International Journal of Business and Management (IJBM)
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Managing supply chain in a high-demand marketplace: Operational resilience, service reliability, and customer value under demand shocks
Get PDFOrganizations operating in high-demand markets increasingly rely on complex and fast-moving procurement and supply chain networks to maintain service reliability under conditions of high volatility. Demand shocks caused by global disruptions and abrupt market changes, such as those experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, exposed structural weaknesses in procurement planning, inventory visibility, supplier coordination, and operational responsiveness. This study investigates the impact of procurement analytics, adaptive demand forecasting, and supply chain resilience on operational performance in high-demand environments. Drawing on established literature in supply chain management, forecasting, resilience, and data analytics, the paper proposes a conceptual approach that links procurement capabilities to service reliability and customer satisfaction. The analysis reveals that inaccurate forecasts, capacity misalignment, and limited real-time visibility tend to propagate throughout the supply chain, leading to delays, service failures, and reduced reliability. The study also highlights the limitations of traditional, static procurement strategies in volatile contexts and underscores the importance of data-driven decision-making in enhancing agility and operational stability. The findings suggest that procurement analytics and predictive forecasting function not only as operational tools but also as strategic enablers of resilience and value creation in high-demand markets
The problem of non-performing loans in Iraqi banks: An econometric study of the impact of economic and institutional factors on asset quality
Get PDFThe problem of non-performing loans in Iraq is worsening day-by-day and remains a continuous threat to the stability of the banking sector. The global economy site reports that Iraq was the frontrunner in Asia in terms of non-performing loans size in 2022. In light of this situation, the intent of the study was to examine both macroeconomic factors captured by gross domestic product, interest rates, inflation and oil revenues as well as institution factors captured by capital adequacy, liquidity, and profitability as key determinants causing the problem of the non-performing loans utilizing the multiple linear regression method applied to quarterly data. The results showed that inflation, interest rates and gross domestic product decreases asset quality, as well as increases credit risk, which is something quite unique to the Iraqi economy especially the positive relationship specifically between GDP and non-performing loans. In terms of oil revenues, their growth during periods of economic growth reduces non-performing loans, showing once again the importance of the oil sector. The study further concluded that capital adequacy resulted in a higher level of non-performing loans and did not find any statistically significant effect as it relates to the other institutional variables tested. This paper provides an important perspective for policymakers, especially the rector of the Central Bank of Iraq, on the need to create a sustainable plan and solutions to improve the banking system’s capacity to cope with credit risks and fulfil its role to the economic development agenda
R&D Internationalization Strategies of the World’s Top Corporate R&D Investors
Get PDFThis paper examines how multinational enterprises (MNEs) internationalize their R&D activities. We address three questions: (1) What determines the level of R&D internationalization? (2) What strategies dominate home-base-augmenting (HBA), home-base-exploiting (HBE), technology-seeking (TS), or market-seeking (MS)? And (3) What are the patterns in strategy mixes? We merge data on 2,000 global research leaders (2012–2014) with the EPO PATSTAT database, covering roughly 1,700 top corporate R&D investors and their patenting. We find that about one-fifth of these investors concentrate their patent-relevant R&D domestically. Our results indicate that leading R&D performers use offshoring primarily to acquire complementary technological knowledge (HBA) and to leverage home-based technological strengths for market expansion (HBE). The increasing proportion of HBA strategies in the late 2010s highlights the growing importance of international knowledge exchange, suggesting that the rise of foreign R&D locations does not undermine national innovation systems
External auditor attributes and financial reporting quality of quoted manufacturingcompanies in Nigeria
Get PDFThe study examined external auditor attributes and financial reporting quality of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Specifically, the study focused on audit fees, and auditors’ industry specialization as a dependent variable and financial reporting quality as independent variable. Ex-post facto research design was adopted. The population included all 44 quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria out of which 10 were selected as sample size of the study. The study covered the period from 2014 to 2023 and utilized secondary data extracted from the annual accounts of the companies for the period of the study. The study employed the use of descriptive statistics, correlation and panel regression analysis techniques to analyze the data with the aid of STATA version 16. From the regression results, it was revealed that audit fees and auditor industry specialization have statistically positive significant effects on financial reporting quality of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study concluded that external auditor attributes have strong explanatory power in determining the quality of financial reporting of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study recommended that given the complex nature of the manufacturing companies they should insist on hiring industry specialist auditors. Even, the “Code” stipulates that in order to ensure quality audit outcomes, the engagement partner and audit team should possess the knowledge, relevant skills and experience. The findings from this study have implications for policy makers and auditors. The findings implied that auditors\u27 fee and auditor industry specialization matter with regard to the quality of financial reporting. Therefore, the regulator\u27s concern over the auditor fee and auditor industry specialization is a major problem in the listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria
Debt trap among native working-class South Africans: A socio-economic reality
Get PDFThis conceptual study explores the persistent debt trap encountered by Native working-class South Africans, grounded in a complex interplay of colonial injustices and contemporary socio-economic challenges. The aftereffects of apartheid, including forced removals, the Bantu Education system, and systemic exclusion from formal employment, have left many individuals without generational wealth, financial literacy, or access to stable economic opportunities. These structural disadvantages have created fertile ground for chronic indebtedness and economic vulnerability. In the post-apartheid era, while employment opportunities have gradually expanded, financial hardship remains widespread due to limited financial education, impulsive spending behaviours, and cultural norms that prioritise social obligations and status-driven consumption. This conceptual study draws on secondary sources and informal community narratives to illustrate how poor financial management practices, the imitation of Western consumer culture, and reliance on unsecured credit, including informal loans such as EMI and retail store cards, often lead to blacklisting and exclusion from formal financial systems, thereby pushing individuals deeper into cycles of informal borrowing. Behavioural patterns such as prioritising luxury goods over basic needs, susceptibility to scams, and gambling as a coping mechanism exacerbate the debt spiral. To address this crisis, the study advocates for the implementation of comprehensive financial literacy programs within schools, workplaces, and community structures. It also suggests the revitalisation of traditional savings mechanisms such as stokvels, integrated with modern financial education to promote resilience. Ultimately, breaking the debt trap requires a coordinated, multi-dimensional strategy that addresses both structural inequalities and behavioural tendencies. Only through inclusive policy reform, education, and cultural transformation can long-term financial stability be achieved for South Africa’s Native Working-Class population
Impact of technological, environmental, financial and infrastructural barriers on buyer intentions towards electric vehicles
Get PDFThis study aims to identify key barriers that negatively affect the formation of intentions to purchase an electric vehicle (EV) in the Kazakhstan market. Despite the active global promotion of EVs as an environmentally sustainable alternative to ICE vehicles, their prevalence in developing countries remains low. The empirical part of the work is based on a quantitative approach using a questionnaire survey and statistical analysis. The survey and the results obtained allow us not only to describe the current state of EV perception in Kazakhstan, but also to suggest specific ways to overcome barriers to sustainable mobility. The study involved 200 respondents from various regions of Kazakhstan. Data analysis was carried out using factor analysis and multiple linear regression. Factor analysis confirmed that the questionnaire statements are correctly grouped into four independent constructs: technological, environmental, financial and infrastructural barriers. The factor loading coefficients of all variables exceeded the threshold value of 0.5, indicating a high degree of consistency within each block. In addition, the reliability coefficient values (Cronbach\u27s alpha) for all four groups of barriers ranged from 0.568 to 0.741, indicating acceptable and high internal consistency of the scales. The results of multiple linear regression showed that technological and financial barriers have the greatest impact on the intention to purchase an electric car. Environmental and infrastructural barriers also play a role, but to a lesser extent. Based on the data obtained, practical recommendations are proposed for government agencies, automakers and infrastructure companies. Among them are government support measures, expansion of charging infrastructure and information campaigns. The study contributes to the understanding of behavioral barriers in the transition to sustainable transport and can be used in the development of national policies in this area
Assessing the impact of environmental finance mechanisms on corporate sustainability in Banking sector
Get PDFThis study looks into the significance of ecological finance structures in advancing sustainable services in Bangladesh\u27s banking arena. By applying a numeric research strategy, data was amassed using a thorough questionnaire answered by 400 respondents, which included tellers, customers, and market stakeholders. This review assesses how green financing methods, focusing on green loans and the management of ecological threats, contribute to the overarching sustainability goals in the industry. The results underscore that financial frameworks emphasizing environmental sustainability powerfully enhance sustainability effects, showcasing strong and positive links between green finance activities and corporate sustainability. This study sheds light on the critical importance of supervisory strategies, like the Green Banking Policy put forward by the Bangladesh Bank, to further responsible banking ventures. Limitations in budget allocations, poor educational opportunities, and the absence of credible reporting systems restrict the fluid implementation of these practices in daily habits. According to this analysis, it is recommended that banks give priority to expanding their green funding efforts, optimize their operational procedures, and elevate sustainability reporting to guarantee ongoing advantages for the environment and the economy
Financial literacy as a catalyst for rational investment behavior: Evidence among university students in a crisis-affected economy
Get PDFThis study investigates how financial literacy functions as a determinant of rational investment behavior among university students living in a crisis-affected economy. Although young adults increasingly confront complex financial choices, their capacity to navigate investment decisions remains uneven, particularly in contexts marked by economic volatility and institutional uncertainty. Drawing on a quantitative design, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to university students and analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability testing, correlation analysis, t-tests, and simple linear regression. Financial literacy was examined through three interrelated dimensions, financial knowledge, financial behaviors, and financial attitudes, while investment-related decision tendencies served as outcome variables. The results reveal that higher levels of financial literacy are consistently associated with improved financial decision-making, stronger budgeting and saving practices, greater risk awareness, and more coherent investment attitudes. Students with formal exposure to financial education exhibited significantly more rational investment behavior than those without such training. These findings underscore the role of financial literacy as a critical capability that enables young individuals to evaluate investment opportunities, manage financial risks, and adopt informed financial strategies, even under adverse macroeconomic conditions. The study offers implications for universities, policymakers, and financial institutions seeking to enhance youth financial capability. Recommendations include integrating structured financial education programs and developing targeted interventions to strengthen students’ decision-making competencies
Strategic export innovation management: A holistic approach to achieving sustainable global trade performance
Get PDFMany exporters fail to achieve sustainable success in international markets due to inadequate innovation-driven development strategies and insufficient attention to cultural adaptation in their export processes. This study employs a mixed-methods approach combining bibliometric analysis of academic literature with qualitative and quantitative research methods to examine the relationship between innovation-driven development and export competitiveness. Companies that prioritize internal innovation development, cultural sensitivity, and adaptive communication strategies demonstrate significantly higher competitiveness and sustainable success rates in international markets compared to those attempting to export without prior organizational development. Sustainable export success requires a dual approach: comprehensive internal innovation and research capacity development within exporting companies, and strategic emphasis on cross-cultural communication and relationship building that accounts for human relations and cultural differences in target markets. The integration of these elements creates a competitive advantage that enables exporters to establish lasting presence in international markets and achieve long-term success in global trade
The role of leadership styles in enhancing academic and administrative efficiency in Bangladeshi private universities
Get PDFAs expectations grow for accountability in institutional performance and governance, leadership practices have emerged as a critical factor in higher education success. This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, employing structured quantitative surveys in conjunction with qualitative insights from academic and administrative staff members of five established private universities. Data were collected from 150 respondents (academic leaders, faculty members, administrative staff, and students) using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). The leadership styles under investigation are transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire. Regression analysis was the method employed to assess the relationship of these styles with three variables: academic Efficiency, administrative Efficiency, and satisfaction of the stakeholders in the institution. Results show that transformational leadership seems to be the most prevalent style in both academic and administrative leadership. It showed a good effect on administrative Efficiency (β = 0.30), particularly in aspects like decision-making and policy implementation. Compared to transformational (β = -0.19) or transactional (β = -0.08) styles, academic Efficiency was positively associated with laissez-faire leadership (β = 0.22), thereby suggesting that autonomy may translate into academic productivity. Leadership styles only had a marginal impact on satisfaction levels, which indicated that there was a need for institutional supportive mechanisms. It recommends a context-driven, tamed (hybrid) leadership model—combining vision-centered administrative leadership and academic leadership with the autonomy-enhancing directive— to maximize university performance. The evidence-based and qualitative aspects, although valuable, stem from a cross-sectional study design and perception-based responses. Further work would do well to include direct measures of performance, longitudinal tracking, and comparisons of public and private institutions to fill this gap in understanding