International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
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Soil Fertility Status of Different Grape Growing Orchards in Nandi Valley, Karnataka, India
No full textA comprehensive study evaluated the Soil fertility status of different grape growing orchards in Nandi Valley, Karnataka - Bangalore Blue, Dilkush, Sharad Seedless and Red Globe. A total of 200 soil samples were collected from 100 grape gardens, with 25 gardens per variety. From each garden, two soil samples were taken: surface soil (0–20 cm) and sub-surface soil (20–40 cm) near the root zone of grape vines. The analysis revealed significant variability in soil fertility status among the grape varieties and depths. Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) increased with depth, with Dilkush surface soils showing a neutral pH (7.22), while Bangalore Blue recorded the lowest EC (0.31 dSm⁻¹). Organic carbon (OC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) decreased with depth, with Sharad Seedless surface soils exhibiting the highest OC (7.59 g kg⁻¹) and CEC (17.87 cmol(p⁺) kg⁻¹). Available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) also declined with depth. Red Globe recorded the highest surface N (413.63 kg ha⁻¹), Bangalore Blue had the highest P (63.07 kg ha⁻¹) and Sharad Seedless had the highest K (392.24 kg ha⁻¹). Exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increased with depth, with Red Globe soils showing the highest Ca (4.72 meq/100 g) and Mg (2.54 meq/100 g). Available sulphur (S), DTPA-extractable micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn), and hot water-soluble boron (B) declined with depth, with Sharad Seedless soils exhibiting the highest levels of micronutrients and boron. These results provide a scientific basis for soil management strategies aimed at optimizing grape production in the Nandi Valley region
Evaluation of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) Varieties for Growth, Pot Presentability and Yield
No full textThe present investigation was carried out at College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Rabi 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications to study the growth, pot presentability and yield of French marigold. Pusa Arpita recorded maximum plant height (22.73, 37.95 and 48.92 cm), plant spread (E-W) (15.81, 22.10 and 27.48), plant spread (N-S) (14.83, 21.55 and 26.26 cm), number of branches (9.10, 12.73 and 17.60), number of leaves (25.45, 51.50 and 73.63), stem diameter (6.99, 8.04 and 9.32 mm), chlorophyll (SPAD) (65.90, 57.56 and 50.29) at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, respectively. Pot presentability score (92.28), yield per plant (60.30 g) and yield per pot (179.36 g) were recorded maximum in Arka Pari. Different varieties have different growth regulating mechanisms, contrary to vegetative growth, in some genotypes the cell division and multiplication might be very high in reproductive phases due to the higher absorption of nutrients and metabolisms in flowering
Studies on Genetic Variability in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
No full textThe success of any plant breeding program largely depends on the presence of sufficient genetic variability within the crop species. Assessing the extent of variability among different cross combinations provides valuable insight into the genetic diversity available for selection. A field experiment had been conducted to obtain information on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for seed yield and associated characters by using forty diverse genotypes. The analysis of variance revealed the significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits indicating presence of sufficient variability among the genotypes for various traits. High estimate of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed for seed yield per plant, hull content and head diameter. While, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance observed for plant height, head diameter, 100 seed weight, volume weight, seed yield per plant, hull content and oil content indicated that selection may be effective for improving these characters in the studied genotypes. The highest genetic advance in absolute terms was recorded for plant height and seed yield per plant suggesting substantial scope for improvement through selection. High heritability estimates accompanied with high genetic advance as a percentage of the mean were observed for traits such as seed yield per plant, plant height, head diameter, 100 seed weight and oil content
Cluster Frontline Demonstration: A Innovative Extension Approach to Enhance Mustard Production in Semi-arid Condition of Jaipur District of Rajasthan, India
No full textA extension approach known as Cluster frontline demonstration (CFLD) was demonstrated on rapeseed mustard crop in 110 ha area of six villages namely Sevapura, Shrirampura, Tankarda, Adagela, Mendwas and Sirsiya of Jaipur district during Rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively by Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Jaipur-I. Integrated crop management comprised of high yielding variety, seed treatment technology, weed and nutrient management and plant health management was also performed at selected farmers’ fields. These efforts resulted highest mean yield 23.84 q/ha in experimental plot and lowest mean yield 19.06 q/ha in control plot (farmers practices). In term of economics, net return Rs.91,536/ha was gained from experimental plot as compared to control plot (Rs.70,450/ha). Likewise, from experimental plot maximum (4.83) average benefit cost ratio was obtained compare to control plot (4.34). Technology interventions and extension approaches were responsible for 25.15 % increase in mustard yield. During the experimentation, 3.66 q/ha mean technology gap, 4.78 q/ha extension gap and 13.31 % technology index were observed
Biological Control of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder and Hansen
No full textTomatoes are susceptible to a variety of diseases which can affect the quality of produce and reduce their export potential. One of the most destructive and economically damaging diseases is Fusarium wilt by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici (FoL). In this series of experiments, randomized complete design was used and repeated three times. In this study, the efficacy of Trichoderma isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis to manage fusarium wilt disease under in-vitro and in-vivo condition were investigated. The dominant pathogen which causes fusarium wilt of tomato was isolated and identified as FOL. Under in-vitro condition, result revealed that Trichoderma harzianum was found to inhibit effectively the radial mycelial growth of the pathogen (68.89%). Different chemicals were also tested in the laboratory against FOL under in-vitro condition. The treatment of Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% and Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% are the most effective control with 100% growth inhibition. Meanwhile under pot condition, the application of Trichoderma harzianum exhibited the lowest disease incidence (4.75%) also tomato plants treated with Trichoderma harzianum isolates showed a significant stimulatory effect on plant height (109.75 cm), root weight (10 g) and the fresh weight (91.75 g) of tomato plants in comparison to untreated control (101.75 cm, 7.25 g and 78 g). Therefore, the antagonist Trichoderma harzianum was chosen to be the most promising biocontrol agent for FOL. Based on the present study, the biocontrol agent of plant diseases might be exploited for sustainable disease management program to save environment
Optimization of Neem Leaf Extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) to Control Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
No full textBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the main pests in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivation, which can cause a 20-100% decrease in yield. Controlling B. tabaci using chemical insecticides has many negative impacts, as an alternative, the use of neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is used which has the potential as a botanical insecticide. This study aims to determine the concentration of neem leaf extract that is effective and efficient in controlling B. tabaci in eggplant plants. The study was conducted in Lolu Village, Biromaru District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province and neem leaf extraction was carried out at the Plant Pest and Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University from November 2024 to February 2025. The experiment used a randomized block design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications so that 24 experimental units were obtained. The treatment consisted of several concentrations of neem leaf extract, namely P0 = control (0 g.L-1), P1-P5 (0.5 g.L-1, 1 g.L-1, 2 g.L-1, 4 g.L-1, 8 g.L-1). The results showed that the use of neem leaf extract was effective in controlling B. tabaci on eggplant plants. Concentrations of 2-4 g.L-1 were effective and efficient in controlling B. tabaci with a population density of 0.35-0.74 individuals plant-1, the attack intensity decreased to 3.43-4.97% and eggplant production reached 7.54-8.26 t ha-1
Combined Application of Micronutrients and Biofertilizers on the Yield and Quality of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Vertisols
No full textChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most vital food legume, belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is most frequently grown in the world\u27s semi-arid regions and has a well-branched tap root that grows deep in the soil profile with moisture retained to support growth. A study was carried out to know the effect of different combinations of micronutrients and biofertilizers on dry matter accumulation, protein content, nutrient content and yield in Chickpea in Vertisol at College of Agriculture, Vijayapura, Karnataka, India, during Rabi 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with nine treatments, each replicated thrice. Treatments included application of ferrous sulphate @10 kg ha-1, zinc sulphate @10 kg ha-1, borax @ 10 kg ha-1 and sodium molybdate @ 1.0 g kg-1 seeds in various combinations along with the recommended dose (10:25:00 N: P2O5 :K2O kg ha-1). Results of the experiment showed that, the treatment which received RDF + Rhizobium + PSB (@ 1250 g ha-1) + FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4@ 10 kg ha-1 +Borax @ 10 kg ha-1 + Sodium molybdate @ 1.0 g kg-1 seeds (T8 ) resulted in significantly higher dry matter accumulation, protein content, nutrient content, grain yield (1591.40), straw yield (1350 kg ha-1) and harvest index (0.54) in chickpea at harvest of the crop whereas significant lower values for these were observed in treatment where fertilizers were applied as per recommended dose. Thus, the combined application of RDF (10:25:00 N: P2O5 :K2O kg ha-1) + Rhizobium + PSB (@ 1250 g ha-1) + FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4@ 10 kg ha-1 + Borax @ 10 kg ha-1 + Sodium molybdate @ 1.0 g kg-1 seeds, found optimum for higher productivity of chickpea in Vertisols
Bio-efficacy of Biodynamic Applications against Sucking Pest of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) and Their Impact on Natural Enemies
No full textAn experiment was conducted at Adhartal farm, Integrated Farming System unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur during kharif season 2022-23. Two spraying of brahmastra @ 45ml/L initiating on 21 DOC and repeated at 15 days interval was found to be most effective in reducing whitefly and jassid population and registered higher grain yield and also found to be most economic (1:16.53) followed by brahmastra @ 30ml/L (1:11.95), agniastra @ 45ml/L (1:9.31), agniastra @ 30ml/L (1:5.83), neemastra @ 45ml /L (1:5.39) and neemastra @ 30ml /L (1:3.45). The four biodynamics viz., brahmastra, agniastra, neemastra and dashparni ark were safe for potent predators (Lady bird beetles and spider)
DUS Characterization of Elite Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Lines for Breeding and Varietal Differentiation
No full textSoybean (Glycine max L.) is a globally important legume crop valued for its protein-rich seeds and agronomic versatility. This study aimed to characterize 55 soybean genotypes using Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability (DUS) descriptors to assess morphological diversity and identify traits relevant for breeding and varietal registration. A study conducted at the Seed Breeding farm JNKVV, Jabalpur, in kharif 2023 and kharif 2024, and 50 genotypes, in addition to 5 checks (JS 20-98, JS 20-34, JS 20-69, JS 335 and JS 20-116) were grown in RCBD. Genotypes were evaluated for hypocotyl pigmentation, leaf morphology, pod pubescence and color, and seed attributes under field conditions. Highly polymorphic traits such as anthocyanin pigmentation, leaflet shape, and pod pubescence showed significant variation, offering reliable markers for parent selection and varietal differentiation. Growth habit was predominantly indeterminate, with limited representation of determinate types. Seed trait analysis revealed that 98.2% of genotypes had medium-sized seeds (10.1–13.0 g/100 seeds), and 70.9% exhibited spherical seed shapes were preferred for uniformity and processing. Yellow seed coats were dominant (94.5%), with 78.2% showing shiny lustre, enhancing market appeal and storability. Hilum color was predominantly black (70.9%), aiding in varietal classification. The observed uniformity in seed size and growth habit reflects current selection trends, while the diversity in pigmentation and pubescence traits highlighted untapped genetic variation. These findings support targeted hybridization and molecular mapping strategies for genetic improvement of soybean. Incorporating large-seeded and determinate type genotypes could broaden the breeding base and enhance adaptability. Breeding programs should integrate highly polymorphic morphological traits with market-preferred seed characteristics to develop resilient, high-yielding cultivars suited for diverse agro-climatic zones
Optimizing Rice Seed Priming with Wood Vinegar: A Holistic Evaluation of Germination Energy, Shoot Morphology, and Chlorophyll Content for Resilient Early-Stage Crop Development
No full textThe study investigated the effects of seed priming duration and wood vinegar concentration on the germination, emergence, and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to determine the optimal combination for enhancing early plant development. A factorial experiment was conducted using three priming durations (0, 12, and 24 hours) and five wood vinegar concentrations (control, 1:25, 1:50, 1:75, and 1:100). Results revealed that seed priming for 12 hours (A2) significantly enhanced final germination percentage (86.13%), T90-T10 (31.44), and reduced the time to 50% germination (T50) to 44.57 hours.
All wood vinegar treatments performed better than the control, with the 1:50 dilution showing the most consistent benefits. The treatment combination of 12-hour priming with 1:50 wood vinegar (A2B3) resulted in the highest final germination (98%) and emergence (100 %) percentages, and significantly improved seedling vigor traits including shoot and root length, stem diameter, leaf number, and biomass. The highest chlorophyll content was observed in the 24-hour priming treatment. In particular, under nursery and direct-seeding systems, these results imply that combining seed priming with a modest concentration of wood vinegar improves rice seed performance and early development, providing a sustainable and economical method of rice production