Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research
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Accurate Spectroscopic Characterization and Formation Pathways of Ethane 1, 1 diol: A Potential Interstellar Molecule
Get PDFWith exceptions, the correlation between relative energies of isomers and their relative abundances in the interstellar medium (ISM) holds to an extent. Among the C2H6O2 isomers, ethylene glycol is the only known interstellar isomer but there is no report regarding the astronomical searches for ethane 1,1-ethanediol (the most stable isomer of the group) due to lack of spectroscopic and other parameters that would have warranted the search. In this article, the most energetically stable conformer of 1,1-ethanediol was investigated, its spectroscopic, and other parameters are obtained from high level ab initio quantum chemical methods. Accurate spectroscopic parameters are obtained at the CCSD(T) level. The proposed formation route of ethane 1,1-diol has a surmountable barrier considering the nature/abundance of the participating species and the energy sources in ISM. The astrophysical implications of these results are discussed and the astronomical searches of ethene 1, 1 diol are proposed
3 Point Block Backward Differentiation Formula with Multiple Off-Step Points for the Solution of Stiff Problems
No full textIn this study, a three-point block backward differentiation formula (3PBBDF) method is derived for solving first-order stiff initial value problems (IVPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The newly proposed method is analyzed for its key properties and is found to be A-stable, zero-stable, and effective in handling stiff IVPs. To evaluate the performance of the 3PBBDF method, several stiff IVPs are solved, and the results are compared against existing numerical schemes. The comparison, based on tabulated results and plotted graphs, demonstrates that the proposed method offers superior accuracy in terms of error scaling over three competing methods and also outperforms two methods in terms of execution time. Consequently, the proposed 3PBBDF scheme proves to be an efficient tool for integrating stiff IVPs in ODE
The Use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Software for Drafting Patterns for Training Students of Home and Rural Economics College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Lafia
Get PDFThis study explored the use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software for drafting patterns for training students of Home and Rural Economics in Nasarawa State. Four research questions guided the study which include; what is type of CAD software suitable for pattern drafting? How can CAD instructional materials be developed effectively for students training? What is the importance of integrating CAD into pattern drafting education? What are the challenges of using CAD software in teaching pattern drafting? Research and Development (R&D) design was adopted. Fifty respondents, comprising staff and students of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, College of Agriculture, Science, and Technology Lafia, participated. Structured questionnaire titled “Questionnaire on the Use of CAD for Drafting Patterns as Instructional Material Questionnaire (CADPATTIQ). A Four point rating scale of Strongly Agreed (SA)4, Agreed(A)3, Disagreed(DA)2, and Strongly Disagreed. (SD)1.CAD software such as CorelDraw and Auto CAD were used to develop basic garment patterns including; bodice, skirts, trousers, and sleeves. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and evaluated using mean and Standard Deviation analysis. The results indicated that the use of CAD enhanced precision, creativity, speed, and technological literacy among students. The CAD materials were highly accepted, and respondents agreed that CAD offers significant economic and educational advantages. It is recommended that CAD be integrated into tertiary clothing and textile curricula to better align students with modern industry demands
Application of the Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method to aTime-Fractional Heat Equation
Get PDFThis work deals with the numerical solution of a time-fractional heat equation where a Caputo fractional derivative of order 0 is used in place of the traditional first-order time derivative. This change improves the model\u27s capacity to represent anomalous diffusion behavior and memory effects, which are frequently seen in intricate engineering and physical systems. Applying and evaluating the Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method (FRDTM) to solve this fractional-order partial differential equation is the aim of this work. The Fractional Variational Iteration Method (FVIM) was used to validate the findings. For different fractional orders, namely, and the classical case where with a known exact solution, two numerical examples were performed. The findings demonstrate that FRDTM offers extremely stable and accurate solutions that closely match the exact solution in the classical case. When it comes to capturing the change from rapid decay at lower fractional orders to more sustained solution profiles as the order increases, the FRDTM performs better than the FVIM. The differences between the two methods demonstrate FRDTM\u27s superior convergence and accuracy across all cases considered. Finally, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of FRDTM as a reliable semi-analytical tool for solving fractional heat problems, and it contributes to advancing computational approaches for solving partial differential equations in science and engineering
Enhancing Energy Distribution Efficiency with Dynamic Transformer Rotation in 11kV Networks
Get PDFThis study presents the optimisation of transformer-to-feeder load allocation within an 11kV distribution network to improve energy distribution efficiency, minimise transformer overload, and enhance system balance. The analysis utilised over five years of energy consumption data for three 11kV feeders: Auchi Town, Igbei Road, and GRA, supported by five transformers of varying capacities (30 MVA, 15 MVA, and 40 MVA units), with the largest introduced in 2021. A simulation framework using MATLAB and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) was developed to dynamically optimise transformer assignments based on feeder demand, transformer capacity, and operational constraints. Performance evaluation focused on the energy loss proxy, transformer overload occurrence, and maximum per-unit loading. The optimised configuration introduced reassignment, leading to balanced capacity utilisation. The GA reached an optimal solution zone rapidly, stabilising by the 61st generation with a consistent best fitness value of 1012.03, suggesting the methodology is both robust and practical. Transformer overloads were completely avoided in both baseline and optimised allocations, confirming assignments remained within rated limits. Loss proxy values under the optimised configuration increased slightly, reflecting broader transformer engagement, while maximum per-unit loading values remained safely below critical thresholds. Compared to the baseline\u27s fixed pairings, the optimised structure provided improved asset utilisation and greater operational flexibility. The recommendations include integrating the model with existing SCADA systems for real-time deployment, incorporating operational switching costs into the optimisation function, and exploring scalability for larger networks to transition this research into a fully deployable power management solution.
Improved Zeta DC – DC with Hybrid Multilevel Converter Topology for Single –Phase Induction Motor Control
Get PDFThis paper presents an improved Zeta DC-DC converter integrated with a hybrid multilevel converter topology for efficient single-phase induction motor (SPIM) control. The proposed system aims to enhance power quality, reduce total harmonic distortion (THD), and improve the dynamic performance of the motor drive. The improved Zeta converter provides a stable and regulated DC link voltage with reduced ripple, ensuring efficient power conversion and better motor control. The hybrid multilevel inverter configuration minimizes switching losses and enhances output voltage quality by generating stepped waveforms with lower harmonic content. This combination enables smooth speed control and high efficiency operation of the SPIM, making it suitable for low-power industrial and residential applications. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposal topology in terms of the reduced harmonics, improved voltage regulation, and enhanced motor performance compared to conventional converter-inverter topologies
Low-Cost Weather Station Assessment of Urban Heat Island Compared with ERA5 Reanalysis Data
Get PDFRapidly urbanizing regions usually experience urban heat islands with the attendant environmental and public health challenges. This study has used a low-cost LILYGO T-SIM7000G board with BME280 as a sensor to assess the UHI Index and compare such results with those obtained from the Copernicus ERA5-Land reanalysis data. The result shows a bias of about 1.36 in the UHI Index against the ERA5-Land data; this bias can be mitigated by applying a corrective offset. It was also observed that the ambient temperature in Lafia city has been consistently increasing between the years 1980 and 2024 by about 0.017 oC per year, with the highest increase recorded in the year 2024. The highest diurnal value of the UHI Index was observed around 1500 hours, while the lowest nighttime value was observed at around 0600 hours; this finding agrees with results as observed in other studies. This study has shown the importance of adopting low-cost components in monitoring environmental variables such as the UHI Index in low-income areas of the world, where funding may pose problems
Enhancing the Power Conversion Efficiency of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells through Natural Dye Optimization: An Electrical Engineering Perspective
Get PDFThis study evaluates the electrical performance of dye‑sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated with six natural dyes and a commercial ruthenium reference (N719). Using engineered datasets that mirror typical laboratory outcomes, we analyze charge transport, interfacial resistance, and photovoltaic metrics (Jsc, Voc, FF, PCE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) parameters and ultraviolet-visible absorption characteristics are presented alongside IV and Nyquist analyses. Statistical testing (one‑way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons) demonstrates that while N719 retains superior mean PCE (~8.3%), certain natural dyes such as Blackberry and Red Cabbage achieve competitive PCEs (≈3–3.6%) with lower charge‑transfer resistances than other naturals. Regression and correlation analyses show PCE is driven predominantly by Jsc and FF, with Rct exerting a strong negative influence. We propose engineering interventions including nanostructured TiO₂, co‑sensitization and optimized redox electrolytes to close the gap between natural dyes and commercial standards. This work frames natural dyes within an electrical‑engineering optimization path for low‑cost, sustainable DSSCs
Larvicidal Efficacy of Citrus sinensis Peel Extract against Culex quinquefasciatus: Implications for Sustainable Mosquito Control
Get PDFCulex quinquefasciatus, a vector of lymphatic filariasis and many other arboviral infections, remains a major public health concern, especially in regions lacking access to modern vector control tools. Growing resistance to synthetic insecticides has driven interest in eco-friendly alternatives, including plant-based larvicides such as Citrus sinensis (orange) peels. This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of ethanolic C. sinensis peel extract against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae under laboratory conditions. Air-dried orange peels were pulverized and subjected to cold maceration in ethanol. Extracts were tested at concentration of 100–8,333 ppm on third to early fourth instar larvae, with four replicates per concentration. Mortality was recorded at 24 and 48 hours. LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were determined using linear interpolation. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test at a 5% significance level. High concentrations (1,667–8,333 ppm) caused complete mortality (25.00 ± 0.00) within five minutes, with no significant difference among treatments (p > 0.05). At moderate concentrations, mortality followed a dose-response trend: 400 ppm resulted in 54% and 57% mortality at 24 and 48 hours, while 800 and 1000 ppm achieved 100% mortality at both time points. Estimated LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were 385.2 and 713.0 ppm. No control group mortality was recorded throughout the study. C. sinensis peel extract exhibits potent larvicidal activity against Cx. Quinquefasciatus, particularly at concentrations above 400 ppm. Its efficacy low cost and availability suggest potential as a natural component in integrated mosquito control strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings
Nutritional Assessment of Children Living with HIV/AIDS in Selected HAART-Providing Hospitals in Abia State, Nigeria
Get PDFMalnutrition happens when the body lacks enough essential nutrients. Children are more vulnerable than adults and face greater risks of serious health problems from poor nutrition. This study examined nutritional assessment for children living with HIV/AIDS. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 respondents at three HAART-providing hospitals in Abia State, namely Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, and Living World Hospital. The study revealed that most caregivers were aged 30–34 years, with a mean age of 33.7 years, and nearly half of the children were between 5 and 9 years old. While over 80% of caregivers knew the classes of food, only about half identified proper child nutrition, and many were unaware of the link between HIV and malnutrition. Exclusive breastfeeding was practiced by 55%. Children’s diets were predominantly carbohydrate-based due to low income. About 38% had recent diarrhea, and 66% were on ART. Anthropometric results showed most children within normal growth percentiles, likely reflecting ART adherence and moderate caregiver nutrition knowledge. The study concluded that although caregivers showed moderate awareness of nutrition, socioeconomic challenges and limited understanding of the relationship between HIV and malnutrition affect dietary diversity and child health outcomes. Based on the findings, it is recommended that continuous nutrition education be provided for caregivers of HIV-positive children, focusing on balanced diets and the nutritional impact of HIV. Government and NGOs should also support income-generating programs and provide nutritional supplements to improve dietary quality and child well-being