International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
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Evaluation of Tall Spindle Planting System of Apple Cultivars at Low, Mid, and High Altitudes of Kulgam District of J&K (UT), India
No full textA study to evaluate the apple tall spindle system located in low, mid, and high altitudes of district Kulgam was undertaken during 2022-23 and 2023-24 covering production, quality, and profitability parameters. The highest average yield/ha (kg) in all apple cultivars was observed in the Qaimoh zone. Average A-grade apple/ha were obtained highest in the Manzgam zone in all studied apple cultivars although the same zone resulted in the lowest average yield/ha (kg). The lowest average B-grade apples/ha in case of Red Chief (2994.15kg), Jeromine (3281.89kg), Red Velox (3759.62kg) and Golden Delicious Reinders (9406.47kg) was obtained under high altitude Manzgam zone while as Redlum Gala performed better in terms of least B-grade apple production as compared to other studied cultivars across zones. Similarly, the maximum C-grade apple (kg/ha) resulted in tall spindle system of low altitude Qaimoh zone followed by Kulgam zone and the least quantity in the Manzgam zone. Red Chief laid in TSS located at low altitude zone resulted in maximum fancy-grade apple (2217kg/ha) whereas, highest fancy-grade apple in Redlum Gala (2033.43kg/ha) and Golden Delicious Reinders(1826.48kg/ha) was obtained in Kulgam zone. Manzgam zone outperformed other zones in terms of average fancy-grade/ha in case of Jeromine (3281.89kg/ha) and Red Velox (2227.93kg/ha). The highest gross return/ha was obtained in Manzgam zone (Rs. 2333051.39) followed by Qaimoh zone (Rs. 2236214.50) and the least in case of Kulgam zone (Rs. 1803882.09). Redlum Gala followed a similar trend with the highest in the Manzgam zone (Rs. 3147745.19/ha) and the minimum in the Kulgam zone (Rs. 2183754.57/ha). In case of Red Velox and Golden Delicious Reinders, low altitude of Kulgam proved to be better sites as far as average gross income/ha is concerned. Jeromine cultivated in Manzgam zone outperformed the same cultivar grown in other zones on an average gross returns/ha basis
Effects of Rock Phosphate, Farmyard Manure, and Vermicompost on Growth, Yield, and Soil Quality in Field Cultivation of Chickpea
No full textThe study was carried out to find out the effect of Rock phosphate and organic manures on growth, yield and soil quality of chickpea cultivation and suitable doses of FYM, Vermicompost and Rock Phosphate for Chickpea. The Field experiment was conducted at organic research farm Karguan Ji, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (UP), India during rabi season of 2023-2024. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design comprises Three levels of rock phosphate (200, 300 and 400 kg/ha) and two levels of FYM and Vermicompost (100% and 50%) with three replications. The application of FYM, Vermicompost and Rock phosphate were obtained significantly higher values in respect to growth, yield attributes and soil quality of chickpea in all the treatments, over control. The highest values were recorded in respect ofplant height (36.37cm), number of branches/plants (11.48), number of pods/plants (99.92), number of seeds/pods (2.67), grain yield (15.57 q/ha), stover yield (21.26 q/ha), biological yield (36.84 q/ha), 100 seed weight (17.91gram) and harvest index (43.54%).Soil pH: Ranged from 6.23 (T1 and T7) to 6.70 (T2 and T5). Soil Electrical Conductivity (Ec): Ranged from 0.49 dS/m (T5) to 0.65 dS/m (T6).Soil Organic Carbon (OC): Ranged from 0.61% (T0) to 0.94% (T7).Available Nitrogen (N): Ranged from 86.77 kg/ha (T0) to 155.57 kg/ha (T7).Available Phosphorus (P): Ranged from 11.07 kg/ha (T0) to 21.50 kg/ha (T4).Available Potassium (K): Ranged from 155.90 kg/ha (T0) to 201.93 kg/ha (T6).Available Sulphur (S): Ranged from 9.25 Mg/kg (T0) to 19.90 Mg/kg (T4).The combined application of FYM, vermicompost, and rock phosphate significantly enhanced chickpea growth, yield, and soil nutrient availability, demonstrating the potential for improved and sustainable agricultural practices. These findings align with previous research indicating the beneficial effects of organic amendments on soil and plant health
Morphological Diversity and Phytogeographic Patterns of Chrysophyllum albidum (Sapotaceae) in Benin
No full textChrysophyllum albidum is an agroforestry tree that provides enormous goods and services to local populations in West Africa. The unbridled use of organs the specy, causes its vulnerability, even its disappearance in certain regions, in Benin. The present study aims to evaluate the morphological diversity of populations of C. albidum in Benin, in order to differentiate individuals of the specy and target interesting morphotypes for its conservation. Nine (9) variables were used to evaluation of the phenotypic diversity of sixty (60) fruiting trees of the specy, selected in four (04) phytodistricts of Benin. To determine the inter and intra-population variability of the specy, the descriptive statistic was carried out on the quantitative morphology variables of trees by population, and for all populations. The recorded morphological variables were subjected to ANOVA to test the variability of morphological descriptors within phytodistricts and between soil type levels. An Ascending Hierarchical Classification was performed to identify the different morphotypes of the specy. The results obtained reveal significant variability in certain morphological descriptors used, depending on the phytodistricts and soil groups. We observe depending on soil types, seven significant morphological descriptors, with a significance rate of 77.78% (higher) compared to five significant morphological descriptors for the phytodistricts, with a significance rate of 55.56% (lower). So, in Benin, soil types discriminate C. albidum, much more than phytodistricts. The descriptors based on the fruits and the leaves of trees of the specy are more discriminants than those the trunk and crown. Three (03) morphotypes of C. albidum were obtained in Benin. Chrysophyllum albidum’s plants of the phytodistricts Coastal and Plateau belong to the same phenotypic class while the trees of the phytodistricts Pobè and Valley of Ouémé each have a morphotype of the specy. Consisting of relatively short trees bearing longer and wider leaves and fruits, the morphotype of C. albidum from the phytodistrict Valley of Ouémé is better indicated for future selections. These various data found must be further supplemented by the molecular genetics characterization, for confirm genetic diversity of the species and support its reproduction programs
Weed Flora of Tea Plantation of Golaghat, Assam with Special Emphasis on Life Form Classification
No full textWeeds are one of the main production constraints in agriculture. A life form is an important physiognomic character that have been widely used in vegetation studies of any area. This study was performed to find out the weed flora of tea plantations in Dergaon, Assam which have negatively affect the crop quality and yield. A total of 85 plant taxa were found as weeds in tea plantations. Out of the recorded taxa 67 are dicots and 18 are monocots. Total 15 different genera were recorded under monocots and 55 genera were recorded under dicots. The most commonly growing weeds in tea plantations in this area were Axonopus compressus, Cynodon dactylon, Ageratum conyzoides, Melastoma malabathricum. Therophytes (40%) are the dominant life form followed by hemicryptophytes (33%), chamaephytes (10%), phanerophytes (9%) and cryptophytes (8%)
Evaluation of Morpho-physio Parameters of Corchorus olitorius Accessions under Water Deficit Conditions
No full textIt has been well established that water deficit stress greatly affects the physiological process of most crops thus subsequently affecting yield as it disturbs the photosynthesis process. So it important to continuously evaluate potential future crops on the performance under limited moisture conditions to document their physiological response. This study aimed to analyse morpho-physiological parameters of six Corchorus olitorius (Jew’s mallow) accessions grown under water deficit stress in Botswana. A greenhouse pot study was conducted during 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 seasons. The six accessions were subjected to 30% FC as water deficit stress and 80% FC as control. The yield and yield components, physiological parameter including SPAD content, proline, stomatal conductance and leaf relative water content of six selected Corchorus olitorius accessions were assessed during two consecutive seasons. There was a significant difference in all the studied accessions yield and their components under the water deficit stress and control treatment with decreased mean values under the 30% FC. Bafia and TOT6684 accessions recorded higher fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, root weight, under both water deficit stress and control treatments suggesting that they are high yielding accessions while MSB072 mostly recorded lower values for the same traits thus it could be characterised as low yielding accession. Interestingly, these two high yielding accessions had the fewest number of branches, resulting in a negative correlation between the yield and number of branches. SUD3 accession, recorded the highest root length despite low yielding, possibly because it transmitted more assimilates into developing long roots to seek for water. Bafia and TOT6684 recordings in all the variables under both treatments therefore suggested that, they are high yielding accessions while MSB072 is low yielding accession. These high yielding accessions during water deficit stress suggest that Corchorus olitorius might be having some tolerance mechanisms that sustain physiological growth during stress
Seasonal Incidence and Management of Pear Psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, Hemiptera, Psyllidae) in Kashmir, India
No full textPear (Pyrus communis) is an important fruit crop cultivated worldwide, including the temperate regions of India, particularly Jammu and Kashmir. Pear Psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) has emerged as a significant pest, causing substantial losses by stunting tree growth, reducing fruit size leading to premature leaf drop. The present study investigated the influence of various abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall on the seasonal incidence and population dynamics of Pear Psylla in four locations from two districts viz., Baramulla and Srinagar, Kashmir. Regular pest monitoring and meteorological data revealed that maximum and minimum temperatures had a positive correlation with Pear Psylla populations while rainfall and maximum relative humidity were negatively correlated. Regression analysis showed that these climatic factors accounted for up to 95% of the variation in pest populations. The results of the evaluation of different insecticides revealed that Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD with an efficacy of 92.74%, proved to be the most effective followed by Acetamiprid 20% SP (90.87%). These findings highlighted that the optimal temperature range for Psylla development was between 27°C and 29°C suggesting that the weather conditions played a crucial role in fluctuating pest population and can govern the integrated pest management strategies
Advance Techniques in Soil Health and Nutrient Management: A Comprehensive Review
No full textAs a key practice that has developed through scientific and technological advancements, conservation agriculture, precision farming, organic farming, and integrated nutrient management are highlighted. Interdisciplinary collaborations between soil science, agronomy, biotechnology, microbiology, and environmental science are examined, showcasing their collective impact on soil management strategies. Traditional soil management practices, while effective, often lack the integration of interdisciplinary approaches necessary to address contemporary agricultural challenges. The research additionally examines how socio-economic and policy viewpoints support sustainable soil management techniques. Case examples and real-world applications are provided to highlight the useful advantages and results of these cutting-edge techniques. In order to further optimize crop production and soil management, the review highlights present issues and suggests future research avenues. The implementation of integrated nutrient management (INM) strategies, such as adding organic soil amendments in addition to fertilizer, has demonstrated benefits for preserving and restoring soil quality, which in turn reduces overuse of fertilizer in agricultural areas. Thus, the impact of fertilizer and compost on broadacre crop yield and nitrogen usage efficiency (NUE) was contextualized in this review. The results highlight the need for a comprehensive strategy that incorporates environmental, socioeconomic, scientific, and technical aspects in order to create sustainable agricultural systems
In vitro and In-vivo Evaluation of Different Fungicides against Alternaria brassicae Causing Alternaria Blight Disease of Mustard
No full textMustard is the second most important oilseed crop in India after groundnut and contributes about 35% in the total vegetable oil production. Mustard crop is sensitive to numerous abiotic and biotic stresses, which affects the production and productivity drastically. Alternaria blight disease of mustard is one the most destructive disease which affects all growth stages and cause huge economical loss. Considering the severity and significance of damage caused by this disease, an in vitro and in vivo evaluation of eight fungicide was done against A. brassicae. It was found that Propiconazole 25 EC showed complete mycelial growth inhibition (100 %) at all the three concentrations i.e., 100, 200 and 300 ppm whereas, Tebuconazole 25.9 EC recorded complete mycelial growth inhibition at 200 and 300 ppm. Among the tested fungicides, the minimum percent disease severity and AUDPC on leaves was observed in crops sprayed with Azoxystrobin 12.5% + Tebuconazole 12.5% SC followed by Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG and Azoxystrobin 235 SC at 40, 55 and 70 days after spraying. Further, maximum seed yield was recorded in Azoxystrobin 12.5% + Tebuconazole 12.5% SC at 1345.49Kg/ha followed by Azoxystrobin 12.5% at 1265.63kg/ha
Foliar Spray of GA3 on Morpho-Physiological Traits and Yield of Gladiolus
No full textThe present investigation entitled “FOLIAR SPRAY OF GA3 ON MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS AND YIELD OF GLADIOLUS” was conducted during rabi 2023-24 at the Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). Five treatments were used in the experiment, which included four concentrations of gibberellic acid (foliar application) along with the control. A Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. A single application of 160 ppm GA3 had a significant effect on a number of characteristics, such as the plant height, the number of leaves per plant, the number of corm sprouting plants, the number of flowers per plant, the number of days before the first flower initiation, 50% flowering, and flower diameter, growth and phenology parameters such as flowering time and number of florets per inflorescence also increase and yield parameters like corm diameter, weight of corm per plant, yield of spike, yield of corm, and flower yield showed significant increased
Evaluating Herbicide Combinations and Mechanical Methods for Sustainable Weed Management in Irrigated Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
No full textThe present study evaluates herbicide combinations and mechanical methods for sustainable weed management in irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Integrated weed management strategies, combining cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods, are recommended for sustainable weed control in groundnut fields. Various factors limiting the groundnut production and weeds are the primary factors which significantly reduce the crop yield. Weeds compete with groundnut for essential resources such as nutrients, water and space particularly during the early stages of crop growth, which is highly susceptible to weed competition due to its initial slow growth.
A field experiment was conducted at Farmers field, Penumuru mandal, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh during Rabi seasons of 2023 – 24.Field experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated thrice with the following treatments viz., T1 - PE pendimethalin 1.00 kg ha-1, T2 - PE pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg ha-1 + Hand weeding on 30 DAS I, T3 - PE pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg ha-1 + Twin wheel hoe weeding on 30 DAS, T4 - PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 + EPOE imazethapyr @ 0.050 kg ha-1 on 15-20 DAS, T5 - PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 + EPOE quizalofop ethyl @ 0.250 kg ha-1,T6- oxyfluorfen 0.250 kg ha-,T7 - PE oxyfluorfen @ 0.250 kg ha-1 + Hand weeding on 30 DAS, T8 - PE oxyfluorfen @ 0.250 kg ha-1 + Twin wheel hoe weeding on 30 DAS, T9- PE oxyfluorfen @ 0.250 kg ha-1 + EPOE imazethapyr @ 0.050 kg ha-1 on 15-20 DAS, T10 – PE oxyfluorfen @ 0.250 kg ha-1 + EPOE quizalofop ethyl @ 0.075 kg ha-1, T11 - Twin wheel hoe weeding on 20 and 45 DAS, T12 - Unweeded check.
Growth parameters viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1, dry matter production and leaf area were recorded at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and harvest stage. It was found higher with the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha⁻¹ combined with early post-emergence imazethapyr at 0.050 kg ha⁻¹. Physiological parameters which include leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) were estimated. The -pre-emergence application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha⁻¹ combined with early post-emergence imazethapyr at 0.050 kg ha⁻¹ had maximum values of physiological parameters compared with other treatments at 60-90 DAS and 60-harvest stage