International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
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Advances in Integrated Nutrient Management Practices for Cereal Crops: A Comprehensive Review
No full textIntegrated Fertilizer Management (INM) is an agricultural practice that maximizes the use of all available fertilizer sources to maintain and improve soil fertility and crop yield. The major goal of INM is to create sustainable agricultural output through a balance of organic, inorganic, and biological nutrition sources. INM promotes soil health by recycling nutrients, using less chemical fertilizer, and combining organic manures, crop waste, biofertilizers, and mineral fertilizers. INM entails meeting crop nutrient requirements with a variety of nutrient sources, including organic manures (e.g., farmyard manure, compost), crop residues, biofertilizers (e.g., Rhizobium, Azotobacter), and chemical fertilizers. INM requires soil fertility management, crop rotation, green manuring, and balanced fertilizer application. INM focuses on increasing nutrient efficiency, maintaining soil organic matter, stimulating biological activity, and limiting environmental effect. INM helps farmers by improving soil health, increasing nutrient efficiency and crop yields, lowering environmental pollution, and maintaining economic sustainability. INM has aided many crops, including wheat, maize, barley, and rice. For wheat, INM improves grain yield, quality, and protein content. It improves maize biomass yield, nitrogen uptake, and soil fertility. It allows barley to grow quicker, produce larger grains, and withstand abiotic stress better. In rice, INM enhances tillering, grain quality, and yield. Finally, INM is a holistic method that integrates a variety of fertilizer sources to promote long-term crop production and soil health management, and it offers a feasible solution to the difficulties produced by traditional agricultural practices
Effect of Different Levels of Sugar and Jaggery Coating on Freezing of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) var. Winter Dawn
No full textThe present study was investigated the physiological changes occurring in strawberry fruits during storage and examined their effects on various quality attributes. The fruits were subjected to different storage treatments, namely T0 to T9. The study focused on analyzing parameters such as weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid content, pH, color, texture, taste, aroma, and overall acceptability. The results revealed significant variations in these quality attributes across the different storage treatments. In terms of weight loss, the minimum recorded was in T3, which experienced a loss of 12.88%, while the maximum weight loss was observed in T9 (38.00%), followed by T7 (14.22%). When it came to firmness, T3 exhibited the highest value of 20.88, indicating better fruit texture, while T7 had the lowest firmness (19.7), followed by T2 (20.84). The study also assessed the TSS content of the strawberry fruits, with T3 exhibiting the highest value of 8.83, indicating a higher sugar content, while T7 had the lowest TSS (7.20), followed by T2 (8.10). In terms of ascorbic acid content, T3 had the maximum value of 0.24, indicating higher vitamin C content, while T7 had the lowest (0.20), followed by T8 (0.23). Moreover, the study analyzed pH levels, with T3 showing the highest value of 3.61, while T9 had the lowest pH (3.46), followed by T8 (3.55). Additionally, T3 had the highest color intensity (9), whereas T0 had the lowest (6.93), followed by T8 (8.54). Furthermore, texture, taste, aroma, and overall acceptability were examined. Where, T3 received the highest scores for texture, taste, aroma, and overall acceptability, indicating superior sensory attributes, while T7 had the lowest scores, followed by T6. In summary, the study provided insights into the physiological changes occurring in strawberry fruits during storage and their impact on quality attributes. The findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate storage conditions to minimize weight loss, maintain firmness, optimize TSS and ascorbic acid content, control pH levels, enhance color intensity, and improve sensory characteristics. Implementing these findings can contribute to preserving the quality and market value of strawberries, ultimately satisfying consumer preferences and expectations
Unlocking Genetic Potential in Monopodial Orchids through Variability and Heritability Studies
No full textMonopodial orchids are highly valued for their ornamental appeal, longevity, and adaptability. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability among selected monopodial orchid genotypes to support breeding programs for development of hybrid varieties. Twelve monopodial orchid varieties, including monogeneric and bigeneric hybrids were evaluated using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with twelve treatments and six replications. The selected materials were evaluated by recording observations on their vegetative and floral characters. Various parameters of variability, heritability and expected genetic advance were calculated. The mean and standard errors were worked out as per standard methods and then coefficients of variation were computed. Significant variations were observed among the genotypes, particularly in inflorescence length, flower count, and vase life, with high heritability and genetic advance estimates. These findings highlight the genetic potential of monopodial orchids for hybridization, emphasizing the importance of selecting genetically diverse parents to enhance flower quality, productivity, and stress resistance. This study contributes to the development of novel monopodial orchid hybrids with superior commercial traits for both domestic and international markets
The Effects of Foliar Boron on the Growth and Yield of Maize
No full textMaize (Zea mays L.) is crucial for food security and rural economies in Bangladesh, yet its productivity is constrained by soil fertility depletion and abiotic stresses. This study assessed the efficacy of foliar boron (B) application on maize performance during the 2023-24 Rabi season at Bangladesh Open University\u27s Agricultural Laboratory. Using a randomized complete block design with three replications, six B concentrations (0-30 mg L⁻¹) were foliar-applied at the six-leaf stage. Optimal growth responses - including maximum plant height (194.3 cm), dry matter accumulation (185.8 g), CGR (7.23 g m⁻² day⁻¹), and RGR (0.006 g g⁻¹ day⁻¹) - were recorded at 25 mg L⁻¹ B. Yield components showed progressive improvement, peaking at 30 mg L⁻¹ B with superior cob diameter, seed count (18.2% increase over control), 100-seed weight (12.5% enhancement), and record yields (5.65 t ha⁻¹ grain; 9.9 t ha⁻¹ stover). The results demonstrate that foliar B supplementation at 25-30 mg L⁻¹ significantly boosts maize productivity through improved physiological efficiency. These findings provide actionable insights for micronutrient management strategies to enhance maize profitability in Bangladesh\u27s resource-limited farming systems, potentially increasing yields by 22-28% compared to conventional practices
Biofertilizer and Biostimulant Potential of Pigeonpea (Cajanus scarabaeoides L.) Bacterial Endophytes In vitro and in Planta Study
No full textEndophytes are microorganisms that establish intimate, non-pathogenic associations with host plants, were isolated from wild pigeonpea. The study aimed to determine their potential as biofertilizers and biostimulants for enhancing the cultivated pigeonpea variety ICP 8863 growth. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications at the Department of Plant Pathology, UAS, Bangalore, between January 2023 and February 2024. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from leaf and stem tissues of Cajanus scarabaeoides. These isolates were subjected to a qualitative screening assay to evaluate their potential for biofertilization, assessing phosphate, potassium, and zinc solubilization, siderophore production, and atmospheric nitrogen fixation. In planta experiments were conducted to determine the biostimulatory effects of these endophytes on plant growth. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to profile phytohormone production by a selected, effective endophyte. Subsequent molecular characterization was performed for taxonomic identification. Twenty-five bacterial endophytes were isolated from wild pigeonpea, with nine displaying biofertilization potential. In planta evaluation identified SB3 as the most effective, significantly improving germination (91.11%), plant height (83.21 cm), branching (15.66), leaf production (49.66), and dry matter accumulation (139.84 g/plant). SB3 was shown to produce indole acetic acid, cytokinin, gibberellic acid, and abscisic acid via HPLC, and was identified as Bacillus subtilis through 16S rRNA sequencing. This study reveals the potential of wild pigeonpea endophytes as a bioresource for sustainable agriculture due to their ability to enhance plant growth through nutrient solubilization and phytohormone production, making them ideal for eco-friendly biofertilizers and biostimulants
Pest Management in Hydroponics Crop Production: Challenges and Solutions
No full textSoilless cultivation, specifically hydroponic structures, is gaining attraction as a sustainable and green opportunity to conventional soil based agriculture. Hydroponic cultivation requires precise parameters adjustments inclusive of temperature, pH, water and nutrient formulations for optimized plant health and productiveness. However, these system have numerous challenges like pest and pathogen attack and further management, nutrient recycling and environmental impact. Therefore, present review discusses the comparative advantages and obstacles of open and closed hydroponic systems, highlighting the susceptibility of closed systems to pathogen spread and vehicle toxicity due to root exudates. The significance of IPM, plant health monitoring and the use of mycorrhizae in greenhouse hydroponic is emphasized in current study. Various strategies for managing the pathogens and toxic compounds in nutrient solutions are evaluated, which include activated carbon adsorption, electro-degradation, semiconductor photo-catalysis, ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide treatment and filtration strategies. The article underscores the need for effective, sustainable and scalable treatment procedures tailored to closed hydroponic systems to make sure high productivity even as minimizing the environmental dangers. Moreover, it identifies the opportunities for scientific studies into optimizing the microbial health in substrates and enhancing the overall IPM implementation under controlled environments for sustainable crop production
Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)
No full textCumin is an important cash crop and its management through integrated pest and disease management is best strategy to increase its productivity both quantitatively and qualitatively. Through this approach the income of the farmers can be enhanced effectively. A field trial was carried out using a randomized block design with three replications during the Rabi seasons of 2018-19, 2019-20, and 2020-21 at the Seed Spices Research Station in Jagudan. The application of three sprays of kresoxim-methyl 44.3 SC at 0.044% (10 ml/10 L), with the initial spray applied at the onset of blight disease and subsequent sprays at 15-day intervals, along with two sprays of thiamethoxam 25 WG at 0.0084% (3.36 g/10 L), the first at the onset of aphid infestation and the second 10 days later, proved effective in managing both blight and aphid infestation in cumin
Evaluation of Primed Coriander Seeds for Phenological, Yield Attributing and Physiological Characteristics
No full textThis study was conducted over two consecutive years (2021-22 and 2022-23) at Research field, Dept. of Seed Science and Technology, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal Central University, Uttarakhand, to assess the impact of various seed priming treatments on coriander\u27s phenological, yield attributing and physiological characteristics. The experiment included priming treatments with Trichoderma viride, vermiwash, silver nanoparticles, concentrated H₂SO₄, and plasma, with unprimed seeds as controls. The germplasm was procured from the bhatwari village of Uttarakashi District in Uttarakhand.
Field trials demonstrated that silver nanoparticle priming significantly enhanced plant height, early flowering, umbel production, and seed yield. Physiological analysis revealed increased chlorophyll and protein content in primed seeds, indicating improved seed quality.
These results suggest that silver nanoparticle priming is the most effective method for enhancing seed performance and yield potential in coriander. This study underscores the significance of advanced priming techniques in sustainable seed enhancement and productivity under diverse environmental conditions
Abiotic Constraints in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.): Impact and Approaches for Improvement
No full textPulses are a major source of dietary protein and play an important role in food and nutritional security, particularly in developing countries. However, climate change combined with the growing incidence of abiotic and biotic stresses represent major limitations to pulse production. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) being one of the most important pulse crop has a range of adaptive responses under drought and heat stress such as changes in roots architecture and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, salt and the heavy metals exposure also cause complex metabolic adaptations. highlighting the need to deepen our understanding of these physiological processes to maintain productivity and crop quality. This paper describes the wide range of stress responses present in field peas and emphasizes the need for integrating classical breeding with novel scientific advances. With increasing demand for food and a changing climate, the paper also identifies research needs for identifying and improving physiological traits related to stress tolerance. Enhancing breeding efforts aimed at developing stress-tolerant field pea genotypes is emphasized as one of the key strategies for sustainable agroecosystems and global food security
Weed Dynamics and Productivity of Fodder Sorghum as Influenced by Intercropping and Herbicidal Weed Management Strategies under Semi-Arid Agro-ecology
No full textSorghum, known for its resilience and adaptability to various climates as a cereal crop, has also become important as a fodder crop due to its broad adaptability. However, it remains highly vulnerable to numerous weed species. In order to manage weeds, field experiment was designed during the Kharif season of 2021-22 at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur to evaluate weed management in kharif fodder sorghum. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with twelve treatments replicated thrice. The treatment combinations are Atrazine 50% WP @ 0.50 kg a.i ha-1 as PE (T1), Metolachlor 50% EC @ 1.00 kg a.i ha-1 as PE (T2), Pyroxasulfone 85% w/w WG @ 0.1275 kg a.i ha -1 as PE (T3), 2,4-D Na salt 80% WP @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 as PoE at 20 DAS (T4), T1 + Atrazine 50% WP @ 0.50 kg a.i. ha-1 as PoE (T5), T1 + 2,4-D Na salt 80% WP @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha -1 as PoE at 20 DAS (T6 ), intercropping with cowpea (1:1 additive series) without herbicides (T7), intercropping with cowpea (1:1 additive series) + Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE (T8), intercropping with blackgram (1:1 additive series) without herbicides (T9), intercropping with blackgram (1:1 additive series) + Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE (T10), weed free (two hand weeding at 15 and 35 DAS) (T11) and weedy check (T12). The efficacy of the weed management using different treatments was evaluated among different weed flora, weed dry matter T₅ showed the most effective weed control, significantly reducing grass, sedge, and broad-leaved weed populations and dry matter by up to 74.87%. It maintained low weed indices (0.28%), nearly matching manual weeding, and improved fodder sorghum yield. Atrazine-based T₅ proves effective for managing diverse weeds in semi-arid conditions