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BINOMIAL HYPERFILTERS. THE APPLICATION OF THE SPECTRAL METHOD IN THE NEURAL STRUCTURES
Get PDFThe given paper describes the design and the method of hyperlinear filter’s synthesis. On its basis the scheme of the binomial filter is offered that will provide the increase in the efficiency of the neural structures. Methods of calculations using the spectral representations of Walsh are given. The estimates of the synthesized structures efficiency are indicated
REVIEW OF FIREWALL APPLICATIONS IN MULTI-CONTROLLER-BASED SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKS
Get PDFA firewall is the defensive guard of a network. It is an application that has sets of rules configured on it to prevent the network from unwanted viruses and attacks. Multi-controller techniques ensure that the firewall applications in a network function consistently. The working mechanism of a software- defined network (SDN) is based on the control and data planes. The data plane forwards packets to the targeted destinations. The control plane is the brain of an SDN. It plays a vital role in policy creation and its implementation according to defined rules or by creating new rules. Researchers around the world are working on the development of firewall applications to mitigate attacks and critical data losses (data theft and data loss) in SDNs. During this review study, we discovered that almost every research on SDN firewall applications has used a threshold limit for the number and size of packets. Conversely, very little research has been conducted on the multi-controller approach. However, there are the disadvantages of identifying packet information on a layer basis and a lack of network availability. Without packet-type information, it is difficult to identify an attacker. We compared and analyzed different methods of firewalls for securing SDNs by studying approximately 75 different studies related to SDN security. Furthermore, we provided a detailed overview and techniques for SDN protection
AUTOMATED IDENTIFICATION OF NON-INFORMATIVE IMAGES IN CAMERA TRAP DATA USING DEEP LEARNING APPROACHES
Get PDFCamera traps are used primarily for the monitoring, conservation, and habitat management of wildlife, especially rare and endangered species. They are preferred among ecological community members who are engaged in protecting and studying the animal ecosystem. Camera traps generate a vast number of images over a given period; however, the majority of these images do not contain any animal sightings. These non-informative images, which are referred to as “garbage images” or “empty images,” are irrelevant and should be eliminated during the research process. The manual process of separating these non-relevant images from those containing the desired animal sightings consumes a significant amount of time and resources, which hinders the efficiency of the research process. To address this challenge, we compiled a diverse collection of camera trap images from various locations and created a dataset consisting of 38,669 empty and 35,083 non-empty images. Additionally, we developed dataset filtering software that sorts the images into folders designated for empty and non-empty images. This software enabled the manual selection and classification of images and facilitated the creation of a large, labeled dataset. Evaluating various state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms using our custom dataset revealed that transfer learning with EfficientNet_B2 resulted in greater than 98% accuracy in distinguishing between empty and non-empty images. With these results, we have been developing an automated filtering program that utilizes deep learning models to effectively discard empty images from camera trap datasets
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITOSAN HYBRID COATINGS BY SOL-GEL METHOD
Get PDFThis paper describes the preparation and characterization of hybrid coatings constituted by SiO2, TiO2 and chitosan in varying compositions on aluminium, and glass substrates by sol–gel method. The optimized sol-gel solutions were deposited using by dip-coating and spray coating and the thermal treatment conditions (temperature) were optimized. In particular, condensation reactions necessary to allow the formation of the metal oxide networks were performed by storing the films in an open-air oven at 100°C and 80 °C for 30 minutes. Moreover, the functionalization of hybrid has been carried out with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS). The films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, hydrolytic degradation, corrosion resistance and adhesion test. The process yields transparent chitosan hybrid coatings with good adhesion on glass and aluminium substrates. The obtained results suggest that the functionalization of the hybrid coatings was affected through in situ hydrolysis–condensation reaction of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) in the reaction medium
ANALYSIS OF GRAIN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Get PDFGrain storage in elevators poses challenges due to the spread of grain pests and microscopic fungi that spoil grain during storage. The research was carried out between 2020 and 2022 in three different elevators (X1, X2 and X3) located in three different regions in Lithuania. Samples were taken from Triticum aestivum L. and Vicia faba L., sampled for the presence of the following pests: Sitophilus granarius L., Tribolium confusum Jacquelin, du Val, Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, Acarus siro L. and the presence of the microscopic fungi: Fusarium spp. L., Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. and Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul. The most abundant fungi in the samples analysed appeared to be bean weevil and Fusarium spp.L
SEEDLING AND ROOT WEIGHT IN DURUM WHEAT (TRITICUM DURUM DESF.) GENOTYPES AND ASSOCIATION WITH AGRO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Get PDFDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) under Mediterranean conditions is frequently limited by both high temperature and drought during grain growth stages. The research was carried out in the 2017-2018 cycles, with 25 genotypes in randomized completely blocks design with 4 replications. Data on grain yield, seedling fresh weight, root fresh weight, flag leaf area, tillering number, normalized difference vegetative index, canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, days of heading, peduncle length, spike length, spikelet number per spike, number of kernel per spike, and relationships among characters were investigated. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (p<0.01) among the genotypes parameters investigated except for canopy temperature. In the study, G21, G6 and G22 had higher grain yields. The largest flag leaf area was measured in G3 (31.3 cm2), followed by G9 and G3. The seedling fresh weight and root fresh weight were established at the Z25 growth stages. The highest seedling fresh weight was determined in G23, followed by G19 and G18. Genotypes G5 and G8 had the highest root fresh weight. G15 had the highest tillering capacity. The longest spike was determined in G8, the highest spikelet number per was in G10 and the kernel number per spike was in G25. The lowest canopy temperature was measured in G15 and the highest chlorophyll content was measured in G25, G19 and G23. Correlation analysis showed that there are different coefficients between the parameters examined. Flag leaf area positively correlated with grain yield. Seedling fresh weight was positively correlated with chlorophyll content (r=0.517**), peduncle length and kernel number per spike. Root fresh weight in genotypes had a positive effect on peduncle length, spike length, spikelet number per spike and kernel number per spike. A significant positive correlation was determined between the normalized difference vegetative index at Z55 with spike length (r=0.412*), and spikelet number per spike (r=0.620**). Canopy temperature measured at the heading stage had a slightly negative effect on peduncle length, spike length and spikelet number per spike. Chlorophyll content measured at the heading stage had a positive effect on peduncle length (r=0.402) and spikelet number per spike (r=0.300). Although the research was conducted under rainfed conditions, positive correlations were found between some physiological and yield components
ULTRASONIC PRETREATMENT OF MICROALGAL BIOMASS TO ENHANCE THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS FOR SUGAR RECOVERY
Get PDFFrom the biotechnological point of view, microalgae are potential candidate of renewable and sustainable biomass resources for high-added value compounds such as bioethanol and enzymes due to their high levels of carbohydrates and low levels of lignin. There still remains significant room for improving the production of fermentable sugars from biomass in a cost-effective way that raises enzymatic saccharification efficiency. Although extraction of polysaccharides to convert fermentable sugar from microalga by acid or alkali pretreatments, and enzymatic hydrolysis are extensively studied, few studies exist that explore the use of ultrasonication (US) as emerging technology for the extraction of fermentable sugars (FSs) from microalgae biomass. To best of our knowledge no work has been reported on usage of ultrasonication as an extraction technique for the bioconversion of microalgae. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of simultaneous ultrasonication and enzymatic hydrolysis on extraction of fermentable sugars from microalga biomass. C. vulgaris cultivated with red light in photobioreactors is efficient in producing algal biomass and sugar. The ultrasonication pretreatments were carried out in a glass bottle containing 0.3 g of dry microalgae in 100 ml of dilute acid solution. Based on preliminary experiments, the ranges in the pretreatment were selected for the variables of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) concentration (1, 2 and 3% (v/v)), amplitude (60, 75 and 90), and pretreatment time (10, 20 and 30 min). Then, enzymatic saccharification (cellulose and Viscozyme L at 50°C and 120 rpm for 48 h) were employed. Increased amplitude provided significant amount of sugar released. Among the variables studied, amplitude, acid concentration and time showed significant effects (p<0.05) on sugar released from alga biomass. The sugar released from alga pretreated biomass ranged at 158.14-447.09 mg/g dry weight microalga. The highest amount of biomass (0.38 g/L) and sugar released (447.09 mg/g) was obtained from simultaneous ultrasonication and enzymatic hydrolysis of microalga at a 75% amplitude, 2% H2SO4 and 20 min after 48 h. Thus, the ultrasonication appeared to be a successful alternative method when compared to the conventional pretreatment methods
NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN FISH FROM KARDZHALI DAM, BULGARIA
Get PDFThis study aimed to determine the nutritional value, heavy metals, and micro and macro elements in four species of fish from the Kardzhali dam (Carassius gibelio, Perca fluviatilis, Vimba melanops and Rutilus rutilus). Data on the content of proteins, lipids, heavy metals, and micro and macro elements were obtained, and the energy value in kcal/100g and kJ/100 g fresh weight was calculated. The analyzed species can be divided into two groups: with low lipid content (up to 2.0%) - perch (1 g/100g fresh weight); and with medium lipid content (2.0-8.0%) - Prussian carp, malamida, and roach ( 2.0 to 2.7 g/100g fresh weight). All freshwater fish examined from the Kardzhali dam belonged to the category of foods with medium and high energy content (more than 170 kJ/100g) and were a good source of protein (21.52-24.54%). All four fish studied are essential magnesium, potassium, and sodium sources. Zinc, iron, phosphorus, and calcium predominate in Prussian carp and roach, while copper and manganese in malamida. The content of heavy metals mercury, lead, cadmium, and zinc in all fish examined was below the maximum allowable concentration (MAC). All four tested fish can be recommended for consumption by the population in the area
EVALUATION OF DÜZCE URBAN FORESTS’ CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION POTENTIAL WITH MEASURING URBAN CARBON FOOTPRINT
Get PDFCarbon-source and carbon-sink estimations are crucial important for carbon-emissions reduction. Although urban areas cover less than 2% of the earth\u27s surface they are known carbon sources responsible of 80% of the world\u27s anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). The methodologies for carbon footprint calculations are expressed a measure used to assess the amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions based on tons of CO2 equivalent, and emerging as an important tool for greenhouse gas management. Besides increased efforts to reduce carbon footprint from cities, there is the alternative possibility to remove some atmospheric CO2 by sequestering it within forest ecosystems. Forest ecosystems can sequester and store a large amount of carbon in cities. In this study, it is focused on potentially do Duzce city green gas emissions and available sinks assessment. In the first step, it is calculated “Carbon Footprint” by using greenhouse gas emission calculator that developed by UNFCCC. Then it is identified urban carbon sources such as human respiration, industrial fossil-fuel consumption, electricity-heating-cooling consumption, water consumption and transportation. In the second step, it is estimated potential of carbon storage forest ecosystems urban and sub urban areas by used a GIS-based approach. Although forest areas cover 50,2% of Düzce, industrial and agricultural activities and rapid urbanization, overconsumption lead to increase greenhouse gas emission and ecological balance is disturbed. The most effective way to reduce emissions is afforestation. When evaluating in the context of climate change mitigation, sustainable afforestation studies in urban forests should be accelerated. Within the scope of the study, it is recommended for a sustainable future to give importance to industrial afforestation studies with fast-growing domestic or foreign forest tree species in forest and non-forest areas in urban areas
MARINE ORGANISMS CONTAMINATION OF METAL IONS IN THE RED SEA OF SAUDI ARABIA
Get PDFSeafood is the main source of food in many countries due to its healthy nutrients. Fishes and grabs are essential sources of human body proteins. Moreover, omega 3 present in these animals is essential for the human brain and heart. Saudi Arabia is a growing country in the Gulf region and many people depend on the seafood obtained from the red sea. Marine pollution due to toxic metal ions is a natural phenomenon owing to anthropogenic and industrial activities. Consequently, fishes and grabs are al- ways at risk with the assimilation of toxic metal ions in the marine system. The present study deals with the concentrations of the most toxic metal ions viz. Cr (III), Co (II), Hg(II), Pb (II), Se (II), Ba (II), Mn (II), Li (I), As (III), Al (III), Cd (II) Ni (II), V (III), Cu (II), Fe (II), and Zn (II) found in fish and grabs. Fishes and grabs were collected from three different locations of the Red Sea i.e. Yanbu, Al Qunfudhah and Jazan, Western Saudi Arabia. These metal ions were detected in the gills and muscles of all fish species (Sardinella longiceps, Carangoides spp, and Herklotsichthys spp.) along with crabs (Portunus pelagicus). The concentrations of Zn (II) and Fe (II) metal ions were higher in the gills of the grabs than in fishes. However, the concentrations are not exceeded the international permissible limits. The highest concentrations of the metal ions were found in Yanbu reason, which may be due to being close to the industrial area. In addition, the concentrations of V (III) and As (III) in the fish muscles collected from Jazan were high i.e. 6.435 and 3.291 mg/kg respectively. In Al Qunfudhah, the concentration of Cd (II) was high in the gill fish i.e. 0.08432 mg/kg. The lowest and the highest concentrations of metals were in fish muscles and gills, respectively. Therefore, the metal ions were accumulated in the gills. This study highlighted the toxicities of metal ions and their sources of contamination