Inverge Journal of Social Sciences
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Practices and Support for the Professional Development of Novice Teachers in Public Elementary Schools: A Phenomenological Case Study
Full text linkThe study investigated the mentoring practices of senior teachers and school heads to facilitate the professional development of novice teachers (NT), particularly in enhancing lesson planning, classroom management, and pedagogical practices. This research was conducted as a phenomenological case study, wherein the researcher carried out semi-structured interviews with NT, senior teachers, and school heads operating in the primary schools of Rawalpindi city (20). The findings indicate that NT encounter challenges related to classroom management and behavioural issues with problematic students, are overwhelmed by the administrative responsibilities assigned by school heads, and often lack the support of senior colleagues in areas such as lesson planning, pedagogy, and assessment practices. The lack of academic cohesion among NT, senior teachers, and school heads poses a significant obstacle to reciprocal and ongoing professional development. An institution-based framework is recommended to facilitate the continuous professional development of NT while simultaneously supporting senior teachers. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for structured mentorship programs that foster collaboration and knowledge sharing among educators. Novice teachers often struggle with adapting to school culture and implementing effective teaching strategies due to insufficient guidance. Senior teachers, while experienced, may lack formal training in mentorship, leading to inconsistent support. School heads play a crucial role in bridging this gap by promoting a culture of professional growth. Recommendations include regular workshops, peer observations, and feedback mechanisms to strengthen mentoring relationships. Addressing these challenges will enhance teaching quality and create a supportive environment for both new and experienced educators.
References
Ahmad, I., Rehman, K., Ali, A., Khan, I., & Khan, A. F. (2014). Critical analysis of the problems of education in Pakistan: Possible solutions. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 3(2), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v3i2.1805
Ahmed, G., Faizi, W. U. N., & Akbar, S. (2020). Challenges of novice teachers and strategies to cope at secondary level. Global Regional Review, 5(I), 403–416. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-I).42
Ahmed, Y. (2025). An analysis of instructional and classroom management challenges of novice teachers at elementary school level [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. International Islamic University Islamabad.
Akhtar, S. H., Shah, S., & Naseer Ud Din, M. (2011). A critical analysis of the existing status of the in-service training of teachers at the secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan). International Journal of Academic Research, 3(6), 437–442.
Ali, A. M., & Haider, J. (2012). Impact of motivation on the working performance of employees—A case study of Pakistan. Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 2(7), 328–340.
Andrew, S., & Halcomb, E. J. (2009). Mixed methods research in nursing and health sciences. Wiley-Blackwell.
Ashraf, D., Khaki, J., Shamatov, D., Tajik, M. A., & Vazir, N. (2005). Reconceptualization of teacher education: Experiences from the context of a multicultural developing country. Journal of Transformative Education, 3(3), 271–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344605276659
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman.
Barone, D. (2012). Exploring home and school involvement of young children with Web 2.0 and social media. Research in the Schools, 19(1), 1–11.
Buczynski, S., & Hansen, C. B. (2010). Impact of professional development on teacher practice: Uncovering connections. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(3), 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.09.006
Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (2008). Self-report measures and findings for information technology attitudes and competencies. In J. Voogt & G. Knezek (Eds.), International handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education (pp. 349–365). Springer.
Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (2008). Research methods in education. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Curtis, C. (2012). Why do they choose to teach and why do they leave? A case study of middle school and high school mathematics teachers. Education, 132(4), 779–788.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2003). Keeping good teachers: Why it matters, what leaders can do? Educational Leadership, 60(8), 6–13.
Feiman-Nemser, S. (2003). What new teachers need to learn? Educational Leadership, 60(8), 25–29.
Girvan, C., Conneely, C., & Tangney, B. (2016). Extending experiential learning in teacher professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 58, 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.04.009
Halai, N., & Khan, M. A. (2011). Developing pedagogical content knowledge of science teachers through action research: A case study from Pakistan. *Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 12*(1), Article 5.
Hargreaves, A., & Shirley, D. (2012). The international quest for educational excellence: Understanding Canada’s high performance. Education Canada, 52(4), 12–15.
Hover, S. D., & Yeager, E. A. (2004). Challenges facing beginning history teachers: An exploratory study. International Journal of Social Education, 19(1), 8–26.
Khan, H. K. (2006). Understanding a novice teacher’s learning to teach in a private school for girls in Karachi, Pakistan. Quality in Education: Teaching and Leadership in Challenging Times, 1, 254–270.
Kuster, D., Bain, B., Newton, C., & Milbrandt, M. K. (2010). Novice art teachers: Navigating through the first year. Visual Arts Research, 36(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1353/var.2010.0006
Masood, F., & Behlol, M. G. (2021). Collaborative school-university partnership to bridge the theory-practice gap in teaching practicum: Role and challenges of the multiple stakeholders. Asian Social Studies and Applied Research (ASSAR), 2(4), 1–15.
Melnick, S., & Meister, D. (2008). A comparison of beginning and experienced teachers’ concerns. Educational Research Quarterly, 31(3), 39–56.
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
Morey, A. I., Bezuk, N., & Chiero, R. (1997). Preservice teacher preparation in the United States. Peabody Journal of Education, 72(1), 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327930pje7201_1
Naseem, S. (2014). A narrative inquiry into novice science mentor teachers’ mentoring practices [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Michigan State University.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative Social Work, 1(3), 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325002001003636
Qureshi, A. (2017). A phenomenological case study of Pakistani science teachers’ experience of professional development [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Georgia State University.
Saeed, M., Ahmad, I., Salam, M., Badshah, R., Ali, S., & Haq, S. (2013). Critical analysis of problems of school teachers in Pakistan: Challenges and possible solutions. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(4), 169–175.
Wilson, A., & Christie, D. (2010). Realizing the potential of virtual environments: A challenge for Scottish teachers. In J. Lindberg & A. Olofsson (Eds.), Online learning communities and teacher professional development: Methods for improved education delivery (pp. 96–113). IGI Global.
Zeichner, K. (2012). The turn once again toward practice-based teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 63(5), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/002248711244578
Role of AI in Enhancing Government Transparency: The Mediating Effect of Digital Accountability
Full text linkThe integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in government operations offers significant potential for enhancing transparency and efficiency in public sector services. This study explores the relationship between AI adoption, digital accountability, and government transparency, focusing on the mediating role of digital accountability in this relationship. While AI technologies, such as machine learning and data analytics, can optimise decision-making and improve service delivery, their effectiveness in promoting transparency is contingent upon the presence of robust digital accountability mechanisms. The study adopts a quantitative research design and collects data from 300 government employees and officials across various sectors, including healthcare, education, and public administration. The data were gathered using a structured questionnaire with Likert-scale items that measure AI adoption, digital accountability, and government transparency. Regression analysis and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were employed to test the hypotheses. Findings indicate that AI adoption positively impacts government transparency, with increased AI usage corresponding to greater transparency in public sector operations. Furthermore, digital accountability was found to mediate the relationship between AI adoption and transparency. Mechanisms like open data platforms and blockchain help ensure that AI-driven decisions and government actions are transparent, traceable, and auditable by the public. The study highlights that while AI alone can improve transparency, its full potential is realised when complemented by digital accountability tools. The results have important implications for policymakers, suggesting that AI adoption must be paired with accountability frameworks to ensure ethical and transparent governance. This research contributes to the growing literature on AI and public sector innovation, providing empirical evidence of how digital accountability mechanisms can enhance the role of AI in fostering transparent governance. Further research is needed to explore the long-term impact of AI and digital accountability on transparency across different political and technological environments.
References
Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T., & Grimes, J. M. (2010). Promoting transparency and accountability through ICTs: The role of public e-government. International Journal of Electronic Government Research, 6(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.4018/jegr.2010070101
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208956
Gerring, J., Thacker, S. C., & Moreno, C. (2005). Civil liberties and democratization. Comparative Political Studies, 38(4), 493-517. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004273879
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson. (No DOI available for this edition)
Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y., & Zuiderwijk, A. (2012). Benefits, adoption barriers, and myths of open data and open government. Information Systems Management, 29(4), 258-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2012.716740
Lember, V., Kattel, R., & Kalvet, T. (2015). Public sector innovation and e-governance in Estonia: Achievements and challenges. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 690-701. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12383
McDermott, K. (2020). The role of open government data in enhancing transparency in government. Open Government, 16(2), 134-152.
Narayan, D. (2021). AI in governance: The role of artificial intelligence in promoting transparency and accountability. Journal of Public Administration, 56(2), 302-315.
Peña-Rios, J. L., & Martínez-Balleste, A. (2020). Digital transparency and artificial intelligence in public administration. Government Information Quarterly, 37(3), 100506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.100506
Piotrowski, S. J. (2007). Governmental transparency in the path of administrative reform. SUNY Press.
Robinson, D. G. (2015). The role of transparency in public administration. Public Administration Review, 75(1), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12303
Sullivan, J. M., & Drennan, P. A. (2021). Digital accountability and governance: Enhancing trust in public services. Journal of Public Sector Management, 37(1), 55-70.
Tapscott, D., & Tapscott, A. (2016). Blockchain revolution: How the technology behind bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is changing the world. Penguin.
Turek, J., & Raj, S. (2020). AI-driven decision-making in government: Enhancing public sector transparency through predictive analytics. Journal of Public Policy and Technology, 15(2), 213-228.
Ul Haq, A. (2025). Innovating Education: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Technology on Teaching. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v4i2.125
Wirtz, B. W., Schilke, O., & Ullrich, S. (2010). Strategic management in the public sector: A case study approach. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6636-
Servant Leadership and Its Role in Promoting Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, Employee Wellbeing, and Workplace Trust in Service-Oriented Industries
Full text linkThis study examined the impact of servant leadership on organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), employee wellbeing, and workplace trust within service-oriented industries. Drawing on a quantitative research design, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 320 employees across hospitality, healthcare, and customer service sectors. The findings revealed that servant leadership significantly enhanced OCB by fostering a culture of empathy, collaboration, and voluntary contributions beyond formal job responsibilities. Moreover, servant leadership was found to positively influence employee wellbeing by reducing stress, promoting psychological safety, and strengthening intrinsic motivation. Workplace trust emerged as a critical mediating factor, amplifying the relationship between servant leadership and positive employee outcomes. Statistical analysis using regression models confirmed that employees were more likely to demonstrate higher OCB and report improved wellbeing when trust in leadership was present. The results underscore the importance of servant leadership as a transformative leadership approach capable of sustaining organizational performance and employee engagement in highly competitive service environments. Practical implications include embedding servant leadership principles into leadership development programs, HR policies, and organizational culture to cultivate trust-based, people-cantered workplaces. Future research directions include cross-sectoral studies, longitudinal designs, and exploration of demographic moderators to broaden the understanding of servant leadership’s applicability across contexts.
References
Abid, H. R., Gulzar, A., & Hussain, W. (2018). The impact of servant leadership on organizational citizenship behaviors with the mediating role of trust and moderating role of group cohesiveness: A study of public sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i3/1489
Ashfaq, M., Saleem, M., Muhammad, A., Mahmood, F., & Haneef, S. (2023). Servant leadership and employee wellbeing: A moderated mediation framework. Policy Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7542341
Asif, M., Khan, A., & Pasha, M. A. (2019). Psychological capital of employees’ engagement: moderating impact of conflict management in the financial sector of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 160-172.
Asif, M., & Shaheen, A. (2022). Creating a High-Performance Workplace by the determination of Importance of Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Leadership. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 1(2), 9-15.
Aurangzeb, D., & Asif, M. (2021). Role of leadership in digital transformation: A case of Pakistani SMEs. In Fourth International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Management and Sciences (ICETEMS-2021)(4 (1), 219-229).
Bayati, M. M., Alimohammadi, H., Ghorbani, A., Dehghani, F., Mohammadi, S., Karimi, Z., Ebrahimi, M., Rezaei, P., Ahmadi, S., Hassanpour, M., Abbaszadeh, A., Naderi, M., Soltani, R., Moradi, Y., Akbari, H., Ghasemi, E., Taheri, N., & Taghizadeh, Z. (2025). Servant leadership, work-life quality, and organizational citizenship behavior among nurses. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03209-3
Bukhari, S. T., Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., & Hassan, B. (2025). The intersection of age, marital status, and abusive dynamics in females: A sociocultural perspective. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(2), 1071–1088. https://doi.org/10.59075/3djj2365
Bukhsh, S. P., Bukhari, S. T. N., Tahira, R., Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., & Faridi, M. Z. (2025). Building emotional strength in broken homes: Protective factors for domestic violence–affected adolescents. Research Journal of Psychology, 3(3), 454–472. https://doi.org/10.59075/rjs.v3i3.21
Canavesi, A. (2021). Servant leadership: A systematic literature review and future research agenda. Journal of Leadership Studies, 15(4), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21766
Demissie, A. D., & Alemu, A. E. (2024). Servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating role of perceived organizational politics. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 36(2), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-024-09454-8
Elche, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., & Linuesa-Langreo, J. (2020). Servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating effect of empathy and service climate. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2035–2053. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2019-0501
Gnankob, R. I., Ansong, A., & Issau, K. (2022). Servant leadership and organisational citizenship behaviour: The role of public service motivation. Public Organization Review, 22(3), 415–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-021-00562-1
Imam, M. K., Hussein, M. K., & Ali, M. T. (2024). Enhancing organizational citizenship behavior through servant leadership style: An applied study in the Iraqi tourism hotel sector. Wisdom Journal for Studies & Research, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.55165/wjfsar.v4i06.435
Khan, D., Chaudhry, H. K., & Khan, S. (2023). An empirical review of servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: A case of higher education institutes of Pakistan. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 4(2), 123–135.
Khan, M. M., Mubarik, M. S., Ahmed, S. S., & Islam, T. (2024). Expanding service beyond the organizational boundaries: Moderated mediated model of servant leadership to affect employees’ community citizenship behavior. Evidence-based HRM. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-12-2022-0311
Lu, J. (2024). From servant leadership to organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 459. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03751-6
Ma, Y., Faraz, N. A., Ahmed, F., Iqbal, M. K., Saeed, U., Mughal, M. F., & Raza, A. (2021). Curbing nurses’ burnout during COVID-19: The roles of servant leadership and psychological safety. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(8), 2383–2391. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13414
Mahon, D. (2024). Systematic review of servant leadership and burnout. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 28(4), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-02-2024-0027
Malingumu, W. (2016). Servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The role of team-member exchange. Psychologica Belgica, 56(3), 224–243. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.326
Nazarian, A., Rodríguez Molina, M. A., Velayati, R., Ruiz-Alba, J. L., & Atkinson, P. (2024). Trust in leader and positive employee outcomes: To transform or to serve in cross-cultural leadership. Journal of Cross-Cultural Management. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCCM-06-2023-0089
Nazarian, A., Soares, A., Lotfi, M., Ghorbani, S., Valaei, N., Mohammadi, A., Khosravi, P., Santos, M. J., Pereira, L., Rodrigues, P., Velayati, R., & Asadpour, M. (2024). Cross-cultural study comparing servant and transformational leadership trust outcomes. Journal of Cross-cultural Management, 21(1), 45–67.
Ogunbukola, M. (2024). Servant leadership and employee well-being: A path to organizational success. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 24(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.33423/jop.v24i1.6572
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books.
Qiu, S., & Dooley, L. (2022). How servant leadership affects organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating roles of perceived procedural justice and trust. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 43(3), 350–369. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-04-2021-0146
Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M. (2025). Beyond the Blackboards: Building a Micro-Edtech Economy through Teacher-Led Innovation in Low-Income Schools. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 4(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16875721
Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., & Ashraf, I. (2025). Academic Needs of Madaris in 21st Century: A study of Madaris in Tehsil Minchinabad, District Bahawalnagar, South Punjab. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v4i1.141
Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., & Nadeem, D. M. A. (2025). Unveiling critical success factors for skill-based education programs: A student-centered analysis in Pakistani schools. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v4i3.139
Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., Bano, S., & Naveed, Y. (2025). Comparative analysis of authoritative and democratic leadership styles and their impact on school management effectiveness. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v4i2.132
Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., Bukhari, S. T., Malik, N., Rehman, L., & Qamar, A. H. (2025). Gender differences in the use and challenges of breakthrough technology in higher education: Evidence from Punjab. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(3), 1056–1073. https://doi.org/10.59075/hpdvq714
Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., Khalid, N., Faridi, M. Z., & Khan, Z. A. (2024). Smog mitigation and climate resilience in Pakistan: A policy-centric review of strategies and challenges. Social Sciences Spectrum, 3(4), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.71085/sss.03.04.175
Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., Malik, N., & Bano, S. (2025). Learning to innovate: WhatsApp Groups as grassroots innovation ecosystems among micro-entrepreneurs in emerging markets. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 14(1), 1854–1862. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2025.14.1.147
Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., Nadeem, M. A., & Rasheed, I. (2024). Empowering women through skill-based education in Pakistan: A narrative review. Global Sociological Review, IX(IV), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2024(IX-IV).05
Rashid, A., & Ilkhanizadeh, M. (2022). Servant leadership, peer trust, and job outcomes in banking. Service Industries Journal, 42(11-12), 872–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2022.2093957
Usman, A., Abdullah, M., & Basit, A. (2024). The role of servant leadership in predicting job performance of public sector employees: Examining the mediation of work engagement and moderation of trust in leader and self-efficacy. Bulletin of Business and Economics, 13(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10987654
Wang, L., & Chen, Y. (2023). The effect of servant leadership on work engagement: The role of employee resilience and organizational support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 3892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053892
Wiyono, D., Tanjung, R., Setiadi, H., Marini, S., & Sugiarto, Y. (2024). Organizational transformation: The impact of servant leadership on work ethic culture with burnout as a mediating factor in the hospitality industry. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.03456
Wu, X., & Li, J. (2022). Servant leadership and performance of public hospitals: Trust in the leader and psychological empowerment of nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1572–1583. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13568
Zhang, X., Al-Adwan, A. S., Al-Madadha, A., & Li, Z. (2023). Servant leadership and employee well-being: Mediating role of job burnout, role overload, and anxiety in the Jordanian hospitality sector. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 22(3), 345–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2023.2187281
Zhou, M., & Zhang, W. (2024). Servant leadership, workplace well-being, and employee creativity. Creativity and Innovation Management, 33(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.1259
Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos and the Balance of Power in South Asia: Pakistan’s Deterrence against Indian Military Escalation
Full text linkThe purpose of this study was to assess how Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos affected Pakistan\u27s deterrence posture in South Asia and domestic security, as well as how it interacted with India\u27s military escalation tactics and larger regional security dynamics. Launched in 2017, the operation marked a turning point in Pakistan\u27s counterterrorism efforts, reshaping its deterrence equilibrium and bringing stability back to the country. The introduction highlighted the importance of modernizing deterrence in a nuclearized but conventionally asymmetric South Asia and described the ongoing challenge of striking a balance between external threats and internal security vulnerabilities.
The study adopted a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative analysis of security, military, and nuclear indicators with qualitative review of policy statements and secondary literature from 2016–2023.Results demonstrated that terrorist incidents, civilian and military casualties, and cross-border infiltration cases declined significantly, reflecting the operation’s domestic security dividends. Simultaneously, Pakistan improved its military readiness through enhanced rapid deployment capacity, joint exercises, and armoured modernization, while strengthening nuclear deterrence via missile testing, rhetorical signalling, and progress toward triad deployment. On the regional front, India’s military exercises and ceasefire violations revealed sustained escalation tendencies, yet Pakistan’s global military ranking improved and security partnerships expanded. The study concluded that Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos provided Pakistan with a strategic window to reinforce deterrence credibility. Future research should investigate how integrated deterrence and evolving regional alignments could mitigate the risks of escalation in South Asia’s volatile security environment.
References
Ahmed, A., & Syed, M. H. (2024). Revisiting the nuclear debate in South Asian security. Journal of Contemporary Studies, 12(2), 90–107. https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v12i2.262
Ahmed, S. (2025). Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos and the dynamics of deterrence in South Asia. Journal of Strategic Studies, 47(2), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2025.001
Ali, I. (2024). Towards stability: A theoretical analysis of strategic choices in South Asia’s deterrence environment. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 8(2), 554–564. https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2024(8-II)45
Ali, M. (2024). Hybrid warfare and deterrence credibility in nuclear South Asia. Asian Security Review, 20(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2024.004
Azam, M. (2023). Pakistan – India security paradox: Between deterrence and coercive diplomacy. Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses, 7(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.57169/jssa.007.01.0133
Azhar, A., Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., & Sajid, S. M. (2025). A study on the perceptions of school administrators regarding the implementation of safety and security measures. Research Journal for Social Affairs, 3(5), 591–605. https://doi.org/10.71317/RJSA.003.05.0359
Babar, S. I., & Abbasi, A. H. (2024). Emerging technologies and the threat to South Asian security. CISS Insight Journal, 11(2), 40–59.
Belfer Center. (2025). Escalation gone meta: Strategic lessons from the 2025 India‐Pakistan crisis. Harvard Kennedy School.
Butt, H., Salman, M. U., & Hayat, U. (2024). Geopolitical landscape of South Asia and doctrinal evolution in India under Modi era (2014-2024). Journal of Quranic and Social Studies, 15(Special Issue), 45-67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14842822
Farooq, A. (2025). Deterrence at crossroads: Pakistan’s strategic signaling after Pahalgam. Contemporary South Asia, 33(3), 276–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2025.002
Hayat, Z., & Arif, M. (2024). Contemporary challenges to nuclear deterrence in South Asia. CISS Insight Journal, 11(2), 1–22.
Hussain, N., & Malik, S. (2025). Prospects of integrated deterrence for Pakistan amid conventional asymmetry in South Asia. Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.57169/jssa.009.01.0241
Hussain, T. (2025). Escalation management in the 2025 India–Pakistan crisis. South Asian Security Journal, 9(1), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1946016225601
Iftikhar, Z. (2025). Recalibrating deterrence: A comparative analysis of nuclear doctrines and strategic stability in South Asia’s emerging strategic triangle (2015–2025). Journal of Media Horizons, 6(3), 725–740.
Iqbal, R. (2025). Cyber warfare and conventional deterrence: Lessons from Bunyan-un-Marsoos. Defence and Peace Economics, 36(2), 210–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2025.003
Javed, H. (2025). Crisis stability in South Asia: Revisiting the stability–instability paradox. Asian Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2025.005
Kazmi, A. (2024). Nuclear politics in South Asia: Deterrence nuances of India-Pakistan crises (Mumbai to Pulwama). Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 7(3), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v7i3.1144
Khalid, A. (2024). Balancing conventional and nuclear deterrence in South Asia. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 11(4), 390–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/234779702412345
Khan, A. S., & Awan, A. H. (2024). Deterrence; theory and practice in changing South Asian strategic stability. Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses, 7(2), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.57169/jssa.007.02.034
Khan, A., & Raza, F. (2025). Pakistan’s military strategy and India’s escalation calculus: Post-2025 crisis reflections. International Politics, 62(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-025-00492
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Satakzai, S. K., & Alamgir, A. (2024). Nuclear deterrence and crisis stability: Assessing its role in averting conventional war between India and Pakistan post-Pulwama. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v7i3.1142
Shah, A. (2023). Deterrence under surveillance: Indian space-based ISR capabilities and Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence. Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses, 8(2), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.57169/jssa.008.02.0201
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Sharma, R. (2024). India’s punitive strikes and the lowering of escalation thresholds. Journal of Asian Affairs, 55(2), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2024.004
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Sultan, A., Haider, F., & Jamy, S. H. (2023). Integrated deterrence: Relevance & implications for South Asia. Margalla Papers, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.54690/margallapapers.27.2.176
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Assessing Perceived Value of Patients: A Qualitative Study of Orthopaedic Patients
Full text linkThis research aims to explore the multifaceted concept of perceived value from the perspectives of orthopaedic patients, contributing to a deeper understanding of its measurement within clinical settings in Punjab, Pakistan. The study examines six key dimensions: transaction value, efficiency value, aesthetic value, social interaction value, self-gratification value, and conditional value. A qualitative methodology was employed, utilizing thematic framework analysis of data gathered through in-depth structured interviews with orthopaedic patients. The participant cohort was specifically limited to individuals who had undergone minor or major surgical interventions. Out of a purposive sample of 50 approached patients, 32 provided complete and usable responses, resulting in a 64% response rate. The findings offer a nuanced understanding of perceived value and were instrumental in developing robust, culturally relevant measurement items for the concept. The analysis also revealed additional emergent dimensions; namely, empathy from healthcare providers and operational value related to clinic processes and efficiency, which extend beyond the initial theoretical framework. These insights provide healthcare administrators and practitioners with practical guidance to enhance service delivery by strengthening both the clinical and experiential aspects of patient care, ultimately improving patient satisfaction and loyalty.
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Emerging Innovations and Trends in Academic Libraries of Pakistan in the 21st Century
Full text linkThis research paper explores the new technology, emerging trends and challenges that academic libraries in Pakistan tend to encounter in the 21st century. It seeks to evaluate the ways in which the digital transformation is transforming library operations, user services as well as professional functions and also determine where it is heading to in terms of sustainable development. A quantitative descriptive study design was adopted with a structured questionnaire to be given to 200 library professionals in the public and the private universities in Pakistan. The data were interpreted through descriptive statistics (frequency and percent) to generalize the perceptions of the respondents on technological adoption, service innovations and institutional challenges.
The findings show that there has been a drastic change towards digitalization as majority of libraries have embraced automation in cataloguing, OPAC and cloud based services. Digital literacy training, provision of virtual reference services and utilization of social media in engaging libraries are also emerging practices that have been adopted by libraries. Nevertheless, certain obstacles like lack of sufficient funding, ineffective ICT, ineffective infrastructure, and institutional support remain in the way. There was a great deal of optimism about the future, which included professional development, collaboration, and national policy support as respondents thought that innovation can continue to flourish. The results indicate that there is a requirement to invest in ICT infrastructure strategically, continuous professional training, and development of policy frameworks to facilitate equitable technological development within academic institutions. Innovation and quality of service can be even improved through strengthening institutional support and collaboration. The given research offers the detailed data-driven information on the technological revolution in the field of the Pakistani academic libraries, which is acute considering the lack of information about the situation on the ground in Pakistan and in the context of the digital era, in general.
References
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Ali Khan, T. (2023). Examining the impact of university libraries in facilitating foreign language learning in Pakistan. International Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 5(1), 10–18.
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Asif, M., & Asghar, R. J. (2025). Managerial accounting as a driver of financial performance and sustainability in small and medium enterprises in Pakistan. Center for Management Science Research, 3(7), 150-163. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17596478
Asif, M., Shah, H., & Asim, H. A. H. (2025). Cybersecurity and audit resilience in digital finance: Global insights and the Pakistani context. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 14(3), 560-573. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2025.14.3.47
Awais, S., & Ameen, K. (2019). The current innovation status of university libraries in Pakistan. Library Management, 40(3/4), 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-11-2018-0096
Afzal, M., Arshad, N., & Shaheen, A. (2025). ChatGPT and the future of academic writing: Enhancing productivity and creativity. Journal of Engineering and Computational Intelligence Review, 3(1), 1–11.
Baber, M., Islam, K., Ullah, A., & Ullah, W. (2024). Libraries in the age of intelligent information: AI-driven solutions. International Journal of Applied and Scientific Research, 2(1), 153–176.
Bashir, F. (2020). Ambassador of lifelong learning/public libraries in multicultural society: The case of Pakistan. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(3), 548–558.
Batool, S. H., Rehman, A. U., & Sulehri, I. (2022). The current situation of information literacy education and curriculum design in Pakistan: A discovery using Delphi method. Library Hi Tech, 40(6), 1705–1720. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-07-2021-0168
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Hanif, S., Shah, S. A. A., Rehman, A. U., & Hassan, S. (2024). Changing role of libraries and librarians in the new technological era: An evaluative study of university libraries of Islamabad. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 13(2), 448–454.
Hussain, A. (2020). Industrial revolution 4.0: Implication to libraries and librarians. Library Hi Tech News, 37(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-01-2020-0006
Iqbal, Q., Akbar, T., Zia, M., Ahmed, R., & Cheema, A. M. (2024). Transforming library leadership: Redefining leadership in the digital era and its impact on innovative work behavior in Pakistan. Journal of Information Management and Practices, 4(2).
Islam, K., Shamshad, A., & Usman, M. (2025). Adoption potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning in Islamabad’s academic libraries. Journal of Engineering and Computational Intelligence Review, 3(1), 12–24.
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Kiran, N., Aziz, T., & Lashari, A. A. (2024). Academic libraries emerging trends in 21st century: A systematic review. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 8(1), 270–281.
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Shah, S. H., Shah, N. U., & Jbeen, A. (2024). Exploration of LIS professionals efforts in Pakistan towards the improvements of technological competencies in 21st century. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 73(4/5), 596–613.
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Ullah, A., & Usman, M. (2023). Role of Libraries in Ensuring Quality Education at Higher Education Institutions: A Perspective of Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 2(4), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v2i4.57
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Needs of Digital Literacy in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review
Full text linkThis comprehensive review examines the evolving and critical need for digital literacy in the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It analyses how the proliferation of AI technologies across various sectors necessitates a fundamental redefinition of digital literacy, moving beyond mere technical proficiency to encompass a multifaceted skill set. The paper synthesizes existing literature to identify the core dimensions of AI-era digital literacy, including critical understanding and evaluation of AI-generated content, awareness of AI\u27s societal and ethical implications, practical utilization of AI tools, ethical behaviour concerning data privacy and algorithmic fairness, and adaptability to continuous technological advancements.
The review highlights significant challenges, such as the persistent digital divide, resistance to technology among educators, inadequate training, unequal resource access, and pressing ethical concerns like algorithmic bias. Conversely, it also recognizes AI\u27s potential to personalize learning, foster critical thinking, and enhance educational outcomes. To bridge the identified gaps, the paper emphasizes the urgent need for inclusive AI literacy programs, targeted teacher professional development, interdisciplinary curriculum redesign, supportive policy frameworks, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. The findings underscore that fostering comprehensive digital literacy is essential for empowering individuals to navigate, critically engage with, and ethically contribute to an increasingly AI-integrated society, thereby ensuring equitable and responsible participation in the digital future.
References
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Alamudi, A. (2025). Sumber daya manusia generasi Z di era artificial intelligence: Menggabungkan kreativitas, teknologi dan kewirausahaan (Pengabdian masyarakat pada SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Bungah, Gresik). Jurnal Pengabdian Manajemen. https://doi.org/10.30587/jpm.v5i01.10253
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The Impact of Innovative Strategies on Improving Writing Skills of English Learners at University Level
Full text linkThis study examined how creative strategies such as artificial intelligence (AI) tools, collaborative writing, and digital storytelling activities impacted the enhancement of academic writing skills of English learners at the university level. The research sought to understand the writing problems that were most common, evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the measures, and monitor the students\u27 reception to the measures being implemented. A quantitative approach using surveys was used with a sample of 346 students from different fields of study. Structured questionnaires which had been tested in a pilot study (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.792) were used to gather data and were then processed in SPSS (Version 28). Descriptive statistics and cross tabulation were used to analyse the data and find the patterns pertaining to difficulties in writing, use of tools, and outcomes. The most critical findings were the remaining issues: grammar was a problem for 62.5%, coherence for 55.2%, and vocabulary for 49.4% of the students. In spite of this, self-reported use of innovative strategies was still high such as: AI tools usage (69.7%) and peer collaboration (65.4%) as well as engaging interactive methods (82.6%). Additionally, there was strong support for institutional adoption, with 87% of participants in favour; however, there was less support for advanced digital storytelling techniques (39.3% engagement).
The ethical considerations such as anonymity and voluntary participation were followed. Testing in the pilot phase reduced bias and no personal information was stored. This study addresses the gap in the integration of technology and collaborative teaching processes in the teaching of academic writing. It provides empirical data on the effectiveness of modern approaches while also revealing gaps in adoption across levels of proficiency and disciplines. The results make it possible for curriculum developers and decision makers to take tangible steps toward solving the discrepancies between offer and demand in the context of use.
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Academic Burnout and Suicidal Ideation among Young Scholars: A Cross-Sectional Study
Full text linkAcademic burnout has been increasingly recognized as a widespread issue among students globally, particularly in the context of rising academic demands, competition, and more recently, the impacts of online learning during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent studies have documented alarming prevalence rates across different student populations and educational contexts. The recent studies also show how suicidal tendencies are increasing in students (Mortier et al., 2018). The current cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of academic burnout and its association with suicidal ideation among school students of Pakistan. The data was collected from students of different government and private schools of Karachi, Pakistan. For data collection Modified Scale for Suicide Ideation (MSSI) and the School Burnout Inventory (SBI) was used as standardized instruments. Further descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analyses were used for data analysis through SPSS 25. Based on the finding it can be said that emotional exhaustion and cynicism emerged as the most influential factors associated with suicidal ideation. Moreover, findings also reveal the significant correlation between suicidal thoughts and academic burnout among students of Pakistan. In conclusion the study emphasizing the urgent need to tackle academic burnout as an important element affecting adolescent mental health and leading towards suicidal thoughts, which signify it, that is a public health issue that needs immediate attention such as early interventions and accessible mental health resources to support students\u27 psychological well-being.
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Cultural Transitions and Pakistani Cinema: A Thematic Analysis
Full text linkThis study examines the evolution of cultural expressions in Pakistani cinema from 1947 to 2024, analyzing how films reflect and influence societal transformations. Grounded in Media Representation Theory, the research investigates ten pivotal films per decade to trace shifts in gender roles, family structures, traditional-modern value conflicts, religious/ethnic identities, and international relations (IR). From Laary (1950) to Daghabaaz Dil (2024), each film functions as a socio-political artifact, capturing the anxieties and aspirations of its era. Pakistani cinema not only documents emerging social trends but also actively reshapes cultural norms through narrative innovation. Filmmakers emerge as both cultural archivists and agents of change, bridging media and societal discourse. The findings reveal how cinematic representations reinforce or challenge dominant ideologies, particularly in portraying women’s agency, intergenerational tensions, and national identity debates. By juxtaposing historical and contemporary films, the study highlights the industry’s responsiveness to geopolitical events, such as partition, Islamization, and globalization. Additionally, it explores the interplay between commercial constraints and artistic freedom in shaping narratives. This research offers novel insights into the symbiotic relationship between cinema and society, contributing to global scholarship on media’s role in cultural preservation and transformation. It proposes future directions for cross-cultural studies on cinematic activism and the transnational flow of ideological narratives.
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