International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
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Assessment of Physiological Maturity through Pod and Seed Developmental Pattern in Local Land Races of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)
No full textFor assessing physiological maturity through pod and seed developmental patterns in local landraces of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), a sufficient number of flowers were tagged on the day of anthesis for all the genotypes. Ten fruits were harvested per replication for each genotype of five harvesting stages starting from 7 days after anthesis and at seven-day intervals. The harvested pods and seeds were utilized for the study. Enhancement in pod length, weight, no of seed/pod and 1000 seed weight was noted up to 28 DAA in most of the genotypes. Continuous increase in seed fresh weight was noted up to 28 DAA whereas dry weight continued to increase till 35 DAA in correspondence with loss in moisture. Maximum dry matter accumulation was between 14 DAA-21 DAA. Significant moisture loss was recorded for all genotypes from 21 DAA-35 DAA. The highest germination was achieved at 35 DAA for all genotypes except V1 and V4 for which the highest germination was recorded at 28 DAA. Enhancement in shoot length was up to 35 DAA for all genotypes whereas for root length it was till 28 DAA for most of the genotypes. Vigour Index 1 was noted to be constantly enhanced with progress in development up to 35 DAA for most of the genotypes whereas an increase in vigour index II was 28 DAA except V5. Germination and vigor index decreased after 28 DAA in 2 genotypes and 35 DAA for 3 genotypes indicating attainment of physiological maturity between 28-35 DAA
Maximizing Crop Resilience: Exploring Stay-Green Traits for Sustainable Agriculture and Crop Research
No full textThe “stay-green” trait, distinguished by detained aging, sustain photosynthetic activity, nutrient use efficiency, offering critical advantages in drought, heat, and nutrient-deficient conditions. This review examines how "stay-green" traits can help crops better withstand the challenges of climate change, ensuring food security for a growing global population while conserving resources in the face of scarcity. This phenomenon is crucial in promoting yield stability, biomass production, and improved grain filling, thereby addressing the global demand for sustainable agriculture. This provides a detailed analysis of stay-green traits in various crops like maize, rice, wheat, barley, millets and fodder crops, emphasizing their genetic basis, physiological mechanisms, and practical applications like stay green trait enhance crop yield, drought and heat tolerance, nutrient use efficiency and resistance to abiotic stress by prolonging photosynthesis and delaying senescence. It explores into hormonal regulation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and nutrient remobilization as underlying mechanisms. This paper also underscores advancements in phenotyping technologies and molecular breeding approaches, such as marker-assisted selection and CRISPR-Cas gene editing, for effectively incorporating stay-green traits into crop breeding programs. Real-world examples from cereals such as wheat, maize, and sorghum highlight the significant impact of stay-green traits on crop improvement. The potential of these traits is not limited to agricultural crops; they can also enhance the quality and marketability of horticultural produce. This review article focused on the emerging biotechnological tools, including nanotechnology and omics-based breeding, as future directions for enhancing stay-green traits and overall crop resilience. By integrating stay-green traits with broader stress tolerance strategies, this review advocates for a sustainable agricultural system that balances productivity and ecological conservation. The insights provided lay the groundwork for future research and innovation in developing resilient crop varieties to ensure climate variability presents concerns to global food security
Identification and Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita in Common Bean Cultivation: A Case Study from Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India
No full textAims: This study aimed to identify and characterize the Meloidogyne species affecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fields in the Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India and to assess the relationship between nematode population and environmental factors influencing their distribution.
Study Design: A field survey-based study with morphological, molecular and ecological analysis.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in sixteen locations across the Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India, over a one-year period (2023).
Methodology: A roving survey was carried out in common bean fields and root and soil samples were collected from rhizosphere of the common bean plants. Nematode populations were quantified and species identification was conducted using morphological traits of second-stage juveniles (J2) and adult females, including the perennial pattern technique. Molecular validation was performed using 18S rRNA primers, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Correlations between nematode populations and factors such as plant age, soil moisture, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature were analysed.
Results: The highest nematode infestation was recorded in Nandi (NAD) village, with populations of 112.6 J2/200 cc soil and 65 J2/5 g root. Morphological characterization confirmed the presence of Meloidogyne incognita, which was further validated through molecular analysis, showing more than 97.94% sequence identity with M. incognita. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the evolutionary relationship of isolates from NAD, GTH, DNH, GKVK_PB, HDH, and ARH villages with M. incognita. A positive correlation was observed between plant age, nematode populations and gall formation, indicating increased reproduction with plant maturity. Soil moisture and pH significantly influenced nematode abundance, while electrical conductivity and temperature had minimal or negative effects.
Conclusion: The study highlights the widespread distribution of M. incognita in common bean fields, emphasizing its potential to cause significant economic losses. These findings underscore the need for targeted nematode management strategies to mitigate yield losses in common bean production
Application of CRISPR/CAS9 for Manipulating Vegetable Crops: A Review
No full textTo fulfill the demands of a growing global population, vegetable crop breeding must balance preserving genetic diversity and nutritional value with increasing yields. Traditional breeding procedures are arduous and time-consuming, slowing development. However, recent advances in genome editing tools, notably CRISPR/Cas9, provide exciting opportunities for accelerating vegetable breeding by allowing precise modifications to the plant genome. CRISPR/Cas9 has transformed genetic manipulation by giving a diverse tool for precise gene editing, including knockout, insertion, deletion, and substitution. Its use in improving crop genetics, yield, quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stressors has been intensively researched. The practical applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in vegetable crops like tomato, cucumber, and eggplant have shown enhancements in drought and salinity tolerance, resistance to diseases, tolerance to herbicides, and fruit ripening regulation, thus affirming the technique’s significance across various physiological traits. Despite these advances, challenges remain in successfully delivering CRISPR/Cas9 components into plant cells. While off-target effects are a major concern, cytotoxicity is less commonly emphasized in plant genome editing. It might be clearer to say “ensuring specificity and minimizing unintended genetic modifications. Additionally, the introduction of genome-edited vegetable crops brings forth significant ethical and regulatory issues, especially regarding biosafety evaluations, intellectual property rights, and public acceptance, which differ markedly across various global jurisdictions. Nonetheless, CRISPR/Cas9 has demonstrated tremendous potential in vegetable crop development, permitting researchers to create varieties with increased resilience to environmental stresses, immunity to biological threats, herbicide resistance, and improved ripening time and quality. Especially, certain genome-edited vegetable lines are moving toward commercialization, indicating a change from experimental frameworks to translational research and field-level use. These advances illustrate CRISPR/Cas9 technology\u27s transformational impact on vegetable breeding and its potential for addressing future food security challenges and its rapid advancements offer an urgent and indispensable solution for securing global food supplies amid climate change and population growth
Impact of Long-term Manuring and Fertilization on Micronutrient Status under Sorghum-wheat Cropping Sequence in Vertisols
No full textA long-term fertilizer experiment has been under progress since 1988-89 at LTFE field department of soil science PGI, Dr. PDKV, Akola with sorghum wheat cropping sequence consisting of twelve treatments and replicated four times in a randomized block design. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of continuous fertilizer and manure application on micronutrient availability in long term fertilizer experiment during 2023-24. Long term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in combination (100 % NPK+ FYM @ 5 t ha -1, FYM @ 10 t ha -1 and 75% NPK + 25 % N through FYM) or balanced fertilization (100% NPK, 150% NPK and 100 % NPK + Zn@ 2.5 kg ha -1) for about 36th cropping cycles lead to marked increase in soil micronutrient availability. All four micronutrient cations were significantly higher under INM treatments. On an average, the INM treatments (T8) had 53.29, 22.86, 69.56 and 34.44 % higher content of available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu respectively, over the balance fertilizer (T2). However, continuous cultivation of crops without or imbalanced nutrient supply (50% NPK, 100 %NPK (-S), 100 % NP, 100 % N and Control) lead to decline in soil micronutrient status. Balanced fertilization and organic matter addition has played an important role in improving micronutrient status in soil after 36 years of cropping cycles
Weed Management Practices in Organic Rice System (Oryza sativa L.): An Evaluation of Combining Cultural Practices for Improved Productivity and Sustainability
No full textA field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya (U.P.) during the kharif season of 2018–19 to evaluate effective weed management practices under organic systems in rice. In this experiment, seven treatments were examined in three replicates using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The soil of the experimental field was silty loam in texture. The rice variety NDR-2065 was transplanted. All nutrients were supplied through farm yard manure (75%) and vermicompost (25%). Results concluded that stale-seed bed+reduce spacing up to 25%+mulching with rice straw+1 hand-weeding at 50 days after transplanting (DAT) were most effective in controlling weeds, followed by hand-weeding at 25 and 50 DAT in rice. Grain (3.39 t ha-1), straw (3.96 t ha-1), and biological yield (7.35 t ha-1) were increased significantly under stale-seed bed+reduce spacing-up to 25%+mulching with rice straw+1 hand-weeding at 50 DAT, which was statistically similar with treatment hand-weeding at 25 and 50 DAT. The combination of a stale-seed bed, 25% reduced spacing, rice straw mulch, and one hand-weeding at 50 DAT resulted in a significant grain yield increase of 87% (p < 0.05) compared to the control, achieving a weed control efficiency of 75%. Not only did this treatment produce the highest gross return (₹67518 ha-1), net returns (₹33,907 ha⁻¹) and B:C ratio (1.01), it also showed that it was economically viable. Thus stale-seed bed+reduced spacing up to 25%+mulching with rice straw+1 hand-weeding at 50 days after transplanting was most effective at controlling the weeds and ultimately produced a more productive rice crop and proved to be more economically feasible than any other treatment
Comparative Effectiveness of KSB, Chemical K Fertilizer and Biotite on Soil K-fractions and Rhizospheric Microbial Activities under Maize Crop (Zea mays L)
No full textSoils contain more K than any other nutrient; nevertheless, most of the K is inaccessible for plant absorption. In crop production, chemical fertilizers have been associated with several unfavorable outcomes that have a significant detrimental influence on environmental sustainability. Potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB) solubilize K-bearing minerals and transform insoluble K into soluble forms, which can be absorbed by plants. Therefore, solubilizing insoluble K in a plant-available pool using K-solubilizing bacteria could be an alternative and viable way to sustain crop production and maintain good soil health. A field experiment was conducted to quantify the changes in rhizospheric K fractions and soil microbial activity in maize crops. The treatments comprised of T1: Control; T2: KSB1; T3: 50% RDK; T4: 75% RDK; T5: T5 75 % RDK+25% through Biotite+ KSB; T6: 75% RDK + 25% Biotite; T7: 50% RDK + 50% Biotite + KSB1; T8: 50% RDK + 50% Biotite; T9 100% RDK. In this study, it was found that combining 75% RDK+25% RDK with biotite and KSB resulted in a better crop yield than using 75% RDK+25% RDK through biotite alone. The recommended dose of potassium (RDK), microbes introducing biotite into soil, affects K dynamics in soil by improving water-soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and total K pools compared to fertilizer K. Therefore, bio-intervention with waste mica could be an effective and viable method for solubilizing insoluble K into a soluble form, which can be used as a K fertilizer to maintain crop yields and soil K
Effect of Farmyard Manure and Potassium on Nutrient Content and Quality of Kharif Groundnut (Var.- TG-37A) Grown in Loamy Sand
No full textAims: To study the effect of farmyard manure and potassium on nutrient content and quality of kharif groundnut in loamy sand.
Study Design: Factorial Randomized Block Design.
Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was carried out during kharif season at Castor Mustard Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar. Gujarat
Methodology: The field trial was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications, and the treatments comprised of two levels of farmyard manure (F1: 0 t ha-1 and F2: 5 t ha-1), three levels of potassium (K1: 20 kg K2O ha-1, K2: 40 kg K2O ha-1 and K3: 60 kg K2O ha-1) and two levels of potassium mobilizing bacteria (B1: With KMB and B2: Without KMB).
Results: The results showed that significantly higher oil (50.24 %) and protein (23.90 %) content of groundnut was observed with FYM application at 5 t ha-1 (F2). Moreover, significantly higher content of nitrogen (3.39 %), phosphorus (0.46 %) and potassium (0.61 %) in kernel and in haulm nitrogen (1.49 %), phosphorus (0.20 %), potassium (0.66 %) were observed with application of 5 t FYM ha-1. Among three levels of potassium, K3 (60 kg K2O ha-1) recorded significantly maximum oil (50.27 %) and protein (24.19 %) contents, P (0.45 %) and K (0.60 %) content in kernel and N (1.49 %), K (0.66 %) content in haulm. Oil (50.06 %) and protein (23.93 %) contents found positive with KMB application over without KMB
Application of Micronutrients for Augmenting Yield and Yield Attributes of Moong Bean (Vigna radiata)
No full textThis experiment aimed to assess the impact of micronutrient application on primed mung bean (Vigna radiata). A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Farm of University of Calcutta, Baruipur, India (22°21′38″N 88°25′56″E). In this experiment, seven treatments, each with six replications were designed with a view to compare the production potential under different micronutrients application and also to find out the economic viability of this cultivar for soil quality. Maximum growth parameter, Plant height (53.56 cm), Number of branches per plant (6.45), yield attributes, grain yield (436.62 kg/ha), 1000 grains weight (34.43 g) obtained in P1i.e. slow release micronutrient-polyphosphate fertilizer (N:P:K:: 60:40:30 kg ha-1 and Zn: Fe: Cu: Mn :: 0.75: 0.263: 0.075: 0.15 kg ha-1). Only P1 treatment among other polyphosphate treatments has positive effect on yield of grains and so becomes statistically significant at the 1% level, over control and soluble ones. The increase in yield for P1treatment was 3.67% and it was also significant at 1% level with respect to S1i.e. soluble fertilizers (N:P:K:: 60:40:30 kg ha-1 and Zn: Fe: Cu: Mn :: 0.75: 0.263: 0.075: 0.15 kg ha-1). The increase in yield was 0.46% for P2i.e. slow release micronutrient treatment (N:P:K:: 60:40:30 kg ha-1 and Zn: Fe: Cu: Mn :: 0.50: 0.175: 0.05: 0.10 kg ha-1). with respect to S2 i.e. soluble fertilizers treatment (N:P:K:: 60:40:30 kg ha-1 and Zn: Fe: Cu: Mn :: 0.50: 0.175: 0.05: 0.10 kg ha-1). But, the yield for the P3treatment i.e. slow release micronutrient-polyphosphate fertilizer (N:P:K:: 60:40:30 kg ha-1 and Zn: Fe: Cu: Mn :: 0.25: 0.088: 0.025: 0.05 kg ha-1) decreases with respect to S3i.e. soluble fertilizers treatment (N:P:K:: 60:40:30 kg ha-1 and Zn: Fe: Cu: Mn :: 0.25: 0.088: 0.025: 0.05 kg ha-1)
Topsoil Nutrient Dynamics Across Compound Farms at Slope Gradients in Nsukka, Nigeria
No full textSoil management is needed to improve soil fertility and crop productivity in compound farms, particularly in areas with varying slope gradients. Limited information is available related how slope gradients affect soil fertility in compound farms, particularly in tropical Africa. Understanding these dynamics can provide insights into improving nutrient management practices in traditional agricultural systems, where the dependence on external inputs is minimal. Soil nutrient dynamics within compound farms were evaluated at the compound farms of the upper slopes (CFUS) and lower slopes (CFLS) in the tropical environment of Nsukka, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected at 0–20 cm depth from both slope positions across 20 compound farms. Different key soil properties, including soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, and cation exchange capacity, were assessed to determine fertility gradients influenced by slope position. Soil fertility status was higher at the upper slopes as opposed to the lower slopes. The results did not follow the typical trend of soil nutrients being transported from the upper to the lower slope, probably due to anthropogenic activities such as buildings and road constructions. The result highlights the role of slope position in soil fertility management, supporting slope-specific soil management strategies in tropical farming systems