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Systematic analysis of membrane contact sites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae uncovers modulators of cellular lipid distribution
Get PDFActively maintained close appositions between organelle membranes, also known as contact sites, enable the efficient transfer of biomolecules between cellular compartments. Several such sites have been described as well as their tethering machineries. Despite these advances we are still far from a comprehensive understanding of the function and regulation of most contact sites. To systematically characterize contact site proteomes, we established a high-throughput screening approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on co-localization imaging. We imaged split fluorescence reporters for six different contact sites, several of which are poorly characterized, on the background of 1165 strains expressing a mCherry-tagged yeast protein that has a cellular punctate distribution (a hallmark of contact sites), under regulation of the strong TEF2 promoter. By scoring both co-localization events and effects on reporter size and abundance, we discovered over 100 new potential contact site residents and effectors in yeast. Focusing on several of the newly identified residents, we identified three homologs of Vps13 and Atg2 that are residents of multiple contact sites. These proteins share their lipid transport domain, thus expanding this family of lipid transporters. Analysis of another candidate, Ypr097w, which we now call Lec1 (Lipid-droplet Ergosterol Cortex 1), revealed that this previously uncharacterized protein dynamically shifts between lipid droplets and the cell cortex, and plays a role in regulation of ergosterol distribution in the cell. Overall, our analysis expands the universe of contact site residents and effectors and creates a rich database to mine for new functions, tethers, and regulators
Influential groups for seeding and sustaining nonlinear contagion in heterogeneous hypergraphs
Get PDFAI-employee collaboration and business performance: Integrating knowledge-based view, socio-technical systems and organisational socialisation framework
Get PDFThe indispensability of olive green (λαδί) in the Greek colour lexicon
Get PDFColour vision influences the selection and evaluation of food. For example, greenish shades of olive oil are often associated with stronger and yellowish with lighter flavours. We focus on the status of the colour term ladi/λαδί (olive green) in Greek colour lexicon that has received comparatively less attention despite its importance in Mediterranean diet.
An ongoing colour naming experiment was designed to collect unconstrained names for presented colour samples over the Internet (https://colournaming.org). Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Uniform colour stimuli of ~2 degrees of visual diameter were presented against a neutral grey background. In response to each stimulus, subjects typed any colour descriptor of any number of words in a set of languages. Each subject named 20 stimuli randomly from 600 Munsell colour samples in total. Here, we considered 10,000 raw responses from 500 Greek speakers. We excluded disruptive responses, responses from subjects with possible colour deficiencies and idiosyncratic responses from single observers. This filtering resulted in a dataset for 427 respondents. Their mean age was 32 years (SD=10).
We found 355 distinct Greek colour names and quantified their basicness using an information theoretic measure, called dispensability, that combines their frequency and consensus among subjects to identify which colour names cannot be replaced with any other name (Mylonas et al., 2018). Dispensability produced a graded scale of basicness where all 11 Basic Colour Terms (BCTs; mov-purple, roz-pink, portokali-orange, kitrino-yellow, kafe-brown, mavro-black, ble-blue, prasino-green, kokkino-red, lefko-white, gri-grey) have lower scores (1.2-1.61) than non-BCTs (1.61-4.3). We found no evidence for the priority of primary over secondary basics. Yet, we identified the largest gap in dispensability score (0.3) between the first 13, including ladi and galazio (sky blue) and the rest 342 colour names. Ladi plays a crucial role in the diet and culture of Greeks but the indispensability of the corresponding category is also evident in British (20th) and in American (17th) English (Mylonas et al., 2020).
Our findings support the extension of the Greek inventory from the 11 BCTs to 13 by the addition of ladi and galazio (Androulaki et al., 2006). We conclude that communication efficiency for object colours provides a better framework to understand the augmentation of colour lexicons than opponent colour theory
Valdemar den Store: borgerkrigens barn
No full textI 1157 var det endelig slut med mange års borgerkrig. Sven, Knud og Valdemar var klar til at dele riget, og det skulle et gilde i Roskilde bekræfte. Men Sven havde andre planer, og festen udviklede sig til Blodgildet i Roskilde. Det blev et vendepunkt. Ikke kun for Valdemar den Store, der sejrede og blev enekonge, men også i Danmarks historie.
Under Valdemar blev magten samlet hos kongen og hans nærmeste, mens de lokale stormænd og bønder på tingene mistede kontrollen med valget af konge. Danmark gik fra at være et valgkongedømme til at være et arvekongedømme. Det blev beseglet ved intet mindre end et statskup, da biskop Absalon i 1165 opfordrede til, at Valdemar skulle gøre sin 3-årige søn, Knud, til medkonge.
Valdemar den Store. Borgerkrigens barn er den første samlede fremstilling af Valdemar den Stores liv. Bogen fortæller om Valdemars fascination af den danske fortid, og hvordan han brugte historien til at nå sine mål. Hans ambitioner på egne og slægtens vegne skaffede ham både venner og fjender. Selv hævdede Valdemar at være udvalgt af Gud, mens hans fjender så ham som Antikrist, der fordærvede det danske rige.
Danmark blev større under Valdemar og hans sønner. Samtidig var han inspireret af udviklingen i Tyskland og England, ligesom han var præget af sine tidlige leveår i Ukraine og brugte sin mors fortællinger og egne erfaringer i krige og magtkampe
The Three Barriers to Closure in Hue de Rotelande’s Ipomedon and the Middle English Translations
No full textBreaking Into Language in a New Modality: The Role of Input and Individual Differences in Recognising Signs
Get PDFA key challenge when learning language in naturalistic circumstances is to extract linguistic
information from a continuous stream of speech. This study investigates the predictors
of such implicit learning among adults exposed to a new language in a new modality (a
sign language). Sign-naïve participants (N=93; British English speakers) were shown a
4-min weather forecast in Swedish Sign Language. Subsequently, we tested their ability
to recognise 22 target sign forms that had been viewed in the forecast, amongst 44
distractor signs that had not been viewed. The target items differed in their occurrence
frequency in the forecast and in their degree of iconicity. The results revealed that both
frequency and iconicity facilitated recognition of target signs cumulatively. The adult
mechanism for language learning thus operates similarly on sign and spoken languages
as regards frequency, but also exploits modality-salient properties, for example iconicity
for sign languages. Individual differences in cognitive skills and language learning
background did not predict recognition. The properties of the input thus influenced adults’
language learning abilities at first exposure more than individual differences.
Keywords: second language learning, iconicity, sign languages, implicit learning, first exposure, modalit
