diseases