American Journal of Public Law and Political Education
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Major representatives of the Turkestan Jadidist movement
Get PDFBy the beginning of the 20th century, dozens of modern schools were opened in the cities of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Farg'ana Valley. Jadids brought up educated and enlightened young people in schools, and through them promoted the ideas of national statehood to establish an independent state in Turkestan. By the beginning of the 20th century, a whole generation of modern intellectuals appeared in Turkestan, representatives who greatly contributed to the development of the country's spiritual and educational sphere and the development of national culture. These are Mahmudhoja Behbudi, Abduqadir Shakuri, Said Ahmed Siddiqi Ajzi in Samarkand, Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov, Abdulla Avloni, Ubaydullahhoja Asadullahojayev in Tashkent, Abdurauf Fitrat, Sadriddin Ainiy, Fayzulla Khojayev in Fergana Valley, Hamza Hakimzoda Niyozi, Obidjon in Bukhara. Mahmudov, Abdulhamid Cholpon, Ishaqkhan Ibrat, Khivada Bobohun Salimov, Polvonniyoz Haji Yusupov and others. They are patriots, enlighteners, founders and leaders of the resistance movement in Turkestan
Legal Regulation of the Minister's Accountability under the Caretaker Government in Accordance with the Iraqi Constitution of 2005
Get PDFThe caretaker government is, in fact, a transitional government, that is to say, a government that exists for a limited period of time, until the election of a new government. This assumption has been confirmed by the political reality in Iraq, where the interim government is responsible for ensuring the continuity of public facilities and institutions, as well as the regular conduct of daily affairs. It is of the utmost importance that the government in question, which has been established on a provisional basis, adheres to the principles of conciliation and continuity of the state. The overarching objective of these principles is to ensure the continuity of public life in accordance with the aforementioned principles. Consequently, the government in question is obliged to remain in power until such time as it resigns. The powers of the government in question are limited to the conduct of ordinary and urgent business. In fact, it is limited to exercising only the necessary jurisdiction and continuing the regular and steady performance of public utilities throughout the country. It does not have any political involvement, that is to say, it is not permitted to deviate from the scope that has been defined for it. Furthermore, it must maintain the basic and important principle of legitimacy. There may be an expansion in the use of the powers granted to this government under exceptional circumstances. In addition, the public interests of the state, as represented by its security and its international obligations towards other countries, must be safeguarded.The primary issue of the study is the absence of an integrated legal system that validates the actions of the government in question, given the lack of clarity surrounding the constitutional texts that refer to the existence of a caretaker government without delineating its scope of authority. This ambiguity presents a challenge in determining the precise scope of the government's responsibilities. In order to ascertain whether the powers of the caretaker government and the accountability of the minister or ministers under the caretaker government can be allocated to all competencies, or whether exceptions exist indicating that this government exercises the competencies granted to it by the Constitution, it is necessary to address the legislative omission that has occurred. This must be done as soon as possible in order to preserve the integrity of the government. The objective of this study is to elucidate the concept of a caretaker government, its legal status, the powers exercised by it during the caretaker period, its legal foundation, and the position of the judiciary with respect to the decisions issued by the caretaker government during its tenur
Legal Basis of the Media
Get PDFThe rule of law is the most important condition of a democratic society. Compared to other branches of law, media law emerged relatively late. Its origin is related to the growing development of modern technologies, and Also today we can already consider it an interdisciplinary field. It should be noted here that the legislation related to media law is not conveyed by one specific norm and is regulated by separate legal acts in the legislation of Georgia
Polarization Politics: An Analysis of Opinion Formation and Conflict Resolution in Elections
Get PDFThis research discusses political polarization, which has become a hot topic of conversation and is increasingly important in the context of today's modern society. The research conducted by the author emphasizes more on the analysis of opinion formation and conflict resolution in elections. This study aims to analyze and identify how political polarization is influential so that it can have an impact on social life and examine a solution to minimize the adverse effects of political polarization that triggers conflict between community groups or between other parties who have different political views from a group. The research method used is a combination research method with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach is used to understand individual perceptions and attitudes towards controversial political issues, while the quantitative method is used to analyze survey data that involves broad participation from various layers of society. The 2024 General Election saw a significant decrease in tolerance due to dissent, with social media becoming the main arena for political polarization and smear campaigns. Candidates' vision and mission programs are also a point of political polarization, which can negatively influence public opinion. Political polarization is significant in influencing public opinion, blaming candidates who are not of their choice, and spreading fake news. This phenomenon creates divisions in society and disrupts the democratic process as a whole. Nonetheless, efforts to overcome political polarization can be made through a holistic approach involving political education, social media regulation, and a deep understanding of socio-political dynamics. Such measures are expected to strengthen democratic values and diversity in Indonesian society
Sections 104 and 107 of the Petroleum Industry Act 2021 and Accelerated Genocide Concerns of the Petroleum Producing States in Nigeria
Get PDFGenocide is acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Genocide is one of the crimes which are punished by international law like the genocide convention and the Rome Statute which Nigeria has acceded to since 2001. Petroleum production in Nigeria come with it laws and regulations which regulate the activities of companies involved in petroleum production in Nigeria. This law have permitted flaring of gas which is scientifically proven to cause death, infertility and trauma to humans who live around the flare stacks. This article aims at identifying provisions of the Petroleum Industry Act 2021 which contain provisions contrary to genocide convention, common sense, uneconomical and socially antithetical to civilised societies. It was found that the oil producing states in Nigeria suffer statutory approval of genocide in sections 104 and 107 of the Petroleum Industry Act 2021; and that genocide can be enforced against government or persons who aid or act in furtherance of such atrocity. The article adopts doctrinal methodology in harnessing primary sources like the Petroleum Industry Act 2021, Genocide Convention, Rome Statute; and literatures on genocide. It was recommended that sections 104 and 107 of the Petroleum Industry Act 2021 be amended to exclude the genocide by removing the powers of the Minister or the Commission or the Authority or anyone or body or arm of government from authorising or certifying the gradual killing of persons in the petroleum producing states of Nigeria
Examining Environmental Degradation as Exception to the Doctrine of Locus Standi
Get PDFThis study examines the extension of the doctrine of locus standi to environmental degradation within the Nigerian legal system. It employs a doctrinal methodology, analyzing case law and legal texts, to argue that environmental issues necessitate an exception to conventional standing rules. The research highlights the 2019 Supreme Court case Center for Oil Pollution Watch v NNPC, which ruled that locus standi does not apply in environmental degradation claims, thereby broadening access to environmental justice. The findings reveal that this decision represents a progressive shift towards recognizing the collective responsibility for environmental preservation and mitigating barriers to enforcing environmental rights. The study recommends incorporating this ruling into national environmental laws to ensure consistent application and enhance public interest litigation
Legal Powers of Internal Affairs Officers and Issues of Their Improvement
Get PDFThis study examines the legal powers of internal affairs officers in Uzbekistan, focusing on licensing, permit issuance, and compliance inspections. The research aims to assess current legal frameworks and propose improvements to enhance the efficiency and accountability of internal affairs bodies. Methodologies include legal analysis of national laws, such as the 2016 Law "On Internal Affairs Bodies," and comparative studies with international legal practices. Findings reveal that while internal affairs officers have defined powers, gaps in enforcement mechanisms and ambiguities in legal norms hinder effective operations. Specific recommendations include revising Article 17 of the Law to expand and clarify the scope of responsibilities and aligning practices with contemporary administrative-legal demands. The study highlights the importance of a robust legal framework to ensure the safety of officers, protect citizens’ rights, and maintain public order, contributing to the development of democratic governance in Uzbekistan
Examining Environmental Degradation as Exception to the Doctrine of Locus Standi
Get PDFThis article explores the application of locus standi in environmental cases, focusing on the challenges of enforcing environmental rights in Nigeria. Environmental degradation, caused by anthropogenic pollution, overwhelms ecosystems when pollutants exceed their capacity to self-sustain. Historically, locus standi restricted legal action unless direct harm could be proven. The study addresses this limitation, highlighting the 2019 Supreme Court ruling in Centre for Oil Pollution Watch v. NNPC, which removed this barrier in environmental cases. Through legal analysis, it demonstrates the significance of the ruling for environmental law and recommends that the National Assembly enshrine this precedent in national legislation, facilitating better protection of environmental rights
Features of Using Cloud Technologies
Get PDFCloud technologies have rapidly gained popularity in recent years, providing businesses and individuals with numerous benefits such as flexibility, scalability, and cost savings. In this article, we explore the key features of cloud technologies, including on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, measured service and others. We examine how these features enable cloud users to easily and efficiently deploy and manage a wide range of IT resources, from software applications to storage and processing power. We also discuss the potential drawbacks and challenges associated with cloud technologies, such as security risks and the need for robust data management practices
Stunting: A Serious Threat To The Nation’s Future, Government’s Role and Alternative Solutions
Get PDFThis study discusses the Jember District Government's policy in dealing with stunting in 2024, focusing on the role of the government, the programs implemented, the social problems that cause stunting, and the role of Integrated Healthcare Center (Posyandu) in reducing stunting rates in pregnant women. This study uses a literature review consisting of Google Scholar article reviews and relevant news. The results show that the government plays a significant role in handling stunting through various programs such as supplementary feeding, nutrition education, and child growth monitoring. Based on the evaluation, there is a decrease in the stunting index in Jember Regency, although there are still several obstacles that cause stunting to remain rampant. Social issues such as lack of public awareness, limited access to health services, and poverty are the main factors that hinder the reduction of stunting. Policy implementation refers to Presidential Regulation No. 72 of 2021, which emphasizes the importance of cross-sectoral cooperation and empowerment of Integrated Healthcare Center (Posyandu). Integrated Healthcare Center (Posyandu) plays an important role in managing pregnant women through routine check-up programs, provision of nutritional supplements, and health education. The study found that despite progress, improvements are still needed in terms of inter-sectoral coordination, resource allocation, and active community participation. The study concludes that the Jember District Health Office policy has shown positive results in reducing stunting, but still needs improvement in several aspects of implementation. Recommendations are given to strengthen cross-sector coordination, increase the health budget, and expand the scope of nutrition education for the community to achieve more optimal results