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QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA AND VERNONIA AMYGDALINA
Get PDFPlants have been known to be used in the treatment and management of diseases, and this is due to the presence of phytochemicals. Thus, the screening of plants, both quantitatively and qualitatively, has got the interest of researchers. Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amygdalina are two plants that have very rich application in trado-medicine for various purposes. Thus this study seeks to understand the phytochemical profile when both plants are mixed. Ethanol, lime and aqueous extracts were used, of which lime extract gave the highest percentage yield of 27.3%, while ethanol and aqueous extracts gave 13.6% and 11.2% respectively. The qualitative phytochemical screening showed that only phenols and tannins were detected in all the three extracts.Flavonoids were only detected in the aqueous extract and alkaloids detected in the ethanolic extract only. The quantitative analysis showed the presence of all the five phytochemical classes in all extracts with the lime extract having the lowest values for all phytochemical classes tested for. The aqueous extract showed a generally good concentration in all five phytochemicals. Saponins, tannins and flavonoids were highest in the aqueous extract of 13.2%, 49.32 mg/mL and 2.10mg/mL respectively. Phenols and alkaloids were highest in the ethanolic extract of 5.48 G.A. Eq. mg/mL and 3.2% respectively. This result showed that the mixture of Moringaoleifera and Vernoniaamygdalina is a good dietary combinatio
DEVELOPMENT OF A FUEL LEVEL MEASURING SYSTEM FOR UNDERGROUND LIQUID TANKS
Get PDFThis work presents a simple, robust and low cost fuel level measuring system for underground liquid tanks. The major components of the system include Atmega 328P microcontroller, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, Hitachi HD44780 liquid crystal display. A prototype elliptical tank was modelled and constructed using a modified gas cylinder, having its major and minor diameters and length in cm. The petrol level from the base of the tank was measured by ultrasonic sensor and converted to volumetric equivalent in litres with the aid of tank volume equation programmed into the microcontroller. Performance test was carried out on the developed system. With sensor distance, minor diameter, major diameter and length as 22, 23.39, 23.39 and 26.67 cm respectively, the tank capacity was estimated as 10 litres. The performance test showed that the system was functional and gave a mean absolute percentage error of 4.74%. The developed fuel level measuring system can be deployed for use in petrol stations, depots or other industries where information about the quantity of petrol or other fuels stored in underground tanks is required 
FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING PIEZOELECTRIC METHOD
Get PDFThe demand for energy and power on a daily basis is on the increase due to the fact that the major requirement for modernity and general world development is the availability of energy. Accordingly, an alternative solution to deal with the non-availability of power is to implement the renewable source of electricity. Electricity generation using piezoelectric method is an example of a renewable source of power. Specifically, footstep power generation incorporated with piezoelectric technology whereby an applied force on walkways causes the rotation of a wheel which in turn rotates a motor and creates electric charge enough to power appliances with the help of an inverter. This device can be installed on walkways, in areas where there is a large concentration of people such as marketplaces, religious centers where activities in such places help to generate electricity because of the constant movement on the piezo-electric platform. 
A DISCONNECTED DRINK INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
Get PDFThis research on “A Disconnected Drink Inventory Management (DDIM) Programme” was carried out in Lafia metropolis with the aim of developing a program that will optimize the proper management of drink inventory as well as assess its impact in organizational performance, growth and productivit
PARAMETERS EXTRACTION OF A DOUBLE-DIODE MODEL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
Get PDFThe mathematical modeling of solar cells is essential for any optimal knowledge of the operation efficiency or diagnosis of photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic module is generally represented by an equivalent circuit whose parameters are experimentally calculated by using the characteristic I-V. Determination of these parameters poses a challenge to researchers, manufacturers and the end-user, making the characterization of the PV module difficult. Hence, parameters extraction of double diode model of PV cell was embarkedupon. Double diode model was chosen because of its better accuracy compared to the single diode model. I-V characteristics equation of the model was used as the basis upon which Newton-Raphson method was used for estimating the parameters. In this research study, parameters of a double diode model (Iph, Io1, Io2, a1, a2, Rs and Rp) were found by obtaining seven different objective functions f1(x) to f7(x) and their derivatives with respect to the parameters. These derivatives of the objective functions were used to obtain the Jacobian matrix J(x). Newton-Raphson method was developed on software MATLAB/Editor to compute the parameter
INDUCTION OF MICROCYTIC-HYPOCHROMIC ANAEMIA IN Clarias gariepinus (BURCHELL, 1822) EXPOSED TO SUB-LETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF 1, 1-DIMETHYL 4, 4-BIPIRIDILLIUM DICHLORIDE (PARAQUAT) UNDER LABPRATORY CONDITIONS
Get PDFMicrocytic-hypochromic anaemia was induced in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) at intervals of 1, 7 and 14 days. Experimental fish were exposed to test water separately diluted with sub-lethal concentrations of paraquat of 0, 0.06, 0.07, 0.09 and 0.12mg/L. 14 days’ exposure to the sub-lethal concentrations of the toxicant resulted in mirocytic-hypochromic anaemia in the exposed fish. Blood indices attributable to mirocytichypochromic anaemia was observed with a significant (p<0.05) decrease in haemoglobin, haematocrit, redblood cells, Mean corpuscular volume (MVC), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, Neutrophils and eosinophil compared with the fish in the control test. 
Hand Carriage of Microorganisms by Students of Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Get PDFMicrobes from the body\u27s regular flora and transient microorganisms from the environment are found on human hands. Hands can also be used to spread disease from one person to another, especially among close persons. This study aimed to isolate and identify microorganisms from students\u27 hands and assess the occurrence of these bacteria based on gender, level of study, faculty, and hand area (palm and nails swab). Using the pour plate method, a total of sixty (60) hand swab samples (thirty (30) from both palm and nails) were collected and tested for bacterial and fungal presence. Bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus epidermidis (80.00 %), Staphylococcus aureus (75.00 %), Enterococcus spp (50.00 %), Micrococcus spp (46.67 %), Escherichia coli (45.00 %), Klebsiella spp (45.00 %), Bacillus spp (30.00 %), Salmonella spp (13.33 %) and Streptococcus spp (10.00 %). The fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger (45.00 %), Penicillium spp (23.33 %), Mucor spp (21.67 %), Candida spp (20.00 %) and Saccharomyces spp (15.00 %). Gender, level of study, faculty, and area of hand swab revealed no statistically significant variation in the presence of numerous bacterial and fungal species at p<0.05. These findings revealed that the microbial burden on students\u27 hands was significant and was unaffected by gender, level of study, or faculty. To improve students\u27 overall health, appropriate hygiene, including regular handwashing practice, and public education about the importance of hands in disease transmission should be supported
AN EPIDEMIC OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS SOLD IN KEFFI CENTRAL MARKET, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFThe epidemics of coccidiosis in chickens were confined to Keffi central market of Nasarawa State. Species of Eimeria occurring in 250 stool sampled were examined using floatation method and 90(36%) were found infected with eight different species of Eimeria. The highest infection was recorded in Eimeria mitis 28(11%) with the least in E. tenella 1(0.0%) among the hybrid breeds of chicken. The different species of Eimeria were present in and among various breeds. In species predominance, shows the level of immunity of various breeds of chicken against the different species of Eimeria, though, there was no significant relevance in the spread of Eimeriasis among the hybrid and local breeds of chicken sold at Keffi central market (χ2=102.40>5.99) at 5% level of significance. However, farmers should ensure adequate safety standards and maintained the relative spread of Eimeria infection of chickens which are detrimental to man 
IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN DIFFERENT ANTIOXIDANT DIETARY INTERVENTION ON STAFF OF NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI
Get PDFEffect of antioxidant functional foods and nutraceuticals on malondialdehyde (MDA) level, cytotoxic clusters of differentiation antigen 4 (CD4) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) in male and female individuals were studied for six months. The volunteers included a total of 150 healthy adults of 96 men and 54 women aged between 30 and 74 years. They were made to sign an informed consent form, questioner and an ethical approval was gotten. At the baseline, eligible candidates were randomized to either 1 capsule per day of antioxidant nutraceutical (Forever living product) (containing vitamin E 10 mg, vitamin C 60mg and β- carotene 2000 mcg of vitamin A, or cheap affordable indigenous antioxidant functional foods of equivalent vitamin composition of oranges, carrots, and soybean or bottled water, and the first dose was dispensed and followed up for six months. There was a positive decrease in MDA and IgM values and a positive increase in CD4 counts after antioxidant dietary intervention. However, a lower concentration of MDA, and higher level of IgM and CD4 in men than in female at some age ranges was observed. The study showed that the indigenous antioxidant functional foodscould be used as an alternative to the expensive imported antioxidant nutraceuticals in boosting immunity and therefore suggest such for immune- compromised individuals especially in developing countries like Nigeri
PROFIT ANALYSIS OF WHOLESALERS AND RETAILERS OFSESAME IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFProfit analysis of wholesalers and retailers of sesame was addressed in the stud