International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
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Pesticide Diminution in Paddy Grown in Cow Dung- enriched Soil for Sustainable Agriculture
No full textSustainable agriculture is entrusted with the organic inputs utilized for crop production. Decomposed cow dung is one of the easiest available form of manures and having rich sources of plant nutrients and anti-pathogenic properties for plant protection. The study was conducted in paddy field (var. Satabdi) during boro season (2024-25) with six treatments and three replications using chemical fertilizers and decomposed cow dung at the different level to evaluate the effect of cow dung enrichment on pesticide requirements, yield, and economic efficiency in rice plants. Increase in cow dung content along with decrease in chemical fertilizers, the rate of the cost was diminishing. It was reduced from T1 to T5 (2475.333). But T6 showed it little bit higher (3338.33) because of that for the first time, only the cow dung was not sufficient to provide adequate nutrients to the plant. The pesticide quantity decreased with increase in cow dung content because cow dung has the pesticidal properties. The highest yield was observed in case of T1 (5.241267) whereas the lowest produce was obtained from the T6 (3.622667) because the paddy required high quantity of nutrients which could not be provided by only the source of 10-ton cow dung. Benefit-Cost Ratio was higher for the T4 (1.814) whereas it was the lowest for the T6 (1.171237). The ensured the cow dung enriched soil was having high productivity and anti-pathogenic properties that promote sustainable agriculture
A Review of Transformative Technologies in Digital Agriculture: Integrating IoT, Remote Sensing, and AI for Smart Crop Management
No full textThis study reviews the potential of smart crop management through the use of technologies like digital agriculture, which takes into account the latest technological tools used in agriculture, including artificial intelligence (AI), remote sensing, and the Internet of Things (IoT), to increase crop production sustainability and efficiency. This is crucial given that different climates have an impact on the resources available for agriculture. Data-based decision-making to optimize irrigation, fertilization, and pest control can ultimately result from the integration of tools like the Internet of Things and sensor networks, which can give farmers access to real-time data on their crops and assess important health factors like soil conditions, plant water status, pest presence, and environmental factors, among others. Additionally, this can be improved by utilizing technologies like unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and drones, which can improve monitoring capabilities by accurately tracking crop growth and conducting extensive field surveys. However, in order to find patterns and trends in large datasets and offer insightful information for bettering agricultural operations, big data analytics and artificial intelligence are essential. In addition to addressing issues and obstacles to the widespread adoption of both new and existing technologies, this paper highlights the major technological developments and applications in smart crop management. It also recommends the necessity of continued research and cooperation in order to achieve efficient and sustainable crop production
Effect of Varied Fertiliser Levels and Varied Planting Dates on Yield, Quality and Economics of Rat Tail Radish (Raphanus sativus var. caudatus)
No full textRat-tail radishes are the edible seed pods, or siliques, of ancient radish plants. Increased use of fertilisers is probably the most important single factor that has enabled crop production to increase significantly in recent years. The study investigated the impact of fertiliser doses in different planting times on yield, quality and economics of rat tail radish (Raphanus sativus var. caudatus). An experiment was conducted during the winter season of the year 2021-22 at the Hi-tech Unit, Department of Horticulture, under the Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, India. The location of the experiment being situated at 24°35’N and 74°42’E latitude (585.5 meters above mean sea level), was very much convenient for the cultivation of rat tail radish at a temperature of 15-24 °C during the rabi season. Twelve treatments comprising various combinations of 4 levels of RDF, viz., N0-0%, N1-75%, N2-100% and N3-125% RDF and three planting times, viz., D1-15.10.2021, D2-30.10.2021 and D3-15.11.2021, were selected. All the treatments for the chosen species were evaluated with three replications under the factorial randomised block design (RBD). According to the experimental results, various levels of RDF (recommended dose of fertiliser), planting times and their combinations significantly affected the yield, quality and economics of rat tail radish. Among the treatments, T₄-D₁N₃ (125% recommended dose of fertilizer with 15th October sowing) recorded significantly superior performance in terms of pod length (29.69 cm), pod diameter (5.80 mm), pod weight (5.42 g), pod yield per plant (0.35 kg), pod yield per hectare (128.27 q), and quality parameters such as total soluble solids (7.18 °Brix), total dry matter (10.17%), protein content (3.20%), and chlorophyll content (total 10.21 mg/g). This treatment also yielded the highest economic returns, with a gross return of ₹1,67,602.64/ha, the net return of ₹1,13,348.90/ha, and a benefit-cost ratio of 2.09. While the lowest values for all parameters were observed under T₉-D₃N₀ (0% RDF with 15th November sowing), indicating poor crop performance under late sowing and no fertiliser application. These findings highlight the importance of optimal nutrient management and timely sowing for maximising productivity and profitability
Influence of Nano DAP-based Phosphorus Application through Seedling Dipping and Foliar Spray on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
No full textDuring the 2024 kharif season, a field experiment was carried out at the Agriculture Research Farm of Rama University, Mandhana, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the effects of applying phosphorus based on nano DAP via foliar spray and seedling dipping on transplanted rice yield, growth, and yield attributes. Ten treatment combinations made up the trial, which was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The crop was grown using all advised agronomic techniques, and fertilizer was used in accordance with the treatments. The results revealed that application of 75% recommended P + 100% recommended N and K + seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 5 ml litre-1 + Foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water at 30 DAT proved most effective in enhancing growth parameters i.e., plant height, number of tillers m-2, leaf area index, and dry matter accumulation at all crop growth stages, yield attributes viz., number of productive tillers (424.15 m-2), grains penicle-1 (104.49), and panicle length (25.76 cm), grain yield (4.22 t ha-1), straw yield (6.08 t ha-1), biological yield (10.30 t ha-1) and harvest index (40.98%), which was statistically similar with the treatment where 75% recommended P + 100% Recommended N and K + seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 2.5 ml litre-1 + Foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water at 30 DAT, 50% recommended P + 100% Recommended N and K + seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 5 ml litre-1 + 2 Foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water at 30 DAT and 75 DAT, 50% recommended P + 100% Recommended N and K + seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 2.5 ml litre-1 + 2 Foliar spray with nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water at 30 DAT and 75 DAT and 100% recommended N: P: K were applied, while significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Thus, it can be determined that 25% DAP substitution with seedling dipping with nano DAP @ 5 ml litre-1 and foliar spray of nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 at 30 DAT was found to be the most effective option for achieving higher growth and yield attributes performance, resulting in a higher yield of transplanted rice
Silicon Uptake and Distribution under Rice–Maize Cropping System: Effects on Soil Availability and Crop Productivity
No full textSilicon (Si) is a beneficial element in soil for crop growth and survival. Incorporating silicon into modern crop management practices offers a promising pathway to balance increased agricultural output with ecological sustainability, a critical goal in addressing global food security challenges. The role of Si in plant health is principally providing resistance against different biotic and abiotic stresses. Si is supposed to increase the yield in Poaceae crops like rice, wheat etc. The present study has been conducted to find the role of Si on rice yield, its uptake characteristics and its distribution in different soil depths. Five soil treatments of Si (0 to 125 kg Si ha-1) and two foliar sprays (0.5% and 1% Si) with a control treatment has been selected for the experiment, conducted in the farm area of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya. Soil samples collected from different soil depths and crop growth stages showed distribution of Si in soil. Application of Si in higher dose has resulted in higher maize yields with respect to control treatment. Higher yields have been achieved with increasing Si application in the soil, as well as, in the foliar sprays although the difference is not found to be significantly different. In comparison to the control (S1), Si application @125 kg ha-1 (S6) has resulted in 11.19% yield increase in rice. With increasing soil depths, the available pool of Si is found to increase and highest availability is found in the 30-45 cm soil depth. Higher dissolution results in higher Si availability in panicle initiation stage. Higher uptake has been observed with increasing Si application rate, although non-significantly yield increased in rice suggesting no direct impact of Si in increasing yield. The present study can be can be helpful to find effects of Si on rice production under stressed conditions
Effect of Acacia mangium Based Agroforestry Systems on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
No full textIn an agroforestry system, woody perennial is deliberately combined with agricultural crops and/or animals in same land management unit, either in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. There are both ecological as well as economical interactions between the different components of agroforestry. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different agroforestry systems on soil physico-chemical properties. The present investigation was carried out at Central Research Station of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India. Soil chemical properties such as base saturation, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon as affected by different Acacia mangium based agroforestry system. Mechanical analysis of the soil was done to find out the percentage of sand, silt and clay separately by means of bouyoucus hydrometer method to determine the texture of soil. The soil parameters we measured by using standard method. Data obtained from various observations were subjected to statistical analysis by adopting appropriate method of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The significance of the treatment effect was judged with the help of ‘F’ test (Variance ratio). The results revealed that different agroforestry system showed the positive impact on soil physico-chemical properties in comparison to the initial stage of the trial. Bulk density is found to decrease more in Acacia mangium with hybrid napier and with guinea grass systems (1.58 - 1.51 g/cm3) compared to less decrease in Acacia mangium with pineapple and with Aloe vera systems, the highest increase in porosity is found with Acacia mangiumin combination with mango ginger and hybrid napier (35-38%). The base saturation showed a decreasing trend over the years, except in Acacia mangium with kalmegh system (43 %)., CEC is reported to increase in Acacia mangium with pineapple system (4.3 meq kg-1) and decrease in Acacia mangium with guinea grass system (4.1 meq kg-1). EC is also found to increase in Acacia mangium with mango ginger system (0.37 dS m-1) followed by Acacia mangium with pine apple and kalmegh systems (0.25 dS m-1). The highest change in soil acidity is observed in Acacia mangium with thin napier (pH 4.90 - 6.08) followed by Acacia mangium with pineapple system (pH 4.90 - 5.93). The OC, N and P content in soil was found to increase in all the systems and the highest OC (6.19 g kg-1), N (260.31 kg ha-1) was observed in Acacia mangium with kalmegh system. The highest available phosphorus was observed in Acacia mangium with pineaple system (82.90 kg ha-1) followed by Acacia mangium with kalmegh system (76.15 kg ha-1). Acacia mangiumin combination with pine apple and mango ginger though observed increased potassium availability of 238.20 kg ha-1 and 194.67 kg ha-1 respectively; it was decreased maximum in the sole Acacia mangium system (121.28 kg ha-1) and other systems. Among all combinations, Acacia mangium with kalmegh, pineapple, mango ginger, and hybrid napier were particularly effective in improving specific soil parameters. Thus, agroforestry systems, especially those combining Acacia mangium with appropriate intercrops, are beneficial for enhancing soil health
Sustainable Cropping System and Nutrient Management to Enhance Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Productivity and Profitability
No full textAims: To evaluate the effect of different cropping systems and nutrient management practices on growth, yield and economics of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) under Vertisol conditions of Chhattisgarh.
Study Design: Split plot design.
Place and Duration of Study: Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) during the kharif & rabi seasons of 2023-24 & 2024-25.
Methodology: The experiment consisted four main plot treatments as cropping systems and four sub-plot treatments as nutrient management to linseed, replicated thrice using a split plot design. Linseed variety RLC-92 was sown at 25 kg ha⁻¹ with 30 cm row spacing during rabi season of both years of study. Nutrient sources included DAP, urea, SSP, MOP, vermicompost, and nano urea as foliar spray. Growth parameters (plant height, number of primary and secondary branches plant-1), Yield attributes (capsules plant⁻¹, seeds capsule⁻¹ and test weight), Yield (seed and stover yields), Economic indicators (cost of cultivation, GMR, NMR and B: C ratio) were recorded. Data were averaged over two years and analyzed using ANOVA with treatment means compared by LSD at 5% level of significance.
Results: Based on the mean data from two consecutive years (2023–24 & 2024–25), significant variations were observed in growth and yield parameters of linseed, including plant height, number of primary & secondary branches plant-1 and number of capsules plant-1 under different cropping systems and nutrient management practices. The linseed crop sown after soybean recorded the highest seed and stover yields, which was statistically at par with linseed grown after blackgram and greengram. Similarly, gross monetary return, net return and benefit-cost (B:C) ratio were also found to be highest in the soybean-linseed cropping sequence. Among nutrient management treatments, the Soil Test Crop Response (STCR)-based nutrient management significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of seed and stover yields and was statistically at par with the application of 75% Recommended Dose of Nutrients (RDN) through (75 % inorganic sources + 25% through organic source i.e. vermicompost), along with two foliar sprays of nano urea. The STCR-based treatment also led to the highest gross monetary return, net return and B:C ratio. The interaction between cropping systems and nutrient management practices exerted a significant synergistic effect on plant height, number of primary and secondary branches plant-1, number of capsules plant-1and both seed & stover yields.
Conclusion: Legume-based cropping systems combined with STCR and integrated nutrient management significantly improved linseed growth, yield and economic returns, highlighting their potential for sustainable and efficient linseed production
Impact of Soil Health Card on Wheat Growers of Jabalpur District, India
No full textSoil Health Management aims at judicious and responsible use of chemical fertilizers on farms maintaining micro and macro nutrients of soil. The Soil Health Card scheme was started by Government of India in 2015 which offers a qualitative evaluation of soil health by collecting soil samples & testing the vital parameters. Soil health card lays more focus on chemical nutrient indicators, whereas physical and biological properties are not included. A study was conducted in Patan block of Jabalpur district on proportionate random sample 120 wheat growers who were also Soil health card beneficiaries. It was found that most of the respondents were of medium adoption followed by low adoption of Soil health card. It was also observed that the variable age and family type had no significant relationship with soil health card adoption. The variables education, land area under wheat crop and annual income had positive and significant relationship with soil health card adoption at 5 per cent level of probability. While the variables caste, extension contact, sources of information, awareness of soil health card and scientific orientation had positive and highly significant relationship with adoption of Soil health card at 1 per cent level of probability
Effect of Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizers on Soil Properties and Crop Yield in a Wheat–Maize Cropping Sequence
No full textThis study was conducted at Sids Agricultural Research Station, ARC, Beni Suef Governorate, Egypt Egypt (29° 24́ N latitude, 31° 04́ E longitude and 30.4 m above mean sea level), during two winter seasons (wheat, 2021/2022 and 2022/2023) and two summer seasons (maize, 2022 and 2023) to evaluate the effect of organic manures, FYM or compost or its residual effect in combined with N, P and K fertilizers on soil properties and wheat or maize as second crop productivity. The experiment consist of fifteen treatments for wheat viz., T1= absolute control, T2= 50 % RRF, T3= 100 % RRF, T4= 28 t ha-1 FYM, T5= 28 t ha-1 FYM+50 % RRF, T6= 28 t ha-1 FYM+100 % RRF, T7= 56 t ha-1 FYM, T8= 56 t ha-1 FYM+50 % RRF, T9= 56 t ha-1 FYM+100 % RRF, T10= 17 t ha-1 compost, T11= 17 t ha-1 compost+50 % RRF, T12= 17 t ha-1 compost+100 % RRF, T13= 34 t ha-1 compost, T14=34 t ha-1 compost+50 % RRF and T15=34 t ha-1 compost+100 % RRF. However, the maize as second crop after wheat not supplied with organic manure, only received inorganic fertilizers as wheat. According to the results, 56 t ha-1 FYM or 34 t ha-1 compost or its residual effect in combined with 100% RRF is the best treatments for improving soil properties (pH, EC and organic matter) and fertility (available N, P and K) as well as wheat and maize yields and its components and nutrient status (N, P and K concentration and uptake). 34 t ha-1 compost gave wheat or maize yield somewhat nearly to 100% RRF, consequently the possibility to save about 50% of the inorganic fertilizers by using high level of compost. In general, compost surpassed FYM in its effect
Study of Combining Ability and Gene Action for Seed Yield in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Using Line x Tester Analysis
No full textThe choice of suitable parental lines is vital in crop improvement programs, as the performance of the resulting hybrids reflects their relative advantages. Therefore, selecting parents with strong combining ability is a key component in the success of any breeding effort. A study was undertaken to assess the extent of heterosis and combining ability in sunflower using six cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines and seven restorer lines, crossed in a line × tester mating design during the Kharif 2024 season. The resulting hybrids were evaluated in the Rabi 2024–25 season at the Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Observations were recorded for ten agronomic traits, including days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, head diameter, seed filling percentage, 100-seed weight, volume weight, hull content, oil content and seed yield per plant. Among the female lines, CMS-82A exhibited significant GCA effects for days to 50% flowering, seed filling percentage, volume weight, hull content and oil content, whereas CMS-852A was found to be a strong general combiner for seed yield per plant, oil content and seed filling percentage. Among the male lines, LT-02 showed favorable GCA for days to 50% flowering, head diameter, seed filling percentage, hull content, oil content and seed yield per plant. LT-07 also emerged as a promising general combiner for days to 50% flowering, seed filling percentage, 100-seed weight, volume weight, hull content, oil content and seed yield. LT-01 was specifically identified for its strong GCA for seed yield. Notable hybrids with significant SCA effects for seed yield and other desirable traits included CMS-112A × LT-02 and CMS-10A × LT-05. These crosses exhibited Specific combining ability (SCA) variance that was greater than general combining ability (GCA) variance for all the studied traits, indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action in trait expression. Thus, the study confirms that utilizing parents with high GCA and selecting crosses with favorable specific combining ability (SCA) effects is an effective approach for evolving superior sunflower hybrids