143 research outputs found
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Investigating the Performance of 5G Signals in Modeling Processing Algorithms in a Semi-Active Radar System
Get PDFThe present research investigates the feasibility of utilizing standard 5G communication signals in semi-active radar systems (SARS). With the development of communication technologies, 5G signals have been considered as an illumination source for semi-active radars. With the limited expansion of 5G networks, conducting experimental studies in this field is challenging. Therefore, signal processing modeling is considered an essential solution to advance research in this field. The use of 5G signals can open new horizons in the development of high-resolution semi-active radar systems. The aim of this paper, focusing on the analysis of 5G-downlink signal characteristics and signal processing modeling in PALS, is to evaluate the capabilities and identify the system in providing high resolution in two dimensions (range and speed). To achieve the research objectives, the semi-active radar (PARL), standard, and structure (PARL) models, as well as the 5G signal propagation channel model, were based on the principles of signal processing theory. Computer modeling was used to calculate the PARL mutual uncertainty function using 5G signals. The results of the simulations showed that the semi-active radar system using 5G signals is capable of detecting targets with high resolution in both dimensions (range and speed). This system showed good performance in different scenarios. Therefore, 5G signals as an illumination source can be a suitable option for the development of PALS systems. It is suggested that, with the expansion of 5G networks, experimental studies should be conducted to validate the results of this al administration is necessary to optimize withdrawal guidelines
Role of Rice in Food Security of Afghanistan: A Review
Get PDFRice is the most important staple after wheat, provides daily calories for most of the country's people, and plays a significant role in food security and nutrition. Rice also contains vitamins and minerals, and its nutrients are more valuable than wheat's. Afghanistan has been considered one of the world's most food-insecure countries due to conflicts, poverty, seasonal factors, drought, and limited access to, availability of, and utilization of staple foods, especially in rural areas. The role of rice in Afghanistan's food security has not been adequately addressed in previous studies and warrants further investigation. This review aims to describe the role of rice in Afghanistan's food security, focusing on production. In the narrative literature review, the relevant keywords for the topic were investigated in popular databases over the last two decades and screened for relevant manuscripts. The resulting information was then organized into different sections of the manuscript. Domestic rice production fulfilled 58.13% of the country's demand in 2023. The average yield of rice in 2023 was 3.11 metric tons per hectare, up 0.7%, and rice-cultivated land increased by 0.7%. Rice cultivated on 129×103 hectares in 2023 in 16 provinces not only boosted the domestic market but also employed local people. Thus, Afghanistan's land, farmers, and local rice varieties have the potential to increase rice production and provide a strategic staple food for people. Providing all this information is helpful to researchers, advisors to rice farmers, and policymakers, enabling them to develop a favorable plan for a self-sufficient Afghanistan in rice production to produce enough high-quality rice in the future and improve food security
Thiosemicarbazone Ligands and TheirTransition Metal Complexes as Antioxidants: A Review
Get PDFAntioxidant molecules prevent the harmful reaction of oxidants inside the body by providing a single electron or hydrogen atom based on their mechanism. Different forms of oxidants such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) could harm the proteins, lipids, and DNA. Due to the chain reactions of oxidants in the medium that exist, unwanted consequences could happen inside the body. The antioxidants by reacting with oxidants prevent the damages caused by the chain reaction of oxidants. Natural antioxidants are a well-known group of matters such as vitamins, fruits, vegetables, and nuts. The antioxidant capacity/activity of natural antioxidants is studied comprehensively and reported in the literature. Synthetic antioxidants such as thiosemicarbazones either in the form of ligand or their metal complexes, could exhibit potent antioxidant capacity/activity comparable or sometimes more potent compared to the natural antioxidant. The existence of different electron donor groups in the structure of thiosemicarbazones such as hydroxyl and amine groups, could appear in the form of antioxidant capacity or activity. In the literature, various methods of determining the antioxidant capacity/activity of compounds such as thiosemicarbazones are reported. Among them, the three methods such as CUPRAC (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), DPPH (2,2-di(4-tert-octyl phenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-acid) are well-known methods for the evaluating of antioxidant capacity/activity of thiosemicarbazones. In this review, the antioxidant capacity/activity of thiosemicarbazones by the last three methods is studied and the relationship between the structure of thiosemicarbazone ligands and their corresponding metal complexes with their antioxidant capacity/activity is analyzed
Effect of Climate Change on Agriculture in Nimruz Province and its Relationship with the Development of Rural Areas
Get PDFClimate change poses a critical challenge to Afghanistan’s agriculture by reducing water resources, increasing temperatures, and altering rainfall patterns, all of which threaten food security and rural development. Despite the vulnerability of Afghanistan’s agricultural sector, there is limited empirical research assessing how climate change explicitly affects agriculture in Nimruz Province and its implications for rural development, leaving a critical gap in localized evidence. This study investigates the impact of climate change on agriculture in Nimruz Province. The statistical population included employees of the Department of Agriculture, the Agricultural High School, the Faculty of Agriculture at Nimruz Institute of Higher Education, and local farmers (N=100), from which 80 participants were selected using Cochran’s formula and convenience sampling. Data were collected through a 35-item questionnaire validated by agricultural experts, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.8 confirming strong reliability. As an applied, descriptive-analytical, and survey-based study, data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistical methods. The results show that climate change has a considerable impact on agriculture in Nimruz Province, with the most potent effects observed in agricultural production and the weakest in cultivation methods. The study concludes that climate change has a significant impact on agriculture in the region, and it recommends implementing sustainable resource management, promoting modern agricultural technologies, and raising farmers’ awareness to mitigate adverse effects and enhance resilience
Health Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation: A Focus on Radiofrequency (RF) and Microwave Radiation
Get PDFThe growing presence of radiofrequency (RF) and microwave electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in everyday environments—driven by widespread mobile communication systems, Wi-Fi networks, and rapidly expanding 5G infrastructure—has raised increasing public health concerns. While RF/MW radiation is categorized as non-ionizing due to its insufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules, research indicates that it may still interact with biological systems through non-thermal mechanisms such as electromagnetic coupling, induced currents, and oxidative stress. This paper aims to investigate the potential health effects associated with chronic low-level RF/MW exposure. A critical literature review was conducted using recent peer-reviewed studies and health agency guidelines to evaluate observed biological outcomes and compare them with existing safety standards. The review highlights consistent evidence linking prolonged exposure to sleep disruption, increased oxidative stress, neurobehavioral alterations, and potential reproductive risks. Current exposure limits are largely based on thermal effects and may not sufficiently address sub-threshold, long-term biological interactions. This paper identifies a significant research gap in dosimetric criteria and calls for a reevaluation of public health policies. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies in real-world exposure scenarios and explore specific mechanisms such as ion channel modulation and signal modulation sensitivity. These efforts are essential to develop more protective exposure guidelines for increasingly connected populations
Energy Production Potential of Afghanistan: Balancing Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy for National Electrification and Energy Independence
Get PDFThe world is transitioning towards renewable energy sources to decarbonize the energy supply and meet the growing global energy demand. In 2023, the global investment in renewable energy reached $1.8 trillion. The progress towards renewable energy in Afghanistan is unclear, and its potential is not clearly identified when compared to non-renewable energy sources. Additionally, the country relies heavily on imported electricity, leading to numerous negative trade-offs in its energy policies and infrastructure. Therefore, this review aims to analyze Afghanistan's energy sector, encompassing demand, access, production, and development, as well as its renewable energy resources, performance, and sustainable impact on the nation. Findings show that Afghanistan has also made progress in small-scale solar projects, as the share of solar energy reached 9.64% in 2022. However, the per capita access to electricity is only 100 kWh, the lowest in the world, and only 20 percent of electricity comes from domestic resources, which are dominated by hydropower. Afghanistan's renewable energy resource potential, including solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, and biomass power, exceeds 300,000 MW. This potential not only meets domestic electricity demand but also could be exported to neighboring countries. Among all these resources, solar energy is the most efficient and cost-effective. Afghanistan is accelerating its renewable energy transition, and the country's authorities must put a strong focus on solar energy, hydropower, and natural gas power sources for a sustainable future and energy security, rather than coal-fired power sources. The information gathered will help policymakers focus on domestic renewable energy to enhance Afghanistan's energy independenc
Principles and Requirements of Battery Electrolytes: Ensuring Efficiency and Safety in Energy Storage
Get PDFElectrolytes lie at the heart of every battery, serving as the medium that allows ions to move between electrodes and enabling energy to be stored and released efficiently. Their properties, such as ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and thermal resilience, directly shape the performance, safety, and lifespan of energy storage systems. As demand for reliable batteries grows in electric vehicles, renewable energy integration, and portable devices, the design of better electrolytes has become a critical research priority. This review brings together insights from a wide range of studies to examine the principles, requirements, and limitations of five major electrolyte systems: aqueous, organic, ionic liquid, solid-state, and redox-active types. Each category demonstrates clear strengths but also important trade-offs. Aqueous electrolytes remain affordable and eco-friendly yet struggle with narrow voltage windows. Organic systems deliver high energy density but introduce flammability concerns. Ionic liquids promise exceptional stability but remain expensive and viscous. Solid-state electrolytes enhance safety and energy density, though they face manufacturing and conductivity challenges. Redox-active systems stand out for durability and scalability, particularly in grid-level applications, but lack compactness. Taken together, the findings emphasize that no single solution is universal. Instead, electrolyte design must be tailored to the context, balancing performance, safety, cost, and sustainability
Effect of Different Mulching Material on Growth Attributes and Yield Performance of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Under Agro-Climatic Conditions of Kandahar, Afghanistan
No full textSweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a high-value vegetable crop widely cultivated for its nutritional and economic importance. However, in semi-arid regions like Kandahar, Afghanistan, water scarcity, high temperature, and soil degradation often limit its productivity. This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of different mulching materials (black plastic, white plastic, and grass) on the growth and yield performance of sweet pepper under Kandahar’s agro-climatic conditions. The study was carried out during the 1403 growing season (2024) at the research farm of the Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University (ANASTU) using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments and three replications. Results indicated that black plastic mulch significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of plant height, number of branches, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, and total yield. The highest yield (30.88 tons/ha) was recorded under black plastic mulch, followed by white plastic mulch (25.53 tons/ha) and grass (23.33 tons/ha), while the control recorded the lowest yield (19.13 tons/ha). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) among treatments for most parameters. These findings suggest that mulching, particularly with black plastic, is a viable and effective agronomic practice for improving sweet pepper production in arid environments. Adoption of such mulching techniques can enhance soil moisture retention, suppress weed growth, and ultimately increase crop productivity. This research provides evidence-based recommendations for farmers and agricultural stakeholders aiming to optimize sweet pepper yield under challenging climatic conditions
Comparison of Growth and Yield of Nine Different Tomato Varieties under Climatic Conditions of Maidan Wardak Province, Afghanistan
Get PDFTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), a member of the Solanaceae family, is one of the most important annual vegetables and is considered the second most significant vegetable globally after the potato. It is native to the southwestern region of the Americas. Maidan Wardak province is recognized as one of the key regions for tomato production in Afghanistan. However, the lack of identification of high-yielding and well-growing tomato varieties under the province’s climatic conditions is one of the major challenges in tomato cultivation and a primary reason for low yields. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the growth and yield of 9 different tomato varieties under the climatic conditions of Maidan Wardak province. The experiment was conducted in 2024 at the research farm of Wardak University, utilizing a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results of the study showed significant differences among the various tomato varieties. The variety Avto 1219 CLN 3241H outperformed all others in several growth and yield parameters, including plant height (95.66 cm), number of clusters per plant (35.13), number of fruits per plant (31.78), fruit diameter (7.3 cm), fruit weight per plant (3.66 kgand yield per hectare (49.30 tons). Based on these findings, the Avto 1219 CLN 3241H variety is recommended for cultivation due to its superior growth and high yield potential
Petrographic Composition, Physico-Chemical Characteristics, And Mechanical Properties of The Renzikhel Marbles In Central Afghanistan
Get PDFThis article presents the geological and engineering geological characteristics of Ranzi Khel marbles. The Ranzi Khel mine is located in Maidan Wardak province. Geologically, it lies within the Helmand tectonic zone. To achieve the objectives, several samples were collected from different sites of the marble areas and transported to laboratories in Kabul city. Several slides were prepared from representative samples to characterize the petrographic composition under a polarizing microscope. The preliminary chemical composition of marbles was determined through X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The physical and mechanical characteristics of marbles were assessed using various physico-mechanical tests. The petrographical study indicates that calcite is the main mineral in the slides. The physico-mechanical tests show that the specific gravity is 2.7, the bulk density is 2.7, the water absorption is 0.02%, the marble's resistance to impact and pressure is 13.67%, the marble's resistance to abrasion is 26.13%, and the marble durability index is 97.39%. The findings indicate that the marble samples exhibit excellent resistance to uniaxial compression and point load, with a durability of 97.49%. The results show that Ranzi Khel marbles are considered quite satisfactory for various applications from a physico-mechanical perspective. The results of the XRF analysis indicate that calcium has the highest proportion among the elements. Besides calcium, Ranzi Khel marbles also contain magnesium, iron, silicon, and aluminum. The findings of this study may contribute to sustainable mining development in Afghanistan in various ways