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Queer Theory, Lacanian Psychoanalysis, Sexual Politics From Norm to Desire
No full textThis chapter considers one of the foundational documents of queer theory, which is also, to this day, one of the most important readings of Lacan in the field: Judith Butler’s Gender Trouble. It reconstructs Butler’s performative theory of gender and sexual identity and the critique they propose to the effect that Lacanian psychoanalysis is patriarchal and heteronormative in its emphasis on symbolic structure and its borrowings from structural anthropology. It argues that, while Butler is correct to see Lacan’s account of the phallus as partly patriarchal and heteronormative, their reading of ‘The Signification of the Phallus’ is partial in respect of Lacanian theory in the mid-to-late 1950s and in respect of the progression of Lacanian theory over the late 1950s and early 1960s. Properly construed, the chapter argues, the phallus and its holder, the father, are not signifiers to cultural norms, but subjective solutions to a deeper problem than normativity. There is, then, scope to separate out the father as a heteronormative political technology and the phallus as the index of that problem, delineated already at the level of the earliest infant-caretaker situation. This discussion already exists in Lacan’s 1950s work. This chapter reconstructs it
AI and the Cluster Account of Art
No full textIs AI art really art? This question has been the subject of much public discussion and is one that philosophical aesthetics should be well-placed to address. Unfortunately, there is no clear consensus within the discipline on how to tackle key definitional questions such as this. In the case of AI, we can add to this the unique challenge of works not made by humans. In this chapter, I argue for the utility of a Wittgensteinian approach to the question of whether AI art is art. This typically repudiates the need to provide necessary and sufficient conditions, when addressing the topic of AI art. Using Gaut’s cluster account, I show that AI art can indeed count as art. I also demonstrate that the cluster account of art is particularly useful for thinking about art made by AI
Value Added Products From Fruit Waste: A Case of Blue Skies A Systematic Review
Get PDFFood waste contains hazardous compounds that can impact plants’ growth, pollute drinking water, and impact sea life, ultimately contaminating human food consumption. With approximately 1.3 billion tonnes of food wasted per annum, there is a need to mitigate the impact of waste from the different food processing sectors. Specifically, making use of waste from the vegetable and fruit processing sectors is a significant, albeit difficult, task in food sustainability. Numerous studies have explored the potential use of discarded fruits, including their waste materials, for further industrial purposes. Also, the extraction of functional ingredients, extraction of bioactive components, and fermentation of food waste from the vegetable and fruit sector is now the subject of extensive research. This is a systematic review of a selection of relevant original studies that assess the potential of upcycling selected food waste (particularly fruit waste)—turning food waste into ingredient item/s to produce value-added consumer products. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines underpin the method applied to the identification, eligibility evaluation and final selection of relevant studies. Findings from the review show the potential of repurposing selected fruit waste, using different methods, into added-value material for a wide range of products such as bioethanol, biohydrogen, ethanol, fertilisers, bio-oil and sanitary pads
The Composition Date of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi (IP2) Reconsidered
No full textSince Hans Eberhard Mayer’s ground-breaking 1962 study, scholars have almost invariably dated one of the longest western narratives of the Third Crusade, the compilation known as the Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi, or IP2, to 1216–22. Challenging this deep-rooted view, this article proposes an earlier composition date and, in turn, casts new light on the work’s purpose and the circumstances of its creation. An analysis of both the text itself and crucial evidence for its early reception at Coggeshall Abbey indicates that IP2 was written at some point between 1194 and c.1201, and most probably in the period 1197–1201. Reflecting on the wider ramifications of this re-dating, it is argued that two fundamental assumptions surrounding the text’s composition require revision: that IP2 was the work of Richard de Templo, prior of Holy Trinity, Aldgate; and that it was composed with a recruitment or political agenda in mind. The article contends that Richard de Templo’s predecessor at Holy Trinity, Prior Peter of Cornwall, played a prominent role in the composition process, almost certainly commissioning the work and probably overseeing its creation, while the compiler’s source selection, the text’s format, and the intellectual climate in which it was produced instead point to the guiding principle of preservation: that IP2 was compiled to preserve the story of the Third Crusade, and King Richard I of England’s crusading exploits, for posterity
Understanding the Evolution of Transatlantic Data Privacy Regimes: Ideas, Interests, and Institutions
Get PDFTransatlantic data flows are critical to the European Union–United States (US–EU) economic relationship. In a digitalised world, data are not only an economic resource but also important for protecting personal privacy, human rights, and national security interests. Nevertheless, the current transatlantic data privacy regimes are somewhat fragmented, and there is a lack of a coherent regulatory approach to data collection, storage, and transfer. In 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) found that the US and EU data transfer accords failed to meet EU data protection standards and breached the US–EU Privacy Shield framework. The CJEU’s 2020 invalidation of the Privacy Shield has limited transatlantic data flows and led to a lengthy period of persistent uncertainty for EU and US businesses. On July 10, 2023, the European Union adopted its adequacy decision for the EU-US Data Privacy Framework (DPF), which seeks to facilitate cross-border transfers of personal data in compliance with EU law. Against this backdrop, this research seeks to unpack and explain the turbulent process of institutionalisation of US-EU engagement in data privacy. By adopting an interests, ideas, and institutions (3I) approach, this article examines the key differences between the EU and US approaches to data governance as well as explains the facilitating and constraining factors underlying the EU–US relationship in terms of data flow and privacy regulation
On corrupt institutions
Get PDFThe literature on ‘institutional corruption’ has paradoxically missed what seems a central application of this expression, its application to institutions that are corrupt. In this article, I defend a view of what it is for an institution to be corrupt, in terms of the motivation of the institution’s rules. If an individual office-holder or role-occupant is corrupt when their actions are improperly motivated by private gain, then an institution is corrupt when the same can be said of its rules: the institution’s rules are improperly motivated by private gain. Or if we should prefer a narrower account of corrupt conduct by individuals, as necessarily involving transactions with third parties, a correspondingly narrower account of an institution’s corruptness can also be given. Under either of these versions of my view, an institution’s being corrupt is to be distinguished from something else that might be called ‘institutional corruption’, namely the corruption of institutions, in the sense of their being degraded or undermined. I argue that some of the literature’s best-known accounts of ‘institutional corruption’ are best interpreted as being about the degrading of institutions, rather than about what it is for an institution to be corrupt
Virtual witnessing in 'A Harlot's Progress' (1732): Hogarth's Visio-Crime Media in William Hogarth et le Cinéma
Get PDFWilliam Hogarth’s 'A Harlot’s Progress' (1732) used real-life crime to create a six-part fictional story. The sophisticated techniques of visualization prompted the viewer to reflect and react experientially, like a “virtual witness” (Bender, 2012) at a crime scene reconstruction. This essay investigates the evidentiary value of Hogarth’s re-inscriptions, drawing attention to specific production techniques, criminal process and trial accounts. Understood as early visual criminology, Hogarth’s first serial offers an ascendant of modern crime film as relayed through TV serials like CSI and Court TV